Blocs Military-tōrangapū: te hītori, me te whakaaro o te hanga

blocs Military-tōrangapū e whakahaere ki e hapori e pai rangirua. Ētahi iwi whakapono e ratou mahi matua, ko te ki te tautoko i te rangimarie me te tiaki o ngā mema o te haumi hōia, etahi i whakapono e ko reira taua whakahaere - te puna matua o te fakaaoao i te ao. Ko wai te mea i reira ki tika, me te mehemea reira ko te whakahoki ohie ki tenei pātai? Kia kitea o roto i te mea e nga blocs hōia-tōrangapū, me i te wa ano ahu mai i te hītori o ratou hanga, me te whanaketanga.

whakamāramatanga

whakapumautia tatou he aha te tikanga o te whakamāramatanga o te whakahaere. kimi huarahi Military-tōrangapū - he uniana o te maha āhua i hanga mo te korero ngātahi mō te whawhai ki te hoariri noa ranei. Te hanga i te kōwae kia whai hoki i te whāinga o te mahi tahi i runga i ngā take tōrangapū, me te ōhanga i roto i to'na mau melo. Ko te whānuitanga o tenei mahi, me te tuitui tahi mo ia takitahi o te uniana taua. kia whakarato te whakaritenga mō te mahi tahi anake, no te he riri hōia motuhake rānei ki amo te tahi tata i roto i ngā wāhi katoa, ara i roto i te rangimarie.

I roto i te tahi mau rōpū, he tino tika hoki te mahia he whakatau ngā, i roto i ētahi atu, ko te tohutohu i roto i te natura, e ko, e te tika ki te kore ki te ū ki te whakawa, i waho mahue te poraka te melo tata'itahi. He uniana i roto i i takoto ia whenua mema te ki te tango i mahi hōia i roto i te hui o te whawhai i runga i tetahi o nga mema o te kōwae. Otiia e kore e katoa o enei whakahaere, tano i teie parau tumu i runga i te pūtake whakahauanga. Hei tauira, ki te te whakaeke NATO i tetahi mema o te Uniana ko te whakapuakanga o te whawhai huri noa te poraka rite te katoa, e kore te SEATO i he tikanga penei i roto i te tikanga.

Ka taea te hanga blocs Military-tōrangapū hoki te mahi motuhake, a i muri i te taenga ki te whāinga o te tukunga atu ranei atu ki te mahi mō te wā tuatau.

He whakamārama te putanga o poraka

Ko te precursors o ngā waeine hōia hou ake mohiotia mai te ao onamata. Ka taea te huaina e te haumi hōia rawa tuatahi o te maha whenua vai te whakakotahitanga 10 tau pa Kariki i roto i te ope rongonui ki Troy i te rau tau XII. BC Otira ko ratou kaua nga wa rongonui, e kore e hītori, rite kahore i meatanga i tuhituhia o nga ngā i ora taua.

puta te whakakotahitanga tuatahi i roto i ngā kōrero tūturu i roto i te 691 BC. e. Ko te haumi o Media, Papurona ko Erama ki Ahiria. I tua atu, i te hītori o taua hononga mohiotia pa Kariki, rite te Peloponnesian, Delian, Boeotia, Koriniti, Chalcis. A iti i muri mai i hanga matou Elliysky, Achaean ko Aetolian League. I te wa ano i roto i te pokapū Italy hoki kua hanga i reira te Latin Union, a muri tupu ake i roto i te āhua Roma tawhito.

Ko enei hononga katoa atu rite te kotahitanga atu te wae hōia i roto i to ratou uara reira.

I roto i te Anotau, ngā uniana o āhua maha iti tautoko hōia i roto i te take o te whawhai, a tata kore e pa ki te tahi atu wāhanga o te hononga. E mea pinepine, ko reira ki te whakakotahi i ki te hoariri motuhake. Na, cementing te turanga o te Franco-Kotimana (ranei tawhito) Union, i mutu i roto i te 1295, ko te riri o te whenua e rua ki a Ingarangi. Ko reira i tenei wa i timata Ingarangi tona roha i Scotland, me i roto i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti, ka anga te rau Tau War ki France. Ko reira taa'eraa e te haumi i waenganui i Etotia ko France vai rite nui rite 265 tau tae noa ki 1560.

I roto i 1386 ka haere mai te haumi Anglo-Portuguese, whakapaipai Tiriti o Windsor. Ia, i roto i te tahuri, i whakahaua ki te whakapakari o Spain. Heoi, tū vai te reira ki tenei ra, ko te kupu te te haumi hōia-tōrangapū matamua, engari kihai i aukati i roto i te tikanga hou.

