Ko te rererangi "Maxim Gorky" (popokorua-20): Whakatakotoranga

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te Soviet whakatö vosmimotorny pāhihi rererangi "Maxim Gorky" - popokorua-20 - whakaaro te airliner nui o tona wa, tahuhu whenua-rite rawa. I hanga te reira i roto i te pa o Voronezh i roto i te wheketere rererangi.

hanga

Kia titiro a te pai hangaia rererangi "Maxim Gorky". I roto i 1932, i roto i Oketopa, tohua ana e ia te huritau 40 o Maksima Gorkogo mahi tuhituhi. Kairīpoata me kaituhi, arahina e Mikhail Koltsov i tenei hui whakaongaonga. Taua ra ano, faaoti ratou ki te hanga agitsamolot, huaina e ia te reira i roto i te honore o te kaituhi rongonui - "Maxim Gorky". Kua pumau hoki te hanga o tenei whare i katoa-Union Komiti, ka anga te whenua katoa ki te kohikohi moni mo te hanganga. I roto i te wa poto whakahaere te iwi ki te kohikohi neke atu i te ono miriona moni.

Ko wai te mea te ihi o te rererangi "Maxim Gorky"? Te Komiti i roto i tona hanganga whakaritea Hangarau Kaunihera, ko tona tiamana i whakaritea rangatira TSAPI Kharlamov. I whakaritea e ia ki te whakatau i te mata o te manu rino heke mai, me te waihanga i te tikanga hangarau i runga i te pūtake o ona mau opuaraa taketake.

I roto i te whanaketanga o te Kaunihera Hangarau o te pūtahi whai wāhi: TSAPI, CIAM, rangahau me te paari pūtaiao o te Force Air, te ahumahi tā, Kinofotoinstitut, he maha kaihoahoa me Engineers: VM Petlyakov, N. Nekrasov, A. Saukke (kaipūkaha mata), AA . Engibaryan (taputapu), A. A. Arhangelsky, VN Belyaev (kaha tātaitanga), B. M. Kondorsky (momo katoa), ei Pogossky me ētahi atu. I haere te mahi e AN Tupolev.

Ko te rererangi "Maxim Gorky" hanga he maha nui o ngā rōpū. whanga ana ahau i te whare, ka haere te tikanga i runga i te momo o te taputapu me te komiti hanga (heamana AN Goryanov), whakaritea ki te Komiti. I roto i te 1933, i runga i Maehe 10, tenei kōmihana mutu te kawenata ki a TSAPI ki te hanga rererangi popokorua-20.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te kaihoahoa AN Tupolev i 1933 pai rere te TB-3 ruku rererangi i roto i te hanga rangatū. E i whai wāhi ia i roto i te hoahoa atu o te colossus faahiahia - bastions tiretiera. I tua atu, kua whakawhanakehia tohunga he tauira tuatahi o te tauira pāhihi TB-4 rererangi ka karanga te popokorua-20.

hoahoa ariā o arotakehia tūemi hou i roto i April 1933, ngā mo te tūponotanga o tona whakamahi rite te bomber whakatö-waka, e taea te tohatoha atu me ngā pāhihi. Ko te rererangi "Maxim Gorky" kawe i nga mahi o tari matua pūkoro mo te hanganga runga tōrangapū, me te hōia o te whenua.

pūrere

Ant-20 TB-4 (popokorua-16) rerekē anake i roto i te rahi, ka i ki te tu i te ututaumaha o 1500 kg nui, e taea te whakahaeretia te reira ki te taunga wakarere iti. I roto i te tikanga ki te tiki atu i te whenua, i ia ki te tango i te whakaterenga i te tawhiti o te 300-400 m (i TB-4 - 800 m).

Hoki tenei take, kua hangaia tohunga he parirau hou, i i te elongation teitei me te rohe atu i te parirau o te TB-4. Tata ki te katoa o tona mata i hanga o kowakawaka.

rite rawa te rererangi "Maxim Gorky" i ki he tipu te mana, i a waru engines M-34FRN, ia 900 rita. he. (Kaha Tapeke o 7200 l. C.). e ono engines rererangi i runga i nga parirau, e rua - i runga i te takere i roto i te kōwae taupiri. E hanga pokekore nui o te rakau, a i te diameter o 4 m. Tuatahi i whakaritea ai ki te tāuta ono pūkaha, heoi i kitea e kore e ranea ratou kaha.

Ko te rererangi "Maxim Gorky" roto i nui! Ko te rohe o tona roto i 100 sq. m:. taea hāngai ratou e pā ana ki e whitu tekau pāhihi. Ko te parirau i te taumata-wahia moenga mo okiokinga. rite rawa te airliner i ki te arawhata, e, kotuituitanga, tahuri ki te wahi o te patunga witi.

