Bhakti i India

Bhakti rite te kaupapa fakalotu vai mai nga wa onamata, ko te tahuri o nga rau tau XIV-XV. ka kite koe i te hua koi i roto i tona rongonui, te ahua o te tupuni o poro pūmanawa, etahi o nga āhuatanga hou i roto i te whakaako. Pono, Ihirama, Sufism i ngā kua hoatu, etahi whanaketanga ki te whakaoranga o te whakaaro pāpori, rawa fakalotú. Otiia takaro he tūranga me te whanaketanga o nga pa, te whakanui ake i te taupori tāone, tino whakaongaongatia te hanganga o nga āhua Ihirama, kahu o runga o te ariki feudal nei i arotahi ki runga i te ora tāone. iwi City, kaimahi, kaihokohoko, me poharatia, āhua e hiahiatia ana he Māoritanga, wetekina i te tikanga tino ko te Hinitu, ko Ihirama, a whakatutukitia ana ki wāhanga katoa o te taupori. Tenei hiahia ai etahi pōuri i roto i nga pa, te putanga o te maha o Ihirama, titorehanga Hindu, me mau haapa'oraa, piri i roto i ona āhuatanga raroto o te Hinitu ko Ihirama, e maha arahina te maunu ki te rangatira, me nga mullahs. kitea ana tēnei hiahia i roto i te ahua i roto i ngā rohe rerekē o India kaikauwhau o bhakti.

Ramananda (mutunga XIV -. Ko te timatanga o te rau tau XV) karangatia te hiahia mo te whakangāwaritanga o te titorehanga, me te vaivai o ngā ture kaihe. Tona mahi kauwhau, timata i roto i te tonga, a ka puta i roto i Varanasi. kihai ia i hanga he kura nui o kau muimui, engari tetahi o ana ākonga, he Muslim Kabnr (XV c.), Whakawhanakehia te whakaako, me te whai wāhi ki tona horapa. Tāruarua, me te whakamoemiti ki te ingoa o te Atua, o tetahi o ona ingoa o Kabir - te hāngai te nuinga me te ara anake ki te mohio te Atua, ka hanumi ki a ia. e kore e Tautukunga ki nga ture o te kaihe, me te Hindu me ngā tikanga Ihirama faufaa. Ua haapii Continuer o te mau haapiiraa Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) i roto i te Punjab. Hono kau muimuí iwi Hiki (ngā ākonga) kua huihui te hapori, i kore anake ratou mahunga (Guru), engari ratou mau papa'iraa mo'a ( "Adi Granth"), tuhituhia rawa whakaaro mo tenei tātai reta (gurmukhn), a tae noa ona whakapaipai (Amritsar).

Ua haapii Sikhism, e te Atua ko te kotahi, he kahore ingoa me te puka. Ko te ao, ko te pakanga tonu i waenganui i te marama, me te timatanga pouri. Kei te tango i tēnei pakanga wahi i roto i te wairua tangata. mohio Sikhism te whakaaro Hindu o Karma (utu mō mahi mua) me Samsara (te huritanga), engari paopao te pūnaha kaihe, a kihai i karangatia te ōritetanga anake o katoa i te aroaro o te Atua, engari ko ano hoki taurite pāpori i runga i te whenua. I whakahau te Sikh ki te whakahaere, te ora pakihi, te tiaki i te mau melo o te utuafare, me te pai-oranga o te hapori katoa, kia paruru i to ratou whakapono hapori tuatahi ake i roto i ringa. nui haere te āhua manapori o Sikhism ka, i muri i te tekau Nanak Guru Govind (1675- 1708) whakakahoretia te Guru Institute tukua kaha ki te hapori (Khalsa) te tikanga i whakaritea ki iwi Hiki katoa ingoa Singh ( "raiona"), ka puta te katoa te whawhai Pakeha hapori ua.

e kore bhakti Ētahi tohutohu i te taua nui. I roto i Gujarat, i roto i te rau tau XV. ko kaikauwhau mohiotia Narasimha Mehta, Kashmir - Lalla. I roto i te Bengal ko Orissa whakaako Chaithanya (1486-1535). korero ia e pā ana ki te aroha me te lī'oa ki te Atua, te ōritetanga o te katoa i roto i te mua o ia, ka mau ki te hapori o te katoa - Hindu me Mahometa, Brahmins me untouchables. I roto i Maharashtra, kua whakawhanakehia te kura i roto i bhakti Pandharpur. Ki no reira Dzhianeshvara me Namdev (senituli XIII-XIV.), Mata Nath ko Tukaram (senituli XV-XVI.), Ramdas (XVII rau.). I roto i te rohe o Mathura rongo oaoa ashram (ohu) Valla- bhachari, i no ki tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o te whiti i roto i te Hindi -Sur Das (senituli XV-XVI.). Whai o te bhakti ko he punake nui me Hindi tulsi Das (1532-1624), ki te haere i runga i te reo o te tahito rotarota "Ramayana". i te Mithila tetahi punake tino Vidyapati Thakur (XV c.), whakaaro nei te rite te mithilskoy matarohia a Bengali tuhinga. I roto i Rajasthan, ko reira akonga rongonui Kabir, Dadu kaikauwhau (1544-1603). Kaiwhakatū o te whiti e kore radzhastha- whakaaro Krishna wahine toikupu Mirabai (XVI rau.). Āpiti atu ki te ngā āhua tuwhena bhakti vai mo ake momo. māngai te whakamutunga e nga mahi o te rohi pehe tulsi Das, kihai i whakahē i te raupapatanga kaihe kia tino, rite maha atu kaikauwhau o bhakti.

Ko te ariā o te Hindu me Muslim whakakitea ano e kore anake i roto i te mahi o kaitito bhakti. I hoki ia i roto i te toi - hoahoanga, painting (iti), waiata, kanikani. tūranga Big i roto i ngā rau tau XIV-XVI. i roto i i takaro tenei tukanga i te sultanates āhua iti, poutaha Delhi (kāwanatanga Benga- Rea, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), te wahi i iti atu i roto i te pane o Te Tai Tokerau India te tūranga o te huānga manene, me te wahi i tu ofi ange ki te tihi o nga Hindu te whiriwhiri pule. I roto i XVI- XVII senituli., Ka whai nga Mughals, me nga marae kua padishahs riro ahurea Hindu kua he tūranga kaha.