I te ata o nga wa hou i reira nga he maha o hononga hōia whenua Pākehā tuhi ki te uru i roto i te whakakotahitanga ki te hoariri noa. Ēnei uniana ngā te Toputapú me te League Katorika i raro i te Tuhinga o te Pope, haumi Porotetani, whakakotahi i te Lutheran me kāwanatanga Kalavini, me ētahi atu rōpū.

I 1668 i reira ko te Tōtoru Alliance o Ingarangi, Sweden me te Netherlands, whakahaua ki te mau tautooraa o Louis XIV o France.

I roto i te 1756, i hanga e te reira e rua noa hoariri Union - Anglo-Prussia me Versailles. Maoro ngā Russia, France ko Austria rōpū. Ko reira ka haere mai enei coalitions ki te tautohetohe i roto i te Tau whitu 'War. I roto i te mutunga, te Russian Empire, kia rite ki te hua o te rironga ki te torona o Pita III, oho ki te taha o te haumi Anglo-Prussia.

Mai i 1790 ki te 1815 i hanga e ia he maha o coalitions ki te ārai i te tahae, me te Napoleonic France. A maha, uaua o ringa me roto i hautoa takoha France te tahi mau melo o te raraunga whakakotahitanga waiho ratou, tae noa ki te neke ki te taha ki Wīwī ranei. Otiia i roto i te mutunga, whakahaere nga ope Ono Coalition ki te hinga Napoleon.

I roto i te 1815, i waenganui o Prussia, Austria ko Russia hoki kua hanga i te Alliance Tapu, i hāngai ki te whakapakari i te raupapa ao whakapumautia i muri i nga Wars Napoleonic, me te ārai o takaí i Europe. Heoi, i roto i te 1832, i muri i te muri revolution i France, wahia ake tenei haumi.

I roto i te 1853, i hanga te whakakotahitanga i waenganui o France, Ingarangi, te Ottoman Empire me te rangatiratanga o Sardinia ki te Russian Empire. patua tenei haumi i roto i te Crimean War.

Uniana o te momo hou

Na ko te wa ki te whakaahua i te hanganga o blocs hōia-tōrangapū ofi ange ki te momo hou. timata te putanga o taua rōpū i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XIX, me hangaia i roto i ngā hanganga raima ofi ange ki te mutunga o te rau tau. Ko reira te hanganga o enei hononga ko te take whakatau i arahina ki te timatanga o te Pakanga o te Ao I.

Ko te pūtake mō te ātete blocs ka Tōtoru (1882-1915 gg.) Na te haumi Franco-Russian (1891-1893 gg.), Muri puta ki te whā Alliance me te mua.

Hanganga o te whā Alliance

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, te pūtake hoki te hanganga o te whā Alliance mahi rite te Tōtoru Alliance, mutu i roto i 1882 i waenganui i te Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy me Germany. Ko te whenua o te Tōtoru Alliance rapu ki te whakapuaki i ona mana i roto i te continental Europe, i piri ki te Wīwī me te Russian Empire.

I mua e te mutunga o te Tōtoru Alliance iu haumi rua i roto i te 1879. Ko te Tiamana Empire, whakapumautia ki runga ki te kaupapa o te rangatiratanga o Prussia, tīmataria te hanganga o te kimi huarahi hōia-tōrangapū whakahaua ki Russia me France. i kaha i roto i ngā ōhanga me te tōrangapū, te wae kāwanatanga ano Germany.

Me kï reira e te aroaro o Austria-Hungary haumi piri ki te Russian Empire me Prussia tika feuded hoki o whakataetae mo te tika ki te aoniu i roto i te ao Germanic. Otiia i muri i te wikitoria o Prussia i te Pakanga Austro-Prussia o 1866 me te Pakanga Franco-Prussia o 1970, ke te āhuatanga. Prussia whakamatauria tona mana i runga i nga wahi kua ururuatia o te mua Patireia o Roma Tapu me Austria-Hungary i takoha ki te hanga i te kawenata ki a ia, hainatia i 1879 i roto i Vienna te whakaaetanga i runga i te tautoko tahi, tāuta te mana o i i roto i te 5 tau.

whakaritea te kirimana e i roto i te take o te whawhai o te Russian Empire i te rua o nga tetahi o nga kaihaina ki te haere mai ki tona āwhina. Ki te kore Germany Austria-Hungary ranei e te patu i Russia, me ētahi atu whenua, he tangata tuarua wāhi te takoto ki te kirimana i te iti rawa ki te noho kūpapa, engari ki te i te taha o te te kaipahua, i te Russian Emperor, ka, ano, me haere mai tahi nga kaihaina mō aroraa tahi. Tenei poraka o nga mana e rua kia huaina ki te uniana rua.

