He aha a Alexander 2? tuakiri o te Hiha. Biography, i roto i te rangatiratanga

Tuatahi ra puna i roto i te tau 1881 tukua hoki i roto i te toto o te Emepara, ka tomo i roto i te hītori o Russia rite te pēne nui o whakahounga, tika tika te epithet homai ki runga ki a ia e te iwi te liberator. I tenei ra te Hiha Alexander 2 (kingitanga - 1855-1881) i patua e te poma maka e Narodnaya Volya Ignatius Grinevitsky.

Tau Early mahuetanga

April 17, 1818 i runga i Moscow kahakina whatitiri o pahū - E ki noho i roto i te whare o te episekopo o te tokorua emepaea i whanau kainga ki te torona, riro i te bapetizoraa Tapu te ingoa Alexander. He meka pākiki: i muri i te matenga o Pita e ahau te rangatira anake o Russia, whanau i roto i tona pane i tahito ra, ko ia te - te heke mai Hiha Alexander 2.

whakaatu tona haurongo i tangohia e kainga tamarikitanga ki te torona wahi i raro i te kanohi mataara o tona papa. Emperor Nicholas utu ahau whakarongo rawa tata ki te mātauranga o tana tama. Ngaahi Fatongia o te kaiako o Alexander kua tukua ki te rohi pehe rongonui V. A. Zhukovskogo, e whakaako kihai anake ia wetereo o te reo Russian, engari whakatokia ano te anga whānui tamaiti mō te ahurea. ngaahi taumu◊a ko hoki Special pērā i ngā reo ke, take hōia, ture me te hītori mo'a, i whakaako ia i te kaiako pai o te wa.

He aroha taitamariki harakore

Pea nga kupu o ana kaiako kāinga, me ētahi atu V. A. matua Zhukovskogo mahue ratou tohu i runga i te mahara o te taitamariki Alexander. E ai ki nga pukapuka o to'utangata, i reira hohoro timata ki te whakaatu i te haafifi i ki pēnekitia whaiāipo, i meinga whakaahunga o tona papa, he tangata, i te ara, hoki e kore e hara ore. Kei te mohiotia te reira e i roto i te tere ki Rānana, i mīharo Sasa e te kotiro taitamariki - te heke mai Korolevoy Viktoriey, engari i whakaritea enei mau mana'o ki memeha atu.

Tīmata ngā mahi kāwanatanga

Emperor Nicholas hohoro timata ahau ki te uru tana tama i roto i fetu'utaki mo e kakaí. E papaki ana pa te pakeketanga, i whakaurua e ia i roto i te kaumatua me te Hinota Tapu. Hei sioloto te whānuitanga arii heke mai o te kingitanga, e kua e ia ki te whakahaere i tonoa tona papa ia i roto i te tau 1837 i runga i te haerenga ki Russia, i roto i nei tae mai Alexander rua tekau-waru nga kawanatanga. I muri i taua, ka haere ia ki Europe ki fakalahi te matauranga, me te whakaoti i tana mātauranga.

Poari Alexander 2 timata i 1855, e toru tekau nga tau o te kingitanga o tona papa, Nicholas I. Ko te taonga tuku riro ia i te raruraru e pā ana ki te pātai kaiahuwhenua, te raruraru pūtea, me te tūnga ngaro te Crimean War, i muri tonu haukotia te mate ki te hoatu Russia i roto i te āhua o te noho taratahi te ao. rapu utu rongoā tonu katoa o ratou.

Ko te hiahia akiaki mō te whakahou

I roto i te tikanga ki te kawe mai i te whenua i roto o te raruraru e hiahiatia ana whakahou, te hiahia hoki i mangai i te ora iho. Ko te tuatahi o enei ko te whakakāhoretanga o te kainga hōia, tomo hoki i roto i te 1810. tonoa e te Emperor tetahi patu o te pene i roto i te tawhito mua, e kore e whai hua ai te Ope ka whakapataritari te pahūtanga pāpori. Ki tenei take rawa akiaki a ka anga tona huringa nui Alexander 2.

Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom

I whakatakotoria te turanga. I muri i taua, kawea te emepera Alexander 2 i te mahia o tona misioni hītori matua - te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom. Kei te mohiotia te reira e te hiahia o tenei mahi o te tuhituhi atu Empress Catherine II, engari i roto i te hunga tau kihai i rite hoki he taua tauiraa tuwhena te mahara o te hapori, me te rangatira o ratou tupato mawehe.

Na, i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX, Alexander 2, tona tuakiri e āhua e tino rerekē mau hītori, mōhio e ki te kore koe e whakakahore pononga i roto i ture, ka mahi i te reira rite he whakapohū mo te ara i roto i te mōrearea pahūtanga pāhoro te whenua o.

tū ana te taua tirohanga kei te me te statesmen tino ahu whakamua o tona taiao, engari i roto i porowhita marae i hanga te pato'iraa nui, me te whai mana, tito o rangatira o te kingitanga whakamutunga, kawea ake i roto i nga pa, me te wairua uiui o Nicholas I.

Otiia, i te tau 1881 i whakatinana te whakahou, ka kua meinga milioni o serfs rite tangata o Russia. Heoi, arahina tenei ki te raruraru hou, i faatiti'aifarohia Alexander 2. I roto i te poto, whewhe reira iho ki te meka e tika i tenei i runga i peasants noa i ki te whakarato i te tikanga o te oranga, e ko, whenua i no ki te kaiwhakarēti. Ko te otinga ki tenei raruraru toia ki runga hoki nga tau maha.

Finance me te whakahou o te mātauranga teitei

Te taahiraa nui i muri, i tohua te kingitanga o Alexander 2 ko whakahou pūtea. Ka rite ki te hua o te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom i Russia i hanga i te momo katoa rerekē o te ōhanga - capitalist. Ko te pūnaha pūtea o te kāwanatanga, i runga i te takoha kihai i whakatau i nga whakaritenga o te wā. Hoki tona ao hōu i roto i te biennium 1860-1862. Hangaia e te reira i te whakanōhanga hou mo te whenua - he pēke kāwanatanga. I tua atu, i teie nei i runga i te pūtea i roto i runga i te whakahou whakaaetia e te State Kaunihera me fakatāutaha te Hiha.

E rua tau i muri i te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom, kua tae mai te wa ki te hanga huringa i roto i te mātauranga teitei. Tenei kaupapa nui whakatapua i roto i te tau 1863 tana whakahou hou o Alexander 2. poto e taea te whakaahuatia reira rite te whakatū o te tukanga motuhake mo te whakahaere o te tukanga mātauranga i roto i ngā whare wānanga. Fair ki te mea e ko tenei whakahou te ohaoha tino o whakahaeretia i roto i nga kingi o muri katoa.

Ko te whakatūnga o Zemstvos me nga whakahaerenga whakahoutia

Kua riro mahi hanganga ture nui tuawhenua me whakahounga whakawā, i whakatinana i roto i te 1864. Ahakoa ki te hiahia akiaki tuhituhi ratou tau katoa ārahi tūmatanui. Enei reo whakahe te pato'iraa taua katoa, nei whakaaro e kore i taea e te āwhina engari whakarongo, Alexander 2.

Ko te tuakiri o tenei ariki e te nuinga āhuatanga e tona hiahia tonu ki te tautika i waenganui i amo rerekē e rua o whakaaro - te intelligentsia ahu whakamua, me te marae momo. Heoi, ka whakakitea e ia taikaha i roto i tenei take.

Ka rite ki te hua o kawea i roto i nga rua i nga innovations tino nui mo te kāwanatanga - whakahounga e whakariterite tona pūnaha tawhitotia ora katoa fakaefakamaau i roto i te tikanga Pākehā, ka tuarua, ki te huri i te raupapa o te kāwanatanga whakahaere.

Faafariuraa i roto i te ope

I muri mai i honoa ratou e te whakahou tāone kāwanatanga, mātauranga tuarua me te hōia, rite ki te hua o te mea kua tukua e te whakawhitinga i whakatū ki te māperetanga. Ratou kaiwhakahaere matua, me te aratohu i roto i te ora i, pera i mua, Alexander 2.

Ko te tauira o te mahi ahu whakamua, me te maia tona koioranga, engari kawana kāwanatanga rite kore tonu. E ngana ana ki te whakakotahi i te mahi o nga ngākau nuitanga taha e o whenei pāpori, ko reira te hua tahuri atu ki te waiho i te tangata ke, me te orurehau-whakaaro akomanga raro o te hapori, me te tihi kahurangi.

Ko te ora hapu o te kuini

Alexander 2 - he tuakiri maha ngaa tuumomo aronga. Āpiti atu ki te rationality makariri, i reira coexisted te putanga o tenei i roto i tona tamarikitanga, he taumaha ki he ngaahi ngāue whaiāipo. e kore te te raupapa o hinana Salon memeha noa ki nga pononga wahine o te honore o te iari haukotia noa i muri tona faaipoiporaa ki Princess Mariey Avgustoy o Heesi, nei ka mau te ingoa o 'Ofotokisií Maria Alexandrovna. ko ia he wahine î i te here, e hua ana ki te mea homai noa o te faaoreraa hara tinihangakore. I muri i te mate ia meinga e kohi, marenatia te kingi tona rangatira maoro Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova hoki i ko tona matenga fakamamahi te mate.

Whakamutunga o te ora o te reforomatio nui

Alexander 2 - te tangata i roto i to ratou ake fakamamahi. te kaha katoa me te pūngao i oti rawa ia ara o Russia ki te taumata Pākehā, engari ratou mahi te nuinga hoatu whanaketanga ki te mäharahara ana i taua wa i roto i te whenua o ope kino, te vvergshim kāwanatanga muri ki te revolution toto. Ko te kohuru o Alexander 2 ko te hono whakamutunga i roto i te mekameka o whakaeke ake ki runga ki a ia. O nei i reira e whitu.

Ko te whakamutunga, i te utu te ora o te Hiha, i hanga Maehe 1, 1881 i te Catherine Canal parepare i St Petersburg. I whakaritea te reira, ka mahia e te rōpū o hoto nei huaina ratou "Narodnaya Volya". Kei te tito te reira o te iwi o rerekē whenei pāpori o te hapori. E ratou whakaaro iti me pehea ki te hanga i tētahi ao hou e te korero tonu, ahakoa i piri ratou e te hiahia ki te whakangaro i te turanga o te tawhito.

Hei whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga i tohungia nga tangata e kore e kore te ora tona ake atu o te iwi. I roto i to ratou whakaaro, ko te kohuru o Alexander 2 ki te hei i te tohu mo te whakatikanga ake whānui, engari i roto i te vairaa mau, kua hanga reira he tikanga o te wehi, me te hepohepo i roto i te hapori, puta tonu, ka takahia te te ture i te kaha whakaarokore. I teie mahana Monument ki te Tsar Liberator ko te whare tapu o "Faaora i runga i te toto", whakaarahia i runga i te pae o tona mate.