Germany i muri i te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau: whanaketanga me te whakanohonoho

Ko te whenua i ngaro Germany i muri i te Pakanga o te Ao ite e ahau he raruraru ōhanga me te pāpori kino. hurihia te whenua i arikitanga, a i roto i tona wahi i haere mai te Republic, ka karanga te Weimar. roa tenei pūnaha tōrangapū tae noa ki 1933, ka haere mai nga kau Nasí ki te mana, arahina e Adolf Hitler.

Whiringa revolution

I roto i te ngahuru o 1918, ko Germany o te Kaiser i te mimiha o hinga i roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. I pau te whenua i te toto. Kua roa te hapori pakari whakaahunga ki te mana Wilhelm II. hua te reira i roto i te Noema Revolution, i timata i runga i Noema 4 ki te whakatikanga ake o kaumoana i Kiel. More tata, i reira kua ngā rite i roto i Russia, te wahi kua hinga arikitanga te rau tau-tawhito. tupu te taua mea i roto i te mutunga, me i Germany.

Whiringa 9 kauwhautia te Minita Pirimia Maksimilian Badensky te mutunga o te kingitanga o Wilhelm II, kua ngaro kē te mana ki runga i te mea te tupu i roto i te whenua. whakawhiti tumuaki ana mana ki te kaupapa here o te Friedrich Ebert Foundation, a mahue Berlin. Ko te upoko hou o te kāwanatanga ko tetahi o nga kau taki o Tiamana te kaupapa rongonui pāpori-manapori me te SPD (Social Democratic Party o Germany). I te ra ano i kauwhautia ai te whakatūnga o te Republic.

Ko te pakanga ki te Entente mau mutu. Whiringa 11 i roto i te ngahere Kompenskom i Picardy kāti whawhai i hainatia, i te mutunga mutu te toto. Na ko te heke mai o Europa i roto i te ringa o diplomats. Timata ngā whiriwhiringa unofficial me te faaineineraa mo te amuiraa nui. Ko te hua o enei mahi katoa ko te Tiriti o Versailles, hainatia i te raumati o te tau 1919. I roto i nga marama torutoru i mua i te mutunga o te kawenata, Germany i muri i te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau ite he rota o ngā whakaari ā-.

whakatikanga ake Spartacist

arata'i Tetahi revolution ki te mārua mana, e ngana ana nei ki te tango i te momo o ope, me te revolution Whiringa i tenei tikanga, kahore he okotahi. E rua marama i muri i te hinga o te arikitanga me te mutunga o te pakanga i roto i Berlin wahia atu pakanga patu i waenganui i ope mateaki ki te kāwanatanga me te kaitautoko o te Pāti Communist. hiahia Tata ki te hanga i roto i te whenua te kāinga o te Soviet Republic. kaha matua i roto i tenei kaupapa ko te Spartacus League me ona mema o tino rongonui: Karl Liebknecht ko Roza Lyuksemburg.

January 5, 1919 whakaritea nga Kominiusi he patu i hipoki te katoa o Berlin. hohoro ia tupu ki te whakatikanga ake patu. Germany i muri te Pakanga o te Ao i ahau he kohua mura i roto i nei rāua i te whānuitanga o ngā me mana'o. whakatikanga ake Spartacist i patu wāhanga o tenei riri. He wiki i muri mai, ka tahuri te mahi i roto i ki te kia noho mateaki ki te Kawanatanga Takitaro nga hoia patua. January 15 Karl Liebknecht i kohurutia Roza Lyuksemburg.

Bavarian Soviet Republic

Ko te raruraru tōrangapū i roto i Germany i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao hua i roto i te tahi atu whakatikanga ake nui o ngā kaitautoko o Marxism. I roto i te April 1919, no te mana i roto i Bavaria ki te Bavarian Soviet Republic, faata'i ki te kāwanatanga pokapū. Kāwanatanga ahu e ia Communist Evgeny Levin.

Kua whakaritea e te Soviet Republic ona ake Army Whero. Hoki te ia i taea e ki roto i te pēhanga o te hōia a te kāwanatanga ia, engari i muri i te wiki ruarua i patua ia, ka taui ki Munich. Ko te whitiki whakamutunga o te tutu i tāmia e Haratua 5. Events i roto i Bavaria arahina ki te mauahara papatipu o te Māoritanga maui-parirau me ngā kaitautoko o te revolution hou. Ko te take i reira nga Hurai, hua i roto i te poipoi o te anti-Semitism i te matenga o te Soviet Republic. I roto i te mau mana'o o enei iwi ka anga ki te tākaro Nationalists tuwhena, tae atu ki ngā kaitautoko o Hitler.

Weimar kaupapa ture

He ra torutoru i muri i te mutunga o te ngangaretanga Spartacist i roto i te tīmatanga o 1919, i puritia pōtitanga whānui, i pōtitia ki te hanganga o Weimar National Assembly. Ko reira taa'eraa e ia ki te matau pōti mo te wa tuatahi riro te wahine Tiamana. huihui tuatahi te amuiraa i te 6 o Pēpuere. Kua tata i aru te whenua katoa te mea i tupu i roto i te pa iti Thuringian o Weimar.

Ko te mahi matua o ngā māngai o te iwi i roto i te whakatamarikitanga o te kaupapa ture hou. Te faaineineraa o te ture taketake o Germany arahina levoliberal Hugo Preiss, e riro i muri mai i te Minita Reich o te Interior. he pūtake manapori, me te rawa rerekē i te Kaiser i te Ture. Ko te tuhinga he ngātahitia i waenganui i te rerekē ope tōrangapū o te parirau maui, me te tika.

kaiwhakau Ture he manapori pāremata ki te tika pāpori, me te ohaoha mo ona tangata. I pōtitia te tinana-ture matua o te Reichstag mō te wha tau e. ka mau ia ki te pūtea kāwanatanga, me i taea te hūnuku i te tūranga o te matenga o te kāwanatanga (Chancellor), me te tetahi minita.

Whakaora i roto i Germany i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao e kore i taea te tutuki i waho pai-mahi, me te pūnaha tōrangapū pai-taurite. Na reira, whakaurua te kaupapa ture i te upoko hou o te kāwanatanga - Reich peresideni. Ko ia te tangata e whakaritea te matenga o te kāwanatanga, ka riro te tika ki te tareka pāremata. peresideni Reich pōtitia i roto i te pōtitanga whānui i runga i te wā-tau 7.

Ko te upoko tuatahi o te Germany hou te Friedrich Ebert. puritia e ia tenei tūranga i roto i te 1919-1925 gg. Weimar Constitution, i whakatakotoria te turanga mo te whenua hou, i tangohia e te amuiraa i te 31 o Hūrae. hainatia palesiteni Reich reira i runga i August 11. whakaaturia tenei ra i te hararei motu i roto i Germany. huaina te tikanga tōrangapū hou i te Weimar Republic i te honore o te pa te wahi haere huihui rohe wāhanga me te kaupapa ture o reira. roa tenei kāwanatanga manapori i 1919 ki te 1933. Tīmata whakatakotoria reira te revolution Whiringa i Germany i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, a ka muru hoki ai i te taha o nga kau Nasí.

Ko te tiriti o Versailles

Na, i roto i te raumati o te tau 1919 i roto i France huihui diplomats i huri noa i te ao. tutaki ratou ki te matapaki me te whakatau he aha e waiho Germany i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. Ko te Tiriti o Versailles, i meinga te hua o te tukanga whiriwhiri roa, i hainatia i runga i 28 Pipiri.

Ko te otinga matua o te tuhinga i rite whai. Kua riro France i kawanatanga Germany totohe o Alsace ko Lorraine, ngaro reira i muri i te whawhai ki a Prussia i te tau 1870. haere Belgium ki te takiwa rohe Eupen me Malmedy. i homai Poland te whenua i roto i Pomerania me Poznan. ka Danzig pa-kūpapa te free. ka mau nga mana kaha te mana o te rohe Baltic Memel. I te tau 1923, ka whakawhitia ia ki te Lithuania motuhake tata.

I roto i te 1920, ka rite ki te hua o te plebiscites rongonui riro Denmark wahi o Schleswig, ko Poland - he wahi o Upper Silesia. ona wahi iti i whakawhitia ano ki te pātata Czechoslovakia. I te wa ano, i te pōti o Germany puritia te tonga o Te Tai Rāwhiti Prussia. Ko te whenua ngaro ki te kī i te rangatiratanga o Austria, Poland ko Czechoslovakia. Ko te rohe o Tiamana i muri te Pakanga o te Ao ke ahau i roto i te tikanga e kua ngaro te whenua koroni Kaiser katoa i roto i te tahi atu wahi o te ao.

Whāititanga me te hanga

No ki te taha maui Tiamana o te Rhine raro ki ä ratou. kore i taea e ope Armed nui te tohu o 100 mano iwi. tangohia ana te reira i te whawhai herea. kihai i tokomaha whakawhiti manuao ano totohu i whenua wikitoria. Ano, e Germany kore i te waka Armoured hou, me te whawhai rererangi.

Reparations i Germany i muri i te Pakanga o te Ao moni ahau ki 269 piriona tohu, e ōrite āhua 100 mano taranata koura. Na i ki utu i te pakaru i tukua e te whenua Allied rite ki te hua o te pakanga-tau e wha ia. whakapumautia te kōmihana motuhake i ki te whakatau i te nui e hiahiatia ana.

Ko te ōhanga Tiamana i muri te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau i tukua nui i reparations. Utu mauriora whenua kua ururuatia. i kore noa i awhina ia e te meka e i roto i te tau 1922 , i te Soviet Russia whakarerea e reparations, whakawhiti mo te hanganga ture ratou ki te Kōawa o taonga German i roto i te Soviet Union hou i hanga. I roto i tona oraraa, e kore kua utua te Weimar Republic me te nui whakaae. A, no te haere mai Hitler ki te mana, i ia, ka mutu te moni whakawhitinga. whakahoutia te utu o reparations i roto i te tau 1953, me te ka ano - i roto i te 1990, i muri i te whakakotahitanga o te whenua. I te pae hopea reparations i Germany i muri te Pakanga o te Ao i utua e ahau anake i roto i te 2010.

pakanga ā-

No marino i muri i te pakanga i roto i Germany kihai i haere mai. I whakakino i te hapori ratou ati, i mahue reira tonu me ope tuwhena tika, ko wai i rapu mō tinihanga me pūhia o te raruraru. Ko te ōhanga Tiamana i muri i te Pakanga o te Ao e kore i taea te whakahokia te mea o aro tamau o te kaimahi.

I roto i te Maehe 1920, i reira ko Kapp putsch. tata i arahina te tukipoto ngana ki te whakakorenga o te katoa o te Weimar Republic i te rua o nga tau o tona oraraa. Wāhanga rite ki te Tiriti o Versailles whakamararatia mutinied te ope, ka hopukina ana whare kāwanatanga i roto i Berlin. ritua Tauturu. mana tika whakatahia i Stuttgart, te wahi ka karanga hoki te iwi e kore ki te tautoko i te tukipoto me te whakarite aro. Ka rite ki te hua, i patua nga he,, ko te whanaketanga ōhanga me te črā o Germany i muri te Pakanga o te Ao riro ano ahau te pupuhi nui.

I te wa ano i roto i te rohe o Ruhr, te wahi i reira i tokomaha maina i reira ko te tutu o nga kaimahi. I whakaurua nga hōia rohe demilitarized, e poka ki te whakatau o te Tiriti o Versailles. I roto i te whakautu ki te tūkino o te kawenata tomo te ope French i Darmstadt, Frankfurt, hānau, Homburg, Duisburg me etahi atu pa te uru.

mahue ano hōia Foreign Germany i roto i te raumati 1920. Heoi, tohe tonu raruraru i roto i whanaunga ki te whenua victor. Kua meinga e te reira i kaupapa here pūtea o Tiamana i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. E kore e te kāwanatanga i nui te moni mo reparations. I roto i te whakautu ki takaroa i roto i utu ki Parani me Belgium nohoia te rohe Ruhr. ko o ratou ope ki reira i roto i te 1923-1926 gg.

raruraru ōhanga

German kaupapa here ke i muri te Pakanga II o te Ao arotahi i runga i te mahi o te kimi i te iti rawa etahi mahi tahi painga. Te arata'ihia e enei whakaaro, i roto i 1922 hainatia te Weimar Republic he kawenata ki a Soviet Russia Tiriti o Rapallo. Ko te tuhinga ka karanga hoki te tīmatanga o hoapā takawaenga i waenganui i nga āhua nauhea taratahi. Pūtahitanga o Tiamana me te Russian Federation (a muri te Soviet Union) meinga riri i roto i nga whenua capitalist Pākehā, tukunoa'i nga mua, a rawa i roto i France. I roto i te 1922, patua kohuru Walter Rathenau - Minita o Foreign Affairs, whakaritea te hainatanga o te kawenata i roto i Rapallo.

raruraru waho o Germany i muri te Pakanga o te Ao maroke i mua i te ā-. Nā ki te whakaoho patu, aro me reparations ki ōhanga te whenua o atu hurihia ki te hohonu. tamata te kāwanatanga ki te whakaora i te āhuatanga i te whakanui ake i te tuku o te moni.

He hua tūturu o tenei kaupapa ko pikinga me te impoverishment papatipu o te taupori. Ko te utu o te moni motu (tohu pepa) kore mutu-heke. tupu pikinga ki hyperinflation. utua te utu rangatira iti me ngā kaiako kirokaramu o te moni pepa, engari te hoko i enei miriona reira ko tetahi mea. Waretini Moni oumu. arahina Poverty ki te kawa. i muri i maha hītori tohu e ko te reira nekehanga pāpori tukua ki te haere mai ki te mana whakamahi whāia pepeha Nationalists.

I roto i te 1923, ua tamata te Comintern ki te tango i te rawa o te raruraru, a whakaritea tamata i te revolution hou. rahua ia. Center pato'iraa Kominiusi, me te kāwanatanga timata ki Hamburg. tomo nga hoia te pa. E kore te riri mai anake i te maui. I muri i te whakakāhoretanga o te Bavarian Soviet Republic o Munich ka he kaha o te Nationalists me conservatives. I roto i te Noema 1923 i roto i te pa i reira ko tetahi tukipoto whakaritea e te taitamariki kaitōrangapū Adolf Hitler. I roto i te whakautu ki tētahi atu tutu peresideni Ebert Reich whakaritea ture whawhati tata. I kurua Beer Hall Putsch me tamata ona tīmata i. ko Hitler i te whare herehere 9 anake marama. E hoki ki te tikanga herekore, tīmata ia ki te bang mo te pikitanga ki te mana.

"Golden uofulu"

Hyperinflation haea i te taitamariki Weimar Republic, i ke liua e te whakataki o te moni hou - rama rīhi. Moni whakahou me te taenga o te haumi ke āta arahina te whenua i roto i te tikanga, ahakoa te nui o pakanga ā-.

Ngā haere mai moni pānga painga i ki waho i roto i te puka o loans Amerika i raro i te mahere o Charles Dawes. I roto i te tau torutoru te whanaketanga ōhanga o Germany i muri te Pakanga o te Ao arahina ahau ki te stabilization roa-tatari o te āhuatanga. te pai whanaunga i roto i te wā 1924-1929 gg. ka karanga ahau te "Golden pia ma".

I angitu hoki te kaupapa here waho o Germany i muri te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau i roto i aua tau. I te tau 1926, i hono ia te League o Nations a meinga ana ia hei mema ki tonu o te hapori ao, hanga i muri i te whakaritenga o te Tiriti o Versailles. mau tonu tatou hoa whanaunga ki te USSR. I te tau 1926, kua hainatia Soviet me diplomats Tiamana he tiriti Berlin hou o-'atā me fakaaoao-kore.

ka tētahi atu whakaaetanga takawaenga nui Briand Pact - Kellogg. Tenei whakaaetanga, hainatia i te tau 1926 e te mana matua ao (tae atu Germany), whakapuakina te liaki o te whawhai kia rite ki te taputapu tōrangapū. Ko te kupu ka timata te tukanga o te hanga i te pūnaha o te haumaru ngā Pākehā.

I te tau 1925 tū pōtitanga i te Reich Peresideni hou. Ko te upoko o te kāwanatanga General Paora von Hindenburg, nei hoki kakahu te paetukutuku o Field Marshal. Ko ia tetahi o nga rangatira matua o te ope o te Kaiser i roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, tae atu ki ngā mahi whakahaua i te mua i roto i Te Tai Rāwhiti Prussia, te wahi e whawhai ki te ope o Tsarist Russia i. Ko mārika i rerekē i te kōrero o tona mua, Ebert kōrero Hindenburg. hōia Tawhito mātātoa whakamahia e pepeha whāia o te huru anti--pāpori, me te iwi hoki. Ēnei hua whakauru arahina te whanaketanga tōrangapū-tau e whitu o Tiamana i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. He ko ano etahi tohu o tapepe. Hei tauira, e kore kua ārahi i te ope rōpū, ka kitea tonu whakakotahitanga tau ratou i runga i te mimiha o te tiango i Pāremata. Kawana i runga i tata nga take pakanga ki ngā te kāwanatanga.

Ko te korekore nui

I roto i 1929 i roto i te US i reira ko te tūtukitanga mākete kararehe i runga i Wall Street. No te mea o tenei, mutu reira tuku ki Germany ke. Te raruraru ōhanga, hohoro huaina pāngia te Topatariraa Rahi i te ao katoa, engari ko te reira kaha atu i etahi i tukua te Weimar Republic i reira. Ko tenei e kore e maere, mai tutuki te whenua he whanaunga, engari pūmautanga kore wā roa-. hohoro te Topatariraa Rahi arahina ki te parariraa o te ōhanga Tiamana, takahi o kaweake, kore mahi papatipu, me te maha atu pōrearea.

He manapori Germany hou i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, i te poto, i kahakina atu e te huru ki te huri i taua i taea ki ia. Ko te whenua, ko te kaha ti'aturi i runga i te US, a kihai i taea e te raruraru US mahia te mate. Heoi, ringihia hinu i runga i te ahi, me ngā kaitōrangapū rohe. Kāwanatanga, pāremata me te upoko o te kāwanatanga i roto i te pakanga tamau, me te kore i taea e whakapumautia i te pāhekoheko nui-hiahiatia.

He hua tūturu o whakaahunga ki te āhuatanga o te taupori o nāianei kua riro te tupu tuwhena. Arahina e hihiri tau Hitler NSDAP (National pāpori German Party) i muri i riro tau i pōtitanga rerekē atu pōti. Te hapori ka tohenga rongonui e pā ana ki te wero i roto i te hoki, ketanga, me te whakatakotoria ana nga Hurai. mauahara Rawa koi mo te hoariri unknown ite iwi taitamariki nei tupu ake i muri i te whawhai, a kihai i mohio ki tona wehi.

Ko te haere mai ki te mana o nga kau Nasí

Ko te rongonui o te Pāti Nasí arahina tona rangatira Adolf Hitler i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū. timata Kāwanatanga me Mema o te Pāremata ki te whakaaro i te iwi hoki hao rite te mema o te ngā mana ā-. kihai i rōpū Democratic i hanga he mua fā'ūtaha ki e whiwhi Nasí katoa rongonui. rapua maha centrists i roto i te hoa o Hitler. Etahi whakaaro tona kurumetometo poto-ora. I roto i te meka, Hitler, o te akoranga, kua kore i ahua whakahaere, a deftly whakamahia faingamālie katoa ki te whakapiki ake i tona rongonui, kia reira he raruraru ōhanga te faaino o Kominiusi ranei.

I roto i te Maehe 1932, i haere matou i te pōtitanga i muri Reich peresideni. faaoti Hitler ki whai wāhi i roto i te pakanga pōtitanga. Barrier hoki ia ko tona ake raraunga Austria. I runga i te eve o pōtitanga, whakaritea Minita Interior Brunswick kawanatanga he āpiha kaupapa here i roto i te kāwanatanga Berlin. tukua tenei tikanga Hitler ki te tiki raraunga German. I roto i te pōtitanga i te tuatahi, me te tuarua a tawhio noa, ka mau ia wahi tuarua, ngaro anake ki Hindenburg.

no peresideni Reich ki te rangatira o te NSDAP ki te tūpato. Heoi, hoatu ara maiteraa upoko ruhiruhia o te kāwanatanga i ki moe ana kaitohutohu maha, e whakapono ana e kore e wehi Hitler. January 30, 1930 he iwi rongonui, i whakaritea tumuaki - te matenga o te kāwanatanga. whakaaro āwhiwhi Hindenburg taea te whakahaere e ratou te minion o te waimarie, engari he kino ratou.

I roto i te meka, January 30, 1933 ko te mutunga o te manapori Weimar Republic. Maoro, te ture "I Emergency Powers" me "I te Protection o nga tangata me te State", i whakapumautia te tonotono o te Tuatoru Reich i tangohia. I roto i August 1934, i muri i te matenga o te Hindenburg koroheke, ka Hitler Führer (rangatira) o Germany. whakaaturia NSDAP i te rōpū ture anake. E kore e tango ki pūkete te haapiiraa hītori tata, Germany i muri i te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau eke ano ki runga ki te ara o te militarism. ka tētahi wāhanga nui o te Māoritanga o te āhua hou revanchism. Patua i roto i te pakanga whakamutunga ka anga nga Tiamana ki te faaineine no te te toto ara whakamataku atu.