I roto i te 1882, piri Austria-Hungary me Germany Itari. Ko te kupu ka whakatika te Tōtoru Alliance. Heoi, te tīmatanga puritia te hainatanga o te kawenata i waenganui i te whenua e toru ngaro. Ka rite ki te aroaro o, i iti te wā o te kirimana ki te rima tau. I te 1887, me te i roto i 1891. hainatia ano ia, a ka i roto i 1902 me 1912. hurihia aunoa i runga i.

Me kï reira e kore i te tino roa te Union o nga whenua e toru. Ko te kupu, no te take ōhanga i roto i 1902 i waenganui i Itari me France hainatia he kawenata, e kī e i roto i te take o te whawhai i waenganui i te Wīwī, me nga Tiamana, e noho i te Itariana kūpapa. Na reira, i muri i te tīmatanga o te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau i roto i 1914, Italy kua kore mahi i runga i te taha o Germany me Austria-Hungary. I roto i te 1915, na roto i te te takiuru he kawenata i roto i Rānana ki te Entente, haere atu Italy i te Tōtoru Alliance, a piri te whawhai i runga i te taha o ona hoariri.

haere mai Tōtoru Alliance ki te mutunga. whakahaere Germany me Austria-Hungary ki te waihanga i tētahi whakakotahitanga hou. Engari, Italy, i roto i te akoranga o te Pakanga II o te Ao, ki te haumi piri e rua noa āhua - te Ottoman Empire (i 1914) me Bulgaria (mai 1915). Heoi i reira ko te whā Alliance. Whenua e nga wahi o te hōia-tōrangapū uniana ka karanga te Central Powers.

mutu whā Alliance ki te tīariari rite ki te hua o te hinga i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao I. Ka rite ki te hua o te Austro-Hungarian, me te Ottoman Empire hinga, a Tiamana me Bulgaria tukua nui parekura rohe.

Entente

blocs Military me tōrangapū o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao kihai i herea ki te whā Alliance. kaha pāharakeke Tuarua, i haere mai ki te tautohetohe, ko te mua.

Timata o te hanganga o te Entente hoatu te haumi Franco-Russian, mutu i roto i te 1891. Ko te whakautu ki te hanganga o te Tōtoru Alliance. Kua whakaae Russia me France e tetahi o nga whenua, ko te tuarua, ko te ki te whakarato āwhina hōia i roto i te take o te whawhai i te mau melo o te whakakotahi kaikiri. Ko enei whakaaetanga i roto i te mana noa i reira he he Tōtoru Alliance.

I roto i te 1904 hainatia he whakaaetanga i waenganui i te UK, a France. hoatu te reira i te mutunga ki te totohe o enei mana rau tau-tawhito. whakaae Britain ko France i runga i te wehenga taiwhenua o te ao, me te riro i te hoa märena de. Hoki tenei kawenata, titi te ingoa Entente cordiale, e whakamaoritia French te rite "Entente Cordiale". No reira, rawa, a ka haere i te ingoa poraka - mua.

I roto i te 1907 whakahaere ia ki te hinga i te ngā whakahēnga Anglo-Russian. hainatia te whakaaetanga i runga i te wehenga o te mana i waenganui o te māngai o āhua. Ko te kupu oti reira te hanganga o Allied.

blocs Military-tōrangapū i roto i Europa - te Entente me te whā Alliance - He wāhi whakatakotoria i roto i te pakarutanga o te Pakanga ahau Ao. I muri i te whakaekenga, te Empire Tiamana ki Russia me France United Basileia, pono ki tona hopoi'a hei hoa, whakaaturia whawhai i runga i Germany. Heoi, e kore e whai i te mau melo katoa o te Entente te kaha me ngā rauemi ki te kawe i te whawhai ki te mutunga wikitoria. Na, i roto i te 1917 i reira ko te Bolshevik Revolution i Russia, i muri nei kua hanga te whenua te rongo ki a Germany, a mau ka puta mai i roto o te mua. Heoi, e kore i tenei haukotia tahi atu mau melo o te whakakotahi, me te awhina o te US me ētahi atu hoa, ki te riro i roto i te whawhai ao.

