Canto a Pere - he tikanga o te virtuoso waiata. whakangungu waiata. waiata opera

raina roa o ngā kīanga waiata, irava paohotia me te aroha noa, te reo mīharo me te kainga tino o te ataahua o te virtuoso waiata. I te tahuri o nga rau tau XVI-XVII reira waiata kura, hoatu te ao e mahi tikanga waiata i roto i Itari, i reira kaingākau ki ngā fanciful hoatu Itāriana te ingoa o Canto bel (Pere Canto) - ". Waiata ataahua" Kaua e whakarahi, tohu te timatanga o tenei wā, te tino pokea ana o wa tapere me te tīmatanga mō te whanaketanga atu o te momo opera.

Ko te takenga mai o te opera i Florence

Puta i roto i te wā wā fakamatala'i opera tuatahi nama ratou whanau ki ngā mema o te rōpū iti o te pā o toi onamata, i hanga i roto i Florence, a tomo te hītori waiata rite te "Florentine Camerata." Fans o tahito moemoea ati Kariki ki whakahauora i te kororia o mua o te momo, me o te whakaaro e kore nga kaitapere e blab, a ka waiata i nga kupu te whakamahi i kuputuhi-recitative, oro reka o te whakawhitinga maheni.

Ko te tuatahi mahi i tuhituhia i roto i te kōrero o te tahito Kariki pūrākau o Orpheus, ko te hiringa mo te whanautanga o te momo waiata hou - opera. Ko te kaimahi ona wahi o nga wahi takitahi waiata (Arias) i akina nga kaiwaiata ki tino whakatutuki i te reo whakangungu, i ko te take o te waiata ataahua o te toi - Canto bel. fakahu'unga tenei te kaha ki te mahi broaching whatiwhatinga paohotia i runga i te manawa roa i te tiaki i te whakapati o te tangi puta noa i te parau waiata.

kura Neapolitan

I te mutunga o te rau tau XVII i hanga te whakarerenga iho opera Neapolitan e i te mutunga tangohia i runga i te atamira toi o Canto bel. Ko reira e rua he mahere whanaketanga Florentines, me tona huringa. I roto i Naples, te tākaro i te wāhanga matua o te waiata rino, me te waiata, me kahore rotarota, i hoatu he wāhi nui ki tenei wa. relished tenei auaha te whakarongo, a meinga o anaanatae te tupuhi.

kaitito Neapolitan te hanganga puta te opera. kihai ratou i mahue i te whakamahi o recitatives, e kua wehea ki ngā momo rerekē: haere tahi (tahi e te upaupa) me maroke, kei roto ngā mōhiohio tukua i roto i te tikanga kōrero i raro i tangiata harpsichord onge ki te pupuri i te reo waiata. whakangungu waiata, i meinga whakahauanga mō hara, nui haere rongonui o tau takitahi, te āhua o e kua oti hoki te huringa. He ko aria angamaheni, i roto i nei te pūāhua faaite mau mana'o te tikanga, i roto i te pā ana ki te āhuatanga, me te kore i runga i te pūtake o te whakapakoko pūāhua ranei. Pouri, buffoonery, whaiaro, aria ngākau o utu - te roto o te opera Neapolitan ki tonu i te ihirangi ora.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

haere ki raro kaitito tino me te ngākaunui Scarlatti i hītori rite te kaiwhakarewa o te kura opera o Naples. hanga ia neke atu i te 60 mahi. Tūmomo puoru nui (opera seria), hanga e Scarlatti, ki te awhina o kōrero pūrākau hītori ranei e pā ana ki te ora o ngā pūāhua rongonui. Opera waiata taumaru iho e aho mahi whakaari me recitatives i whakakapi e Muller.

He whānui o wa i roto i te opera nui ngā whakawhānui whakaritenga e i ki muimui ki reo hei mahi. Artists tino rite te toi o te waiata, ahakoa i ētahi wā arahina tenei ki nga mea rorirori - katoa tetahi o ratou hiahia te kaitito tino kua whakaurua te Arias opera, fakamamafa'i pai nga painga o te reo. Ko te hua ko te huinga o auauhia ki tetahi ki tetahi solos, no te mea o te mea ka mohiotia rite opera seria "konohete i roto i te kākahu".

Ataahua me te mahi

Ko tētahi atu wāhi o te kura Neapolitan o opera i te whanaketanga o te Canto bel ko te whakamahi i roto i wa whakapaipai (coloratura) whakapaipai puoro papatae. Coloratura Arias whakamahia i roto i te mutunga, ka awhinatia nga toi ki te whakaatu i te whakarongo te whānuitanga o te mana reo. hūpeke Big, trills, irava awhe, te whakamahi o te raupapa (tāruarua o ngā kīanga puoro tahuri paohotia i roto i rēhita rerekē reo ranei ranei) - ko te kupu te whakanui ake i te papatae whakaputa whakamahia e virtuosos o Pere Canto. arahina tenei ki te meka e maha arotakea te tohu o te hinganga o te kaiwaiata i to ratou uaua coloratura whakamahi.

ahurea waiata Italian tuu titauraa teitei. Ko te reo o kaiwaiata rongonui whakanuia e te ataahua me te momonatanga o te reo. tauturu whakangungu omoe i te whakapai ake i te tikanga mahi, ki te whakatutuki i whakapati me te matatau o te reo i roto i awhe katoa.

