Catalytic ripeneta - he hangarau matatau ki hītori tawhito

E mohiotia āhuatanga Whaihua o te hinu ki te taata nei mai te wā tukuiho. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te wahie, me ngā rauemi raw mō te hanga o muka waihanga me kirihou. I te wa ano kua rapua tonu te taata ki te whakanui i te painga i whiwhi ai i te tukatuka o kora matatoka. Ko e taha taua tikanga te ripeneta catalytic - he tukanga e hoatu ara ki-te kounga tiketike penehīni me waiwaro kakara. Tenei tikanga o te tukatuka hinu i whakaaro hoki i roto i tau 1911, a mai 1939 whakamahia te hangarau i runga i te tauine ahumahi. Mai kora matatoka kua pai ake tonu tikanga Māturu. I teie mahana, ko reira tetahi o nga ara tino mātanga, me te whai hua ki te hua penehīni ki tau wāwaro tiketike.

Māturu wahie

Catalytic ripeneta - ko te tukanga o te dehydrogenation (hauwai oti'a i te pūhui rāpoi ngota organic) naphthenes ono-membered i te aroaro o te konukoreko me etahi atu konganuku o te rōpū konukawata i te pāmahana tiketike, e arata'i ki te hanganga o te pūhui kakara. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, he tukanga e hua hua nui-wāwaro - reformate - i ngā rauemi raw iti-te kounga - penehīni tika-rere.

Ko te take matua e tika ana ki i horahia kia whānui ina ripeneta - he āwangawanga mo te taiao. I mua ki taua, i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi penehīni ki tiketike tau wāwaro antiknock hāngai mata-whakamahia. A, no te ripeneta e tata ngaro pira.

Ko te hua hua

Na roto i te faaohiparaa i tenei hangarau ko reira taea ki te whakaputa i te feedstock matūngahinu tino nui - benzene, toluene, waiwaro kakara. I teie mahana, catalytic ripeneta - ko te tukanga i nei whiwhi ake ki te 480 miriona toni o ngā hua matūngahinu ia tau te ao.

Ko te matua mutunga-hua o te huringa production he reformate - penehīni ki te whakatauranga wāwaro o 93-102. Wä, i reira e na-hua - waiwaro paraffinic, me 90% o te korohū hauwai, i te mea te parakore tino atu i whiwhi e te tahi atu tikanga.

Ko tētahi atu hua tahi catalytic ina ripeneta, he Coke. Kei te whakatakotoria te reira i runga i te mata o te whakakōkī, tino whakaiti tona mahi. Ko tōna ngana ki te whakaiti i te maha.

Hangarau ripeneta catalytic

Ka rite ki te feedstock mo catalytic ripeneta o mahi naphtha - wahie ki tau wāwaro iti. kawea te tukanga katoa i roto i roto i 3-4 reactors e whai he moenga pūmau o te whakakōkī. Ko te reactors he putorino hono ki matatini pūnaha maha-ruma me te hua tauwhirowhiro wera.

Kaiwhakakökï catalytic ripeneta he kawe - alumina (A1203) whakauruurutia ki tioata konukawata. I roto i te reactors i te pāmahana o te 480-520 ° C me te pēhanga o i 1.2 ki te 4 MPa feedstock e tahuri ki kakara teitei-wāwaro me isoparaffin. Tino maha, ki te whakapai ake i te pūmautanga o te tukanga hangarau i roto i te whakatinana i whakarewa ake te utu (rhenium, germanium, iridium), me te kōnakonako - māota me te hau köwhai.

Types catalytic ripeneta

I teie mahana mea whakaaro maha ngā tikanga mō te whakaputa nui-wāwaro penehīni me kakara e tauhohe ripeneta catalytic. e pupuri ana ngaro ona ake tikanga production katoa kamupene ke. Heoi, kei te hāngai ratou i runga i toru tikanga matua:

1. puritia wā kotahi hinu ripeneta i roto i toru ranei wha reactors tonu. takoto Ko tōna ngako i roto i te meka e te tukanga o te whakakōkī ko tuatahi tino whanake tona pūmanawa, i muri nei i mutu te piere rite te roa rite te whakatere e kore e whakahokia ratou āhuatanga.
2. wae tauhohenga tonu 2-3 - kaiwhakahohe wā faaho'ihia mai i roto i ia pūnaha rite tona putanga. A, no te kore e mutu tenei tukanga, ka whakakapia te piere houtanga te ki te "tētē", kōwhiringa.

Ka taea e te mahi rawa kia tutuki i roto i te tauhohe rere tonu te whakamahi i te whakaoranga tipu me reactors. Te whakakōkī, rite ino o ona āhuatanga, kua whakanohoia i roto i te ruma whakaora, a i roto i tona wahi puta ko "tauhohe hou ora ake" tohanga aljumoplatinovyh pūhui.

raruraru matua

Ko te raruraru matua e haere tahi i te reforomatio - ko te hanganga o te nui o ngā rauemi aljumoplatinovyh kaha catalytic Coke-whakaiti. Ko te otinga o tenei raruraru ngā i roto i tahu i te Coke i runga i te mata o ngā huānga urupare i te tikanga o te ranunga hāora-e mangere i te pāmahana o te 300-500 degrees. huaina tenei tukanga i roto i te hapori pūtaiao te houtanga. Fully whakahokia e kore e taea te huānga catalytic. Ka rite ki te mahi ia faatumu-whiwhi pakeke, a ka tono tangata ki te tipu motuhake, kei hea te tangohia ai i konukawata me ētahi atu konganuku utu.

reactors ripeneta catalytic

whakamana tenei tikanga o te tukatuka o kora matatoka e ngā momo o ngā tipu. Hei whakaingoa i te torutoru o ratou:

• Selectoforming. Here, fakatahai te tukanga reforomatio dehydrogenation catalytic ki hydrocracking whiriwhiri.
• Platforming. E komokomo ana te reira i te piere 3, a ko te wa o nga kaiwhakakökï i 6 ki te 12 marama.
• Ultraforming. Ko tētahi o nga tāuta tuatahi ki te "tētē" piere e whakahaere te tukanga whakaora o te kaiwhakahohe.
• Isoplus. Kua ngā hoki te hua ina ripeneta tukanga, me te ngāwhā papatanga.

Ko te hinu tino whānui ina ripeneta riro i roto i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau - ko tau tukanga ake ki te 180 miriona toni o wahie tūturu. I roto i te wahi tuarua ko te whenua Pākehā - pūkete ratou hoki e pā ana ki 93 miriona tana. Russia kati te toru runga ki te putanga ā-tau o e pā ana ki te 50 miriona toni o te hinu.