I muri i te pakanga te Entente (Ingarangi me France) kua whakahaeretia wawaotanga i roto i Russia ki te turaki i te tikanga Bolshevik. Heoi, e kore ia e taea te ki te whakatutuki angitu nui i tenei wa.

wae hōia i roto i te Tama'i Rahi II o te Ao

Ko te haumi hōia o Nasí Germany, Fascist Italy ko Imperial Japan, me ētahi atu whenua mahi rite te take matua o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Ko te timatanga o te hanganga o te kōwae mahi rite hainatia i roto i 1936 i te whakaaetanga i waenganui i Germany, a Japan i mahi tahi ki te horapa o te Communism. I huaina te reira "Anti-Comintern Pact." I muri mai piri tenei kawenata Italy me rave rahi atu whenua, e te hunga kua huaina te Tuaka. Ko reira whakakitea tenei kōwae mana fakaaoao i mua, me te i roto i te pakanga.

He hoariri Coalition nga Tuaka, kua whakawhanakehia anake i roto i te akoranga o te Tama'i Rahi II o te Ao. I hanga e te reira i i te Soviet Union, Britain, me te United States, a ka mau te ingoa o te whakakotahi anti-Hitler. whakatakotoria Tīmata whare i roto i 1941, i muri i hono i te whawhai i runga i te USSR me te USA. Ko te wāhi matua i roto i te hanga i te kimi huarahi whakahaua ki timata te kino Fascist, ka te amuiraa Tehran o nga Powers i 1943. i muri anake i te whakatūnga o te whakakotahi kaha o hoa rahua ki te tahuri te tai o te whawhai.

NATO

ka Creation o te blocs hōia-tōrangapū te huānga o te tautohetohe i waenganui i te Te Hau-ā-uru, me te Soviet Union i roto i te Cold War pera-ka karanga. Mai i ratou ka haere mai te ati o te whawhai hou ao, engari i te wa ano i mahi ratou me te haamăta'ui.

riro te rongonui tino te Te Tai Tokerau Atlantic Alliance (NATO). I hanga te reira i roto i te tau 1949, ka piri nga whenua o Western Europe, USA ko Canada. Ko tōna whakaaro, ko te ki te whakarite i te haumaru ngā o te whenua i runga ake. Heoi, he mea kahore ngaro i hapu te taketake Te Tai Tokerau Atlantic Alliance ki te whāinga o kei roto i te Soviet Union. Otiia ara i muri i te parariraa o te Uniana o te kōwae e kore e mutu ki te tīariari, engari ki runga ki te anga ke, taonga e te maha o whenua i Eastern Europe.

i mua ara te hanganga o NATO i 1948, i hanga e e te Pākehā Union Western. Ko reira he ahua o te ngana ki te whakarite i tona ake ope paraharaha-Pākehā, engari i muri i te hanganga o NATO, ko kore hāngai tenei take.

Waihangatia ana ATS

I roto i te whakautu ki te hanganga o NATO i 1955, i te whenua-pāpori hanga o te puni i te kaupapa o te Soviet Union he kimi huarahi hōia-tōrangapū, i haere mai kia huaina ki te ATS. Tona whāinga ko te pato'iraa ki te haumi Te Tai Tokerau Atlantic. Te kōwae, i roto i te tua ki te USSR, tonu i 7 whenua: Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, Te Tai Rāwhiti Germany, Czechoslovakia.

liquidated ATS i roto i 1991, i muri i te tiango o te puni hapori.

wae hōia Iti

blocs Military me tōrangapū o te rau tau 20 i reira i kore te ao anake rohe hoki engari. I waenganui i te ao hanga pakanga i te maha o ngā uniana rohe ki te whakatau i te raruraru rohe, a ki te whakarite i te tikanga Versailles ao. ngā te Entente enei: Small, Mediterranean, Balkan, Rāwhiti o waenganui, Paratiki.

I roto i hanga te Cold War he maha o ngā poraka rohe, te whakaaro o i ko ki te ārai i te horapa o te Communism. ngā ēnei SEATO (Tonga Te Tai Rāwhiti Asia), CENTO (Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti), ANZYUK (Asia-Pacific).

hanganga o te CSTO

I roto i te 1992, he maha o whenua o te mua Soviet Union i hanga he haumi - te CSTO. Tenei ahua o te kimi huarahi hōia-tōrangapū o Russia, rite whai reira he wāhi tino i roto i reira.

CSTO whāinga ko ki te whakarite i te haumaru o ona mema o me te pūmautanga i roto i te wāhi pou-Soviet. I tua atu ki te wae RF ngā Peraruhia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Tajikistan. I mua, i te reira hoki ngā Uzbekistan, Georgia ko Azerbaijan.