Ko te Conservatory tuatahi

Tono mō te Canto bel arahina ki te hanganga o te whare mātauranga tuatahi i roto i i rite nga kaiwaiata. Orphanages - Conservatory - ka te kura waiata tuatahi o nga wharekarakia Italy. tikanga Canto a Pere whakaako ki a ratou i runga i te pūtake o te peehia, te tāruarua o te kaiako. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te taumata tiketike o te kaiwaiata o te wa. I muri i te katoa, i whakangungua ratou e rangatira mohio pērā i Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) me te Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676).

tito nga akonga i mahi motuhake ki te whakawhanake i te reo, whakangungu taringa, e i ki kia faahiti, te whakapai ake waiata tikanga, me te whakawhanake i manawa - pūkenga e he pera e tika ana mō te Canto bel. arahina tenei ki te meka e, ka timata te whakangungu i roto i 7-8 tau ki 17 tau o taiepa Conservatory i kaihaka ngaio mō te atamira opera.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

whakaritea tona ahua Italian opera Canto bel te ia o te whanaketanga o te tikanga waiata i roto i te rau tau e toru i muri mai. Rohe i roto i tona whanaketanga ko te mahi o te kaitito Italian George. Rossini. pūngao naki, ka ui marama me te raka wa i taonga momo timbral o kaitoi, virtuosity me te kura waiata tino. ui Ahakoa Arias raspevnosti me recitatives i nga mahi o Rossini fafauraa tonu.

Melodizm Rossini whariki te ara Canto bel puāwaitanga, āhuatanga kīanga kakató rangi ngawari me te ma noa e rerengia ana himene maeneene (cantilena) me whakahaputia torere piki. Ko reira taa'eraa i mohio te kaitito e pā ana ki te toi o te waiata roa. I roto i te tamarikitanga, waiata ia i roto i te pŭpŭ himene hahi, me i paariraa, i roto i te tua ki te tuhituhi, anaanatae fakaongo ako waiata, me te ara tuhituhi e rave rahi pukapuka i runga i te tumu parau.

ako

waiata puoru Itariana, i meinga he tohu o te ahurea waiata Pākehā o ngā rau tau XVII-XIX, ka haere mai te whakawhetai ki te mahi o pūmanawa kaiwhakaako-innovators, e ako waiata a Kāre ki te reo tangata, mau mai i tona reo ki te tino. E whakaatuhia ana i roto i o ratou tikanga mahi e whakamahia tonu i roto i te faaineineraa o te kaiwaiata.

Ko te aro o ngā kaiako i mawhiti kahore iti. ako nga tauira nga mea ngaro o te kore utu, me te ngāwari manawa waiata. riro whakangungu omoe i te rōrahi tangi āhua, ngā kīanga paohotia poto me wā kuiti, hanga reira taea ki te whakamahi i te manawa kupu, āhuatanga e faaururaa tere, me te hohonu aru e te launoa puhoi. O mahi hangaia ki te faaohipa tangohanga tangi kākahu i rēhita tiketike, me te iti. Ahakoa whakangungu i mua i te whakaata ngā i roto i te toi marautanga tauhou - nui hoho'a mata, me te kukū kanohi faaiteraa tukua mahi ärai o te taputapu waiata. I tūtohu ana ki te pupuri i te noa, tu tika, me te whakamahi i ataata tangi te whakatutuki i te mārama, me te tata.

tikanga waiata New

i tū waiata, whakaari me te atamira ngā matatini i roto i mua o te kaiwaiata tamataraa. Music whakaata te ao i roto o pūāhua, a ka te reo i te wāhi o te whakapakoko momona whānui. I mārama faaite tenei i roto i te opera o Hoani. Hoani me Rossini. Verdi, nei mahi tohua te ara o te kāhua Canto bel. whakaaro Kura Classical te whakamahi manakohia o reohori mō tuhipoka tiketike. Heoi, whakakahore te whakaari i te huarahi taua - i roto i tomo i te scene itoito o te reo hori tane ki te dissonance rerehua ki mahi tae aronganui. Tuatahi whiti te paepae o tenei reo Wīwī Lui Dyupre, e timata ana ki te whakamahi i te tikanga o te hanga tangi, te haamauraa i whaiaroaro (whāiti o te paeoro) me ā whakaahua (te reo i roto i te "s-āhua" tūranga) tikanga mo te tiaki o te taputapu waiata, me kua muri i kiia "ke ana". Kei te whakaaetia te reira ki te hanga i te wahi o runga o te whānuitanga paraparau kahore whakawhiti ki reo hori.

Dzhuzeppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Te arotake toi omoe hei mahi, ki te taea circumvent taha o te ahua me te tupu auaha o te kaitito nui Itari George. Verdi. puta ke ana ia, ka ripeneta opera, whakaurua nga rerekē kōrero me āpitihana i. ka tango te tuatahi o nga kaitito i te wahi kaha i roto i te fakamatala o te wahi, hoahoa atamira me mahi. I roto i ona faiva tuhituhinga nuinga me te huritua, kare ngaru me rerekē, whakakotahi hautoa me te mea mataro-. he huarahi taua mangai whakaritenga hou mō ngā kaiwaiata.

Composer tino o te coloratura, ka mea e ki trills, ngā kōrero te aroha noa me te gruppetto kore taea hei te pūtake mo te himene. I roto i te mau papa'iraa o tata kahore whakapaipai rerehua, toe anake i roto i te reo tōiri, a muri rawa ngaro i tatau opera. rōpū tangata i te tumutumú haere i roto i te pūmatua te whakamahi i te kua whakaahuatia i mua "hipokina ake i te tangi." Artists rōpū reo mārū i ki whakariterite i te mahi o te taputapu waiata o te tessitura tiketike (wāhi nui-teitei o oro whanaunga ki te whānuitanga waiata), fakahā atu e te whakaata o te kāwanatanga aronganui o te pūāhua. Kua arahina tenei ki te putanga o te wā hou - "reo mārū Verdi". . Creativity Verdi, 26 opera ataahua, whakaturia i roto i te whare tapere La Scala, tohua te fanau'i o Canto bel - kawea toi ki te reo kainga tino.

tour ao

e kore e taea te pupuri i kāhua waiata Easy me huatau i roto i nga rohe o tetahi kāwanatanga. I raro i tona āhuareka āta te nuinga o Europe tahuri. waiata Ataahua matenui te atamira tapere ao, a awe te whanaketanga o te waiata i roto i te ahurea Pākehā. aronga hei mahi i hanga, i huaina "belkantovoe". panaia Kāhua nga rohe o tona tono, a ka marere atu ki te waiata mauhaa.

Virtuoso himene Chopin (1810-1849) synthesized Polish whiti iwi me te puoru Itariana Canto bel. faiva pūrotu dreamy me ngawari J. Mach (1842-1912) ki tonu belkantovym ātahu. i nui ai ko pono mīharo tona mana i runga i te waiata, mai i Classicism ki romanticism kāhua Pānga.

ahurea pūhui

Kua riro te kaiwhakarewa o nga waiata Russian he kaitito nui M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). Tona tuhituhi orchestral - tu'u lyrical me i te taua wa rahi - ki tonu himene, e arotakengia nei me whakarerenga iho o waiata iwi, a belkantovaya te aravihiraa o Arias Italian. i rite ki te melodiousness roa waiata Russian ratou tūturu Cantilena - pono, me te ngangahau. Ko te predominance o waiata i runga i te kuputuhi, karakia vnutrislogovye (waiata accentuation o ōna wāhanga motuhake), te tukurua reo, te hanga whakaroa rangi - tenei katoa i roto i nga mahi o Glinka (me ētahi atu kaitito Russian) strikingly feongoongoi piri ki nga whakarerenga iho o puoru Itariana. Fado, kia rite ki fakaangá, tika "Russian Canto bel" taitara.

Ko te wāwāhi o te whetu

mutu anaana Italian era Canto bel i roto i te 20-doma o rau XX. Ko te hōia, me te tutū pāhoro o te rau tau tuatahi hauwhā kua whiti te mauri normative o te opera whaiāipo o whakaaro, i whakakapi i te reira na roto i te Neoclassicism me wehea e ngā wāhanga o Impressionism, Modernism, futurism, me ētahi atu. Tonu kihai i mutu rongonui reo hei mahi ki te tono ki te masterpieces o te waiata puāwaitanga Italian. A. Art "waiata ataahua" tīrama puritia V. Nezhdanova ko F. I. Shalyapin. ariki kē o te ahunga waiata ko L. Sobinov, e kiia nei ko i muri i te Canto bel i Russia. Great Maria Callas (US) me te tohu o te "reo o te rau tau" hoa taitara Dzhoan Sazerlend (Ahitereiria), he tikanga lyric Luciano Pavarotti (Itāria), me te panguru kē Nikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - e hāngai ana ratou toi i runga i pūtake toi, me te rerehua o te Canto bel Italian.

mutunga

kihai i ngā New i roto i te waiata i taea ki te pounga tiaho belkantovoy puoru Itariana matarohia. Young kaihaka rapu i te paraire i tiaki i roto i nga tuhituhi o nga rangatira o te mōhiohio tau mua i runga i manawa tika, kato, whakairo, me ētahi atu ture o te pōti. e kore te mea he āwangawanga mangere tenei. Tatou ite ara whakarongo e kore e rongo i te tikanga hou o te mahi matarohia, me te rumakina e ki te nui rangitahi wāhi toi tino o te waiata. Mahalo reira takoto he whakamātau ki te matakawa te mea ngaro o te Canto bel o te tītohunga - pehea i roto i te kanga era i runga i te reo wahine, me ngā manakohanga o te rēhita tiketike tane taea te whanau waiata aronga, ora nga rau tau, me te tahuri ki te pūnaha maau, e tuaruatia te turanga mo te tenetere e rave rahi, te whakangungu o kaiwaiata ngaio.