He aha i huaina ko te tinana? Kaiao: Definition

He aha i huaina ko te tinana, a pehea rerekē te reira i te tahi atu taonga i roto i te āhua? I raro i tenei ariā matau tinana ora, e kua he plurality o ngā āhuatanga rerekē. wehewehe ratou te rauropi i mea ora-kore. Iritihia i te organismus Latin tikanga "e titiro pūhihi," "whakarite". uhinga a te ingoa rawa tetahi hanganga o tetahi rauropi. te mahi tenei rangahau ki te kāwai koiora. Kei te patu rauropi e noho i roto i to ratou kanorau. Ka rite ki e ngā tahi mau taata i roto i te hanganga o ngā momo me te taupori. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu - ko reira he wae hanganga o te tetahi paerewa o ora. Hei matau huaina te mea ko te tinana, kia tirohia ai i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.

whakarōpū General

Te rauropi rite tautuhi tino tino whakamārama tona ngako, Kei o ngā pūtau. te tāutu i ngā tohunga pērā kāwai vnesistematicheskie o ngā:

• pūtautahi;

• multicellular.

I roto i te rōpū motuhake o taratahi kāwai therebetween takawaenga rite koroni o ngā rauropi. hea ratou i roto i te tikanga whānui i roto i te karihi-kore, me te karihi. Hoki te haratau o enei taonga katoa e tohaina puta noa ngā rōpū maha. Ngā mihi ki tenei wehenga ki ngā kāwai o ngā kaiao ora (koiora piha 6) e whakarāpopotohia i roto i te whānui pūnaha koiora whakarōpū.

Ko te pūtau ariā

Ko te whakamāramatanga o "kaiao" Kei te ta'elava hono ki taua kāwai rite te pūtau. Ko te reira i te niu tumu o te ora. Ko e pūtau te kawe tūturu o nga āhuatanga katoa o te rauropi ora. I roto i te natura wheori anake nei he puka kore-pūtau, e kore e whai ratou i roto i tona hanganga. Tenei wae taketake o te ora, me te hanganga o ngā kaiao ora riro he fakakātoa 'o te āhuatanga, me te tikanga o te pākia e. Ko te ahei o te oraraa motuhake, me te whanaketanga o te whaiaro uri-Cell.

He ngāwari ki te uru ki maha huakita me te kararehe pūtau, e he kaiao pūtau-tahi me te harore multicellular, tipu, kararehe, kei roto i te plurality o enei wae o te ora te ariā o te rauropi ora. pūtau rerekē i to ratou ake hanganga. Ko te kupu, he hanganga ngā organelle prokaryotic pērā i te capsule, plasmalemma, taiepa pūtau, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasmid nucleoid, pihi, inu. I roto i te eukaryotes, i reira ko nga organelles e whai ake nei: ko te karihi, membrane karihi, ribosomes, lysosomes, pungaraungao, Golgi taputapu, vacuoles, vesicles, membrane pūtau.

Ko te whakamāramatanga koiora o "kaiao" Kei te tūhura i te wāhanga katoa o tenei pūtaiao. whai wāhi Hanganga me ngā tukanga o ratou ora i roto i te cytology. I roto i nga tau tata nei, kei te nui ake te maha i huaina ai koiora pūtau.

kaiao pūtautahi

auraa te ariā o "kaiao pūtau-tahi" te kāwai kore-nahanaha o ngā, i te tinana e kotahi anake pūtau. Kei roto te reira i:

• prokaryotes e kore e kua whakaōkawatia te karihi pūtau me ētahi atu organelles ā-ki kiriuhi. hapa ratou i te membrane karihi. E ratou osmotrofny me te momo autotrophic o te kai (ahotakakame me te chemosynthesis).

• eukaryotes, e e pūtau kei roto matua.

E whakaaetia whānuitia ana e nga kaiao pūtau-tahi nga kaiao tuatahi ora i runga i to tatou paraneta. Scientists whakapono e ko te tahito tino o ratou archaea me te huakita. hoki e maha tuku protists rauropi pūtau ki - kaiao eukaryotic, kahore e nei i ngā i roto i te kāwai o harore, ngā tipu me ngā kararehe.

kaiao multicellular

rauropi Multicellular, kei te tata hono te whakamāramatanga o nei ki te hanganga o te katoa kotahi, he nui ake matatini taonga pūtau-tahi. Kei tēnei tukanga o te pārōnaki o te ngā hanganga, e ngā nga pūtau, te kopa, i nga okana. Ko te hanganga o te kaiao multicellular Kei wehenga me te tuitui o ngā mahi rerekē i roto i te ontogeny (takitahi) me te phylogeny (whanaketanga o mua).

E tito kaiao Multicellular o ngā pūtau maha, he tokomaha o nei rerekē i roto i te hanganga me te mahi. Ko te okotahi anake ko nga pūtau kakau (i roto i te kararehe) me ngā pūtau cambium (i roto i ngā tipu).

Multicellular me koroni

Ko te koiora titore kaiao multicellular me koroni o pūtau-tahi. Ahakoa te tetahi faitatau o enei mea ora, i reira he rerekētanga taketake i waenganui ia ratou:

• kaiao multicellular - ko te hapori o maha pūtau rerekē e whai ratou ake hanganga me ngā mahi motuhake. Kei te hanga tōna tinana i papanga rerekē. Hoki tenei rauropi i te taumata teitei o te tuitui o ngā pūtau. E kitea e ratou i to ratou momo.

• Koroni o rauropi pūtau ngā o te taua pūtau. E tata taea ki te wehe kiko ratou.

Ko te rohe ki waenganui o te koroni, me te multicellular makaro. I roto i te natura, i reira he kaiao ora pērā i Volvox, i roto i tona hanganga, he he koroni o pūtau-tahi, engari to ratou he pūtau tinana me ngā generative, e rerekē i ia atu. Kei te whakapono te reira e puta nga kaiao multicellular tuatahi i runga i to tatou ao anake 2.1 piriona. matahiti i ma'iri.

Rerekētanga kaiao i tinana oa

Ko te ariā o te "kaiao ora" e pā ana ki te hanganga matū matatini o te ahanoa. Kei te reira i pūmua me waikawa karihi. I roto i tenei e rere ke ia i te tinana o te natura popohe. Ratou rerekē hoki i roto i te fakakātoa 'o' ona āhuatanga. Ahakoa te meka e riro ano hoki te ora ore tinana he maha o ngā āhuatanga physicochemical, te wā "kaiao" ngā atu tini āhuatanga. He nui ake kanorau ratou.

Hei matau huaina te mea ko te tinana, he mea e tika ana ki te ako ona āhuatanga. Mai te mea te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• Metabolism, e ngā mana supply (kohi o ngā matūkai), tīpakonga (putanga me ngā hua ururua kino), te kaupapa (huringa o tūranga o te tinana wahi ranei ona i roto i te wāhi).

• Ko te tirohanga me te tukatuka o ngā mōhiohio, i ngā kārangirangi me te manukanuka, tuku ki kite i te tohu o waho, me te ā, me te tīpakongia whakautu ki a ratou.

• whakapapa, tuku whakawhiti ratou tohu uri me rerekētanga, i te mea he rerekētanga i waenganui i takitahi o te taua momo.

• Whanaketanga (huringa tina heke puta noa i te ora) tupu (te hua i roto i te rahi me te taimaha e tika ana ki te biosynthesis), whakaputa uri (tākaro rite ratou).

Whakarōpū i runga i te pūtake o te hanganga pūtau

Tohunga ngā e momo katoa o kaiao ora i runga i te 2 superkingdom:

• mua-karihi (prokaryotes) - evolutionarily tuatahi, te momo tino ohie o ngā pūtau. Ko ratou te hunga i nga momo tuatahi o kaiao ora i runga i te whenua.

• Nuclear (eukaryotes), i takea mai i te prokaryotes. Ko tenei he atu matatau momo o te pūtau he karihi. Te nuinga kaiao ora i runga i to tatou paraneta, tae atu te tangata, he eukaryotic.

superkingdom karihi, i tahuri, kua wehea ki e wha nga kingitanga:

• protists (rōpū parafilitiechskaya), e he tupuna ki katoa atu kaiao ora;

• harore;

• tipu;

• kararehe.

Hoki prokaryotes ngā:

• huakita tae cyanobacteria (pükohu puru-matomato);

• archaea.

Ko te āhuatanga āhuatanga o enei rauropi he:

• tukuna Te kore te karihi;

• aroaro o flagella, vacuoles, plasmids;

• te aroaro o ngā hanganga i roto i nei puta ahotakakame;

• ahua o uri;

• te rahi o te ribosome.

Ahakoa te meka e rerekē kaiao katoa i roto i te maha o ngā pūtau, me ratou whāiti, e āhuatanga e te tetahi faitatau o te hanganga pūtau eukaryotic katoa. E āhuatanga ratou e te takenga noa, na tenei rōpū ko te taxon monophyletic o te ana'iraa rawa. E ai ki pūtaiao, puta kaiao eukaryotic i runga i te whenua e pā ana ki te 2 miriona. Tau mua. Ko te wāhi nui takaro i roto i to ratou symbiogenesis ahua e tohu ana i te symbiosis i waenganui i te pūtau he te karihi, me te ahei o te phagocytosis, riro te reira me te huakita. Ko ratou nga forerunners o enei organelles nui rite chloroplasts me pungaraungao.

Mezokarioty

I roto i te natura, i reira he kaiao ora e te hunga takawaenga i waenganui i ngā prokaryotes me eukaryotes. E huaina ratou mezokariotami. rerekē ratou i a ratou i roto i te faanahonahoraa o te taputapu ira. Tenei rōpū o kaiao ngā dinoflagellates (dinoflagellates). E ratou he karihi rerekëtanga, engari i roto i te hanganga o ngā pūtau ka ora taua āhuatanga o te primitiveness e te hunga tūturu i roto i te nucleoid. Patohia kore e kitea anake te whakahaere o te taputapu ira o enei rauropi rite te whakawhitinga, engari ano hoki i rite te peka motuhake o te whanaketanga.

kaiao

Microorganisms Ko te rōpū whakaurunga ora, rahi iti rawa. e kore e taea te kite ratou ki te kanohi tahanga. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, o ratou rahi he iti iho i te 0.1 mm. Tenei rōpū ngā:

• prokaryotes anuclear (huakita me te archaea);

• eukaryotes (protists, harore).

Ko te nuinga o microorganisms nui he pūtau kotahi. Ahakoa tenei, i roto i te natura, i reira he kaiao pūtau-tahi e taea ngāwari te kite kahore he karu, hei tauira, polikarion nui Thiomargarita namibiensis (moana Gram-tōraro huakita). tirohia te reira i te ora o kaiao koiora.

rauropi ira

I roto i ngā wā tata tenei parau i runga i rongo pehea te rauropi ira. He aha te mea te reira? Ko te rauropi, i te genome o e āwenewene whakaurua ira atu ahanoa ora. Kei te whakahaerea te reira i roto i te puka o te hangä ira, i te mea he raupapa DNA. Nuinga o ngā wā ko reira he plasmid kitakita. Na roto i taua whawhe e kaiao ki ngā āhuatanga qualitatively hou ora pūtaiao. Enei pūtau hua te ira pūmua kua e kua whakaurua ki roto ki te genome.

Ko te ariā o "kaiao tangata"

Ka rite ki ahanoa tetahi atu ora te iwi ako pūtaiao me te koiora. Ko te tinana tangata, ko te, mua, pūnaha hihiri wāhi. He ia he hanganga ngā, me te whanaketanga. Ano, Ko te tinana tangata i roto i te whakapā tonu ki te taiao. Ka rite ki nga mea katoa e noho ana i runga i te whenua, i te reira kua he hanganga pūtau. hanga ana e ratou te papanga:

• epithelial, kei runga i te mata o te tinana. ngā te reira i te kiri, me nga taiepa kapi te whekau tuwhera me oko toto roto. Ano, e kitea i roto i nga kōwhao kati o te tinana enei kopa. He maha ngā momo o te epithelium: kiri, tākihi, intestinal, romahā. Ko te pūtau e hanga ake te papanga, ko te pūtake o taua hanganga whakarerekētia pērā i whao, makawe, niho tohu.

• Uaua ki ngā āhuatanga contractility me excitability. Nā ki tenei kikokiko kawea tukanga nekeneke e i roto i te tinana, me tona kaupapa i roto i te wāhi. E tito uaua o ngā pūtau, e he microfibrils (muka contractile). E wehea ratou ki uaua maeneene me te striated.

• Hononga, e ngā wheua, ngohe, adipose kikokiko me te toto, waitinana, mea tuhonohono me tendons. ona rerekētanga katoa i te takenga mai mesodermal noa, ahakoa ia he tona mahi, me te hanganga āhuatanga.

• Nervous e puka pūtau motuhake - neurons (wae hanganga me te mahi), me te neuroglia. rerekē ratou i roto i to ratou hanganga. Ko te kupu ngā te neuron o te tinana 2 me ngā tukanga: dendrites wana axons poto me te roa. Ko te Uwhi, kia ake ratou muka io. Functionally, kua wehea neurons ki te nekeneke (efferent), rongo (afferent), te wawao. huaina te wahi o te whakawhitinga i tetahi ki te tahi atu o ratou ko te synapse. Ko te āhuatanga taketake o tenei kikokiko: kawenga me te excitability.

He aha i huaina ko te tinana tangata i roto i te tikanga whānui? Wha hoki nga tu o papanga kėia (wahi tinana ki te āhua motuhake, hanganga me te mahi) okana me ratou pūnaha. Kia pehea te e hanga e ratou? Mai kore e taea e te whakatinanatanga o etahi mahi o te tinana kotahi akakoromaki, kua hanga e ratou complexes. He aha e ratou? he pūnaha taua - te huinga o te maha tinana e whai he hanganga rite, te whanaketanga me te mahi. hanga ratou katoa te pūtake o te tinana tangata. Ēnei ngā taua pūnaha:

• musculoskeletal (wheua, uaua);

• kūnatunga (tuleki me repeure);

• romahā (pūkahukahu, wahi romahā);

• whekau rongo (taringa, kanohi, ihu, waha, te taputapu vestibular, te kiri);

• te ira tangata (tane, he wahine whekau fakasekisualé);

• io (pokapū, piringa);

• circulatory (ngakau, oko toto);

• endocrine (endocrine repe);

• integumentary (kiri);

• mimi (whatukuhu, ārahi i te ara).

Te tinana tangata, e taea te māngai te faaotiraa o nei rite te kohinga o ngā whēkau, me ngā pūnaha e te matua (te whakatau) te timatanga - tohuira. Ko te reira i te kaupapa ture ira. I roto i te mau parau atu - he huinga o ngā ira ora ahanoa whiwhi i te mau metua. Tetahi momo o microorganisms, tipu, kararehe, he āhuatanga ki te tohuira ia.