Kua whakamahia hoki te wa tuatahi mo te tohunga rererangi nui pūnaha mana waea. Navigation me te whakamätau i oko popokorua-20 taea tona whakamahi i roto i te ra, me te i te po. taea hoki te hanga e ia tūnga i roto i te whenua rokohanga.

E te ara, kua rawa ano hoki te popokorua-20 ki te tohunga Autopilot. I te poari noho he momo o taputapu pakanga, tae atu ki te kiriata pūwhiti, he irirangi kaha "reo i te rangi", tā, ongoi e irirangi, whakaahua taiwhanga, he whare pukapuka, a na reira i runga i. Minamina ana rawa rangi mēra.

Aircraft "Maksim Gorky" (popokorua-20) rawa ki te pūnaha supply hiko ki te AC 120 V, 50 Hz. I tono tenei auaha mo te wa tuatahi (me pea i roto i te ao) i roto i te mahi kāinga. Onboard teihana ngā reira o engines e rua penehīni (i ia te tere rated 3000 REV / min) me wha generators (te generators rua kawea tauutuutu te mana o 5.5 Kw me 3 o nāianei, te generators e rua whai ngaohiko tamau 27 V me te kaha o te 3 Kw 5.8 Kw).

Ki te hiahiatia, i taea te whakawete te rererangi, ka kawea e te lēlué.

flights

Whakaae, nga tohunga pai ki te whakawhanake i te rererangi "Maxim Gorky". Te pūrere me tona hoahoa e auheke! ka anga tōna hanganga i roto i 1933, 4 Hōngongoi, me i 1934, i runga i te 3 no eperera, te hua kua kaweake ki te taunga wakarere. I tua atu, i runga i te 24 Aperira, ka mau te reira i te kōmihana motuhake. Hoki te wā tuatahi i runga reira ki te hanga i te whakamätau rere whakamātautau M. M. Gromov July 17, i roto i te taua tau. roa te rere 35 meneti.

Airliner i roto i te rua i te rere rua ra i muri mai ka haere rere ia i runga i Whero Square i te wā i te hui Chelyuskinites. kawea ratou te manureva e rua whawhai ahau-5.

I roto i te taua 1934 N. S. Zhurovu ko M. M. Gromovu i tenei mīhini taea hanga e rua whakatutukitanga tuatahi: i whakaara ratou tueke tekau me rima taranata ki te teitei o te rima mano mita! Kei te mohiotia te reira e ara te Antuan De Saint-Exupéry, utua he haerenga ki te Soviet Union, rere ki runga ki taua mea!

ati

Ko whakapaipai te rererangi "Maxim Gorky" āhuatanga, engari roa tona ora noa i runga i te tau. I roto i te 1935, whakahaere te Mei 18 whakaaturanga rere i i te Moscow Central Airport, i muri nei i whakaritea ai ki te whakawhiti i te popokorua-20 agiteskadrile ratou. Gorky. Aviator agiteskadrili I. V. Miheevu haere pairati motokā N. S. Zhurov. I whakaaetia te reira ki te rere ki runga ki taua mea, me nga melo o te utuafare o te popokorua-20 kaihanga.

Ko te tikanga, ko te tino whakakake o tona brainchild "Maxim Gorky" rererangi ihi. roaaraa mai te manu tautoko rail rua rererangi: (whakahaeretia pairati motokā Rybushkin) rua F-5 me te (rere whakamātautau mīhini N. P. Blagin) toa-5. Tātaritia kawea te kiriata Schekutev kaiwhakahaere ki te P-5.

Kua kite ake koe i te rererangi "Maxim Gorky"? Whakaahuatanga, Ka taea e whakaahua o tenei manu rino mīharo kia kitea i roto i te pukapuka pūtaiao o aua wa! Ko tonu tatou i to tatou aamu i raro. Kei te mohiotia te reira e ia N. P. Blagin ki te mahi i te mahi ngā i runga i te mahere o kaihanga kiriata pakipūmeka, i ia ki te rere i roto i te kiriata e pā ana ki ant-20, kia taea e kite kaimātakitaki te rerekētanga i roto i te rahi.

whakaahuatia Ups Rapa i runga ngā whānui rererangi. Otiia ta'e'amanekina whakamana rere riro puka wehi Blagin i runga i te toa tinihanga viivii te kupu i te tawhiti iti i te popokorua-20. Hoki te hiku, ka tono "Maksima Gorkogo" Blagin tona motokā i roto i te tihi poto, koimutu unuhia te rakau mana (tikanga ia ki te whakaahua a tawhio noa te "koropiko mate" Rapa). Ki runga ki pa te tihi o te toa auau ti'aturi ka tangohia hinga iho i mea kororia te rere i raro popokorua-20.

Ko te manureva auheke - "Maxim Gorky"! ana drawings ki te waihanga i te tohunga pai. Na rere Blagina rererangi ki te waenganui o tona pūkaha, a patototanga ia ki waho ki tetahi patu. whawhati ia a hinga iho, ka titi i roto i te mīhini Blagina puta parirau poka kanukanu. ora tenei airliner ramming e wehingia ana.

Pea i taea e Mikheev me Zhurov whakatokia ai, ki te kahore te ahau-5 ka taka atu te hiku, i patua te tuarua, i teie nei te patu whakamate ki te "Maksimu Gorkomu" patua e ia ana mana.

hinga manu mea kororia te i runga i te parirau, hurihia a anga ki te wawahi i runga i te rangi. Papa ana te whatitiri i te pahūtanga faahiahia, me popokorua-20 ninii i runga i quinta hararei Falcon i o hēkona te tokorua. kī tenei whati nga oraraa o 49 iwi, tae atu Blagina, airliner 11 ngā mema tāngata me 37 pāhihi - kaimahi TSAPI me o ratou hapu, tae atu e ono tamariki. Kua ngaro kiriata o tenei kino (he tokomaha whakaaro i whakarōpūtia reira tahi ki te take).

tohu

ka mau Tanumanga o nga patunga o te ati manureva wahi i te Novodevichy urupā. I roto i tona ara whakamutunga ārahina nga mema o mate o te kāwanatanga, i roto i ko te kaituhituhi tuatahi o te MC me te CIM CPSU (b) N. S. Hruschov me te matenga o te Moscow Soviet N. A. Bulganin. Ko te tinana o te urn nehutanga, mate tanumia i roto i te wāhanga tuatoru o te columbarium i roto i te wahi tawhito o te urupa. I teie mahana, karaunatia te whakamaharatanga i te faahiahia pati-manawa tuki Rapa hanga o ofa'i.

Ko te take o te ati

tino pai nga tangata katoa te rererangi "Maxim Gorky". Whakaahuatanga homai ia etahi ruma me i ngā whakaaro te whakaaro! whakatakotoria whakahenga katoa te Soviet press mōhiohio i runga i Blagina nei takahi ako me te mahi aerobatics, ko te take o te kino.

Tetahi, putanga tino fantastic ko e āta rammed Blagin te popokorua-20. Ko te niupepa Polish "hoari" i roto i te 1935 Mahuru 12, whakaputaina he reta haina e Blagin, i roto i nei te ihirangi o te tono i te hahani te tikanga kominiusi. I muri ka puta te reira i roto i te nūpepa Paris o manene Russian "Revival". whakaae teie mahana e ko te pukapuka he tapehatanga.

Blagin tanumia muri ki ētahi atu patunga o te kino. Tana tamahine, me te pouaru i tauturu: noho ratou i roto i te fare hou, whakaritea ki te ako i te tamahine ki te kura hou. Tamahine, pouaru, me tetahi o nga matua Blagina whakaritea tonu penihana o morehu. i karapotia tona utuafare na roto i te tiaki me te aro o te feia faatere o te rōpū ā-rohe. Oia mau, i Mäori te putanga o te whakaaro kino.

rererangi whakarau unenviable "Maxim Gorky". e tiakina tonu ana tuhinga i roto i te pukapuka. tonu tatou ki te tūhura anō te ati o taua wa. Ko te kupu, ko te meka i runga hoatu take ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te tuatoru, te putanga tino pono: he tokomaha i whakapono i whakahau Blagin ki te mahi tinihanga tika i roto i te rangi. Ka rite ki te hua, ka hinga ia ki te "kaiahuwhenua" no te mea o te tere iti. I mua tenei hui, whakaurua Stalin he Newsreel ke, i roto rīpene o tinihanga rangi, rongonui i roto i aua tau. Ko te hua ko te whakaaro o mahi taua mahi e pā ana rererangi "Maxim Gorky".

whakahaere NKVD te tūhuratanga, i whakaritea e te hawhe te haora i mua i te rere ki te kaiurungi nei uru i roto i te rere ki te Rapa manureva, tutaki whakangungu kaimahi, me te hōia kiriata kiriata studio V. G. Ryazhsky me A. A. pullin. He tino hiahia i roto i te Rapa rererangi popokorua-20 ratou. Whakaahua ( "Maxim Gorky" tino nui ko), hanga ana e ia he ongo nui ki runga ki a ratou, e hiahia ana ratou sensation. whakaaetia fakangofua matua i te ārahitanga Air Force ki a ratou tohe i runga i te huringa i roto i te tauira e rere. Ka rite ki te hua, kaiurungi, kahore ruruku ki te matenga o te rere, me kaitirotiro, i ki whakaae. whaia Pakipūmeka kiriata te whāinga o kiriata stunts irirangi tata "Maksima Gorkogo" mo te mahi whakatö-. Ryazhskiy pullin me i muri i te aituā i muri tutaki.

Popokorua-20 bis

I roto i te meka, ka titiro matou ki te rererangi "Maxim Gorky". Ko wai mea whakaaro reira, e teie nei mohiotia pai matou. I whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga i tētahi kape tuarua o ake i muri i tona tiango. Taupiri whakakorea, a hei utu 34FRN waru M-M-whakapumautia ono 34FRNV te puritanga 1000/1200 l. he. Te hanga mīhini hou i oti i roto i 1938, i mahi ia ano M. M. Gromov tona ati.

I 1940-1941, ko te Ōseni raro i te ingoa SS-124 (R-760) kawe pāhihi i Moscou ki Mineralnye vody roto Kharkov me Rostov-i runga i-Don. A, no te tīmata te whawhai, i whakamahia ai rite te kawe utanga i roto i te muri. tuki ia i roto i te 1942 i runga i Hakihea 14 i 60 km i Tashkent i roto i te taunga, te raruraru 272 haora.

Mau i whakaritea ai ki te hanga i 18 atu rererangi popokorua-20 bis, Heoi, e kore e kore ia e kore te popokorua-20 ki te production papatipu, me te i whakaaetia. O te akoranga, atu i whakawhanakehia te tohunga kaupapa mihini nui Ant-26 me ant-28, engari mutu reira mahi i roto i te tau 1936.

imbroglio

Na te mea i tupu i taua ra nō roto i 1935? Kia kōrero a pā ana ki te ati manureva ahurei e puta i runga i Mei 18. Ko te mea tuatahi ki te whakanui i te rā e wehingia ana tohu e pätahi: 1896 Mei 18 (. Kāhua Art) rite 39 tau ki muri, i te ra o te koroneihana Nicholas II, te i runga i Khodynka mara i roto i te kuru e wehingia ana o goodies kingi unpretentious romiromia reira i pā ana ki 1,300 iwi, me te rite mate nui ano.

ua faaite mana TASS taipitopito o te ati: rite, tino, e pā ana ki e rima tekau o tetahi iwi harakore, me nga kuao e ono, tae atu, i pakaru werawera Pilot. Otiia, whakautu pono ki te pātai rave rahi e pā ana ki te parariraa o te Ōseni, i reira he ki tenei ra. Aita i maoro, tuhinga i te pūranga o te KGB Declassified, a he ara ratou huru atu puputu'u o te take.

E matau ana kua tatou i faataahia te hoahoa me te hanganga o te kaipuke ki te OKB A. N. Tupoleva TsAGI: i te ahanoa ki kia hanga e Haratua 1, 1934. kawea te rererangi "Maxim Gorky" i atu i roto i te whakamarie motuhake: i roto i compartments pāhihi i runga i te matapihi whakairia pihi, i rite rawa tepu ki rama tēpu, i nui ngā tūru, taupokina te papa i ki whariki. Ko te Ōseni hoki i tokomaha ruma moe, wāhi rokiroki mō ngā kai, te wehenga tueke, he whare pukapuka, he pae paramanawa uira ki paramanawa matao, me te wera, wharepaku me piko.

A te mutunga, ka whakatika i te mīhini nui ki te rangi. Na ka timata te nanakia tino. timata ahau-5 ki te fabricate nga whika a tawhio noa te popokorua-20. A, no te mahi ia rite te "koropiko mate" tuarua, tuki ahau ki te parirau o "Maksima Gorkogo". Te patu i kaha e wehingia ana. Ante-20 tuatahi tītaha ki te matau, i te tūpuku rere atu 10-15 hēkona, me te ka oho ki te ruku poutū, ka nōhia i runga i runga i tona hoki. hinga te waka rererangi i runga i te paina, te patototanga iho rakau, me te pae hopea marara runga i te whenua. I tuhituhia tenei he ra i muri mai i te niupepa "Pravda» (tau 137 1935 20 Mei).

O te akoranga, e kore te maha o patunga i iti ki rere i roto i te manureva. marara te otaota me te rohe o te kainga o toi "Sokol", hinga te tau whare 4 i runga i te huarahi. Levitan me totohu i runga i te huarahi. Surikov tau whare 7 me 11. Here, kihai i tohua te maha o ngā matenga.

kihai i kitea te tātari aituā ona take pono. Ko te whakahoki ki te mea ngaro matua - ko reira te tahi mea nei whakaakona ki te mahi i stunts irirangi huri noa te ant-20, he reira noa "rangi kino" Blagina ranei - e kore riro. Ko te "parau mau" i runga i Mei 19-20 i whakaputaina rīpene kiriata, engari kahore e ratou tāmau ki te karere kuputuhi TASS. hohoro ati tamata ki te warewaretanga, i ara whakakorea tata rite ki te utu i te kiriata toi "Great parirau."

"Barrel" "koropiko" ranei?

He mea tika ki te haapapu i te meka e te taea hau kino-hū i roto i ngā karere kuputuhi huaina Tass "koropiko mate", me i tona kōrero o tona kaiurungi i huaina Rybushkin "oko". Berry i roto i tona manatu ahua Blagina huaina hoki "oko", a ka timata te tahi mau tumu kōrero rererangi i roto i tona rangahau ki te whakapuaki i whakamana Blagin "oko" - no te mea kihai i taea e Stalin i ki penei he! Ka rite ki te hua, rawa maha whakakapia te tātari tata o putanga me take o te aituā hei utu o te kōrero whai hua tautohetohe huakore i runga i te kaupapa: "oko" ranei "koropiko"? E ai ki te whakaaroaro o etahi tohunga, he reira taea ki te piri ki te putanga e Blagin mahi he "koropiko."

Ka taea e anake e koe te mea kotahi te mea: i roto i nui atu tino atu i te pairati rongonui V. P. Chkalova i mahi osovnom i NP Blagina, hanga he rere i raro i piriti Neva.

Me kï reira e mahi ana te koropiko tuatahi whakapaipai Blagin e ta e te pairati i runga i te mahana o te rota o te mahi i runga i te kaupapa, me te ara rere. E kore te mea mohiotia mehemea i te pairati i te tikanga kaihoahoa ... e matau ana tatou e te kaha reira tito mea rerekē, me te, kahore feaa, i tino waia ki te tātai engineering. Mō te mea i tupu i te wa o te mahi o te rua o nga koropiko, ka taea e tatou anake imi. mohio te Atua ahakoa i mahi ia i te reira i roto i te raupapa (whakaaro nga papa o rerekē ngā shooting, e kore e taea ki te kite), ranei haere ki te huarahi hou.

whakapae

I runga i te pūtake o te kōrero i runga ake, tokomaha tohunga whakaaro nga whakapae e whai ake:

1. Kāmera (parirau i roto i te anga e kore e tino hoatu) Koki P-5 i te wa o te mahi o te koropiko, tona tūranga me te tawhiti iti i te rererangi kōrero e ko te reira i mua i-ruruku i waenganui i te kaikāmera me kaiurungi. konei te kore te feaa, ngā tahi mea nei tohutoro ki te mahia o te rangahau taua.
2. E kore e taea e tatou te mea i hanga ai "hooliganism rangi". O te akoranga, ko te taea kino (i mua kāore i, ka - kore), engari tatou kite anake e konei takahi ture haumaru rere. Ko te tikanga, ki taua rerenga ki ngā pāhihi i runga i te poari kawe i roto i aua tānga i te kino.
3. Ko te pūtake pono o te ati i mahi hapa pairati Blagina, a kahore noa te raupapa (te koropiko tuatahi ia tatau tika), engari hangarau anake, e waiho e i roto i te iti (iti iho i te kotahi tuarua) roa i roto i te wa o te ahiahi i runga i te rua o nga koropiko.
4. pūkenga Flight NP Blagina korero e pā ana ki tona Tukupü me te ngaio - ia i taea e whakataetae ki te rawa M. M. Gromovym. I roto i te 1935 Blagin marama noa rima rerenga 26 haora, me te 11 meneti.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e i roto i te tūhuratanga, te hunga katoa i whai wāhi i roto i te kiriata mea katoa mate i haupu ai i runga i Blagina. Heoi, ko te urn kei roto i te pungarehu Blagina tanumia i roto i te taiepa o te urupā Novodevichy, me ētahi atu patunga o te kino. I runga i te urupa o te poari ngātahi i tuhituhia te putanga mōhiohio o te mate, e korero ki a Tass.

Ko te kaituhi Maxim Gorky, i te ara, ko te tino pouri no te mea o te mate o "i'oa". Ko, i me te nui, mo kaupapa o whakangao rangatū o te waka, me te pāhihi rererangi Rapa ati i kahore pānga.