He aha te mea te kawanatanga, me te aha te tukanga o te hanganga o te kawanatanga?

I reira, ka taea e torutoru rawa iwi mea e kawea tenei kawanatanga mai te wehenga rohe o te whenua i roto i rerekē. E pā ana tēnei āhuatanga ki te wa o te Russian Empire, te USSR ko RSFSR.

whakaaro kawanatanga nga wae teitei o te wehenga whakahaere, me te rohe o te kāwanatanga. i whakaputaina ratou i 1708 ki te tau 1929 kia rite ki te hua o te hanga o te āhua absolutist. E ahu e kawana ēnei wae rohe.

tikanga o te wā

Hei whakahoki i te pātai o te mea te kawanatanga, tahