He aha e te wāhanga i roto i te whanaketanga haere hapori? Ko te wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga o te hapori

He aha e te wāhanga i roto i te whanaketanga haere hapori? I mua i whakautu tenei pātai, mōhio tatou e te whanaketanga pāpori-o mua o reira - he he tukanga multilateral, he reira tino uaua. puta te reira i runga i o hītori he wā tika roa me ngā tōrangapū, ture, ōhanga, hinengaro, wairua, morare, me te tokomaha atu wāhanga e hanga ake etahi tapatahi. Kua tamata maha mataotao ki hoatu ratou whakahoki ki te pātai o te mea sitepu hapori i roto i tona whanaketanga. I roto i tenei tuhinga whakaaro tatou te ariā taketake, me te whakarōpū whakaarohia e te kairangahau pai-mohiotia i runga i te tumu parau.

Pū o te ako oraraa totiare o te whanaketanga o mua o te hapori

He uaua te ako oraraa totiare o tenei ariā, tuatahi no te mea te reira uaua ki te wehewehe pāpori āhuatanga tūturu. Hoki uaua ki te whakatau i te ihirangi o te ariā o "whanaketanga pāpori" i roto i te akoranga o te tukanga hītori. Na Me tenei katoa ki te kia meatia i roto i te tikanga ki te whakahoki i te pātai: "? He aha e te wāhanga i roto i te whanaketanga haere hapori" Kairangahau te tikanga hāngai toku aro i runga i te whanaketanga pāpori me te hītori o te kaupapa pāpori. Ka taea e ratou te mahi kia rite ki te takitahi, te tetahi te hapori (hei tauira Russian), me te te rōpū o kamupene (te Latin American, Pākehā), te iwi, rōpū pāpori, institution pāpori (te whānau, te pūnaha mātauranga), he whakahaere pāpori. Ka taea hoki e te reira i te huinga o (hinonga motu ōhanga, rōpū tōrangapū, kamupene hokohoko-ahumahi). Heoi, he whai kau noa i roto i te pātai o te aha te huru o ngā wāhanga i roto i tona whanaketanga haere hapori rite te katoa tatou.

Ao me te momo o te hapori

Te moni rahi i roto i te tikanga ā iwi ko te whanaketanga pāpori-mua o te hapori hei wae pāpori wāhi. O te akoranga, ngā reira o te whanaketanga o ngā akomanga takitahi, ngā rōpū pāpori, pūtahi, ngā rōpū, me ngā hapori. Heoi, i ia wāhanga o tona whanaketanga pāpori me te hītori o te kamupene ngā ko reira tapatahi, mo e te nuinga o whakamahia te tātari me te whakamārama ariā rerekē. Ka taea te wehea ratou ki e rua ngā rōpū - ". momo o te hapori" "ao" a Enei ariā tohu i te āhua kounga i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whanaketanga pāpori-o mua. Me ratou ki kia tautuhia i roto i te tikanga ki te hoatu i te kupu whakahoki ki te pātai: "? He aha e te wāhanga tū kamupene i roto i tona whanaketanga"

Ko te wā "momo o te hapori"

I raro i tenei ariā tikanga he pūnaha o wae hanganga (pūtahi, ngā rōpū pāpori, hapori, me ētahi atu), te pāhekoheko ki ia atu, me te hono i te taha o te tahi mau mana'o tikanga pāpori uara noa ki a ratou.

He ngā momo o ngā rōpū whakarōpū. Ko te tino timatanga - ratou wehenga ki ohie, me te matatini. Tona hoki ki te rau tau 19 fokotu'u e Herbert Spencer.

whakarōpū Spencer

Te whakautu ki te pātai i runga i te mea sitepu haere hapori i roto i tona whanaketanga, kua hoatu nga pūtaiao mua te tirohanga e e neke sotaiete ki te wa i runga i te huru o te homogeneity tuatau pera-ka karanga ki te ritenga atu - he tetahi heterogeneity, ki te whakanui ake tuitui, me te kimi pārōnaki o tuakiri, whanaunga pāpori me te ahurea. Tonu, mōhio tatou e ko te tino herenga te wehenga. I muri i te katoa, ara te kamupene tino ohie - te rauropi rawa matatini. Ahakoa iti mahino ko e pā ana ki te pūnaha tahito o te hapori e whakaritea he māmā atu, hei tauira, te whanaketanga o hou. Na reira, ko te tino hē whakarōpū o Spencer.

Ko te wehenga o te hapori ki te ahumahi me te tuku iho

Otiia kihai a Spencer i te kotahi anake nei i hoatu te kupu whakahoki ki te pātai: "? He aha e te wāhanga tū kamupene i roto i tona whanaketanga" Ko tētahi o te noa tino i tawhiti ko te whakarōpū whakatakoto e Comte, K. Saint-Haimona, Emile Durkheim me ētahi atu sociologists wehenga ki ahumahi, me te tuku iho. Ko te tikanga i te ariā o "hapori tuku iho" whakamahia te ki kōrero ki ngā wāhanga whanaketanga, e he mua capitalist-. Ko e kore kua he kohinga o iwi i tenei wa ano whakawhanakehia matatini ahumahi. Kei te hāngai te reira i te nuinga i runga i te ōhanga ahuwhenua. Ko immobile he hapori taua pāpori. Mai i whakatupuranga ki te whakatupuranga tauira o whanonga me ngā tuku iho o te ora e tuku tata tonu. Ko te hua o te ahumahi, ko te hapori ahumahi. Mahia e te reira tāone, papatipu reo matatini, whāiti ngaio. hāngai ana te hapori peheé te nuinga i runga i te ōhanga ahumahi. whakawhanakehia te reira i te pūnaha o pāpori-piha, me te wehenga ahumahi o te mahi. He hihiri reira, āhuatanga e tamau innovations hangarau, me te pūtaiao, me te hangarau, me hanga, he taumata tiketike o te nekeneke.

pūnaha hītori o Wallerstein

He atu whakaaro i runga i te aha atamira o te hapori i roto i tona whanaketanga. Ko te whakahoki poto ki tēnei pātai, i runga i te whakaaro o tetahi o nga sociologists Western hou ārahi Emanuera Wallerstein, e taea te hoatu e whai ake. kua kite i tenei pūtaiao reira tohatoha e tika ana o ngā pūnaha hītori. hāngai Ia o enei pūnaha i runga i etahi momo o wehenga o mahi. whakawhanake te reira ngā whakanōhanga (pāpori-ahurea, tōrangapū, ōhanga), e te mutunga whakatau i te whakatinanatanga o te mau parau tumu o tenei pūnaha, te whakawhanaunga o ngā rōpū me ngā tāngata takitahi. tohe Wallerstein e taea kitea tetahi ngā momo o ngā pūnaha hītori. Ko tētahi o ratou - kua vai hoki e pā ana ki 500-600 tau o ōhanga ao capitalist (hou). Ko tētahi atu - te Patireia o Roma. Kei te toru o te i roto i Central America, hanganga Mayan. pūnaha hītori Small, i reira te mea he nui nui. Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te kairangahau, te tauiraa mau i roto i te hapori tupu ina tīmata te whakawhiti i tetahi pūnaha o mua ki tetahi. e kore e whakaawe tenei te ngā ngā whakahēnga ā whakaritea e tona ngaro. oroko koretake tikanga mahi te ara mo te tahi atu, tikanga atu mātanga.

Wehe o ngā momo rerekē o ngā rōpū e āhei kairangahau i koki rerekē, i ngā tūranga rerekē me i āhuatanga rerekē o te ako o te whanaketanga pāpori me te mua, me te ki te whakaaro i te reira rite te tukanga maha-faceted, ki te momo o tohu me nga tohu.

Ko te momo pāpori-hītori matua o ngā rōpū

Hei huihuia ake nga whakaaro i runga, me ētahi atu o sociologists me philosopho, economists me hītori, ka taea e tatou te wehewehe poto, i roto i te puka schematic, nga momo pāpori-hītori e whai ake nei (ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga o te hapori tangata)

- e wātea ana i te kohinga o nga mea homai o te natura, me te hopu hapori o mohoao me gatherers;

- e mau ana i roto i te māra tāwhaiwhai o ngā tipu me te kai o te hapori ahuwhenua whenua;

- e hāngai ana i runga i te māra o rerekē momo o kāinga kararehe kararehe;

- Kei te nuinga i runga i handicraft me te ahuwhenua tuku iho (i roto ratou i reira he taonga tūmataiti, te pa, te mana kāwanatanga, ngaahi kalasi, hokohoko, tuhituhi);

- e hāngai ana te nuinga i runga i te hanga o mihini ahumahi hapori ahumahi;

- whakakapi postindustrial ahumahi.

I roto i te mua, rite tuhia e maha kaituhi, he reira e kore ko te pūtake ōhanga o te production kia nui rerekē taonga tinana rite ngā mōhiohio, te matauranga, me te ahumahi ratonga.

I roto i te whānui, i tenei typology, e whakaahua ana i te wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga o te hapori, tangohia māngai whānui nui o nga momo me te tikanga ā iwi i roto i nga whenua rerekē. Kei te maha whakamahia te reira mo te hanganga o atu motuhake, me te taipitopito ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori me te mua.

Ko te ariā o "ao"

I roto i te pāpori, kaupapa pāpori me rangahau ahurea whakanui hoki nga momo o te hanganga ahurea me te pāpori o te hapori ki te awhina o "ao" ariā. Heoi, ki te te momo o te hapori rawa fakamamafa'i te āhua o whanaunga pāpori, whanaunga me ngā hanganga, civilisation rite te ariā ko te aronga i runga i te āhuatanga wairua, pāpori, ahurea, me te karakia o te hapori rerekē.

momo ahurea-hītori

Ki tenei wā hoki ariā tata whakaarohia i roto i te rau tau 19 N.Ya.Danilevsky, sociologist Russian me te kaupapa ( "momo ahurea-hītori"). Ko tenei kairangahau i roto i te whakaaro tuatahi tamata ki te tiki atu i te whakapakoko tikanga o te whanaketanga pāpori-mua anake rite rārangi, tukanga planar. Kei te whakapono te reira e hanga e te iwi momo ahurea-hītori e rerekē tino a ratou ano. whakaaro ia nga paearu matua mō ngā momo kōwhiringa "hunaonga o te reo", rohe, fakalotu, psihoetnograficheskoe kotahitanga, motuhake tōrangapū, puka o mahi ohaoha, me pera me etahi atu āhuatanga. Danilevskii (whakaaturia i raro nei) e i roto i nga momo Assyrio-Papurona, Hainamana, Ihipiana, Iranian, Indian, Kariki, Hiperu, Arabic, Roma, Pākehā (Tiamana-Romana).

Ia o ratou i roto i ona wāhanga whanaketanga i roto i te huringa ora, pērā i te takenga mai, te whanaketanga, puawai, pirau. I muri i taua, he momo ahurea-hītori hou mai ki te aronga o te hītori o to tatou paraneta. E ai ki Danilevsky, te whakatūnga o Slavic ao haere i runga i hoki e rave rahi tenetere. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e to ratou atamira o te whanaketanga o te hapori o nāianei. tohu ia he ao Slavic heke mai nui. Ariā Danilevsky, ahakoa te haratau tōrangapū, me te maha o te hokó ariā, he tino no te mea whakarato reira he whakapakoko kore-rārangi o te whanaketanga o mua o te hapori. presupposes te reira i te oraraa o digressions hītori, zigzags, ara whakangaromanga nui o putu i mua uara ahurea.

whakaaro Toynbee

I muri mai, ko te whakaaro o te whanaketanga taiāwhio i tonu nga mahi a Spengler, te philosopho Tiamana, a rawa Arnold Toynbee, Ingarihi kōrero. E Toynbee ia ao (a ko reira i roto i te aamu o te taata nei ao taua 21, tae atu ki te matua 13) toro i roto i tona whanaketanga kati lifecycle. neke te reira i te whanautanga ki te mate me te whāwehe. tāutu Toynbee 5 u'i nui: Russian, Western, Islamic, Indian me Hainamana. utua e ia aro ngā ki te take mō te mate ao. Toynbee, i roto i ngā, i whakapono ai te tautoko o te ope ora o te ahurea ngā, ona "whiriwhiri auaha" kei roto i te tahi mau wāhi taea ki te mahi ki puta raruraru o mua, me te oha-pori. Huri i te reira ki te tokoiti i mua o te taupori e ngoi ana ia kahore e tika o te mana, me te kaha tika kaha. I roto i te tātari whakamutunga, te kairangahau, whakangaro enei tukanga civilisation.

Na e matau ana koutou te mea sitepu hapori tū i roto i tona whanaketanga ohaoha kia rite ki Toynbee.

Ko te ariā o te ao i roto i te pāpori

I roto i te pāpori (me, atu te tikanga i roto i nga momo me tikanga ā) i roto i nga tau tata nei te hoko ariā piki noa o te ao, ina e hiahia ana koe ki te whakaahua i te whanaketanga pāpori me te mua. Ko te tika tenei te nuinga ki te meka e te ariā Marxist i te nuinga tino i roto i te pūtaiao pāpori Soviet, kia rite ki nei i roto i te hītori o te ngā pāpori-ōhanga ngā, i whakakahoretia ano ia e te nuinga o pūtaiao pāpori rite te taurite, me te rawa politicized. Ko tēnei wā te ariā o te ao i roto i te whakamahi i roto i te tuhinga pūtaiao motu i roto i te toru ngā uara matua:

- e whai ake nei i te wāhanga whakarihariha o te whanaketanga pāpori-ahurea o te hapori;

- momo pāpori-ahurea (Russian, Pākehā, Hainamana, Japanese me ētahi atu u'i);

- rite te teitei i runga i te taumata o te hangarau, te whanaketanga pāpori-ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te ahurea o nāianei.

Ahakoa i te kura tatou te tuatahi whiwhi maheni ki te mea Mataora hapori i roto i tona whanaketanga. Grade 8 - te reira te wā ki te ako i te take. Heoi, i roto i te kura e tika ausia te kaupapa. i homai he whakautu taipitopito ki te pātai i roto i tēnei tuhinga e pā ana ki te mea sitepu haere hapori. Ka taea te whakamahi i te reira no te faaineineraa no te akomanga me whakamātautau, ngā ākonga e kore anake, engari ano hoki ngā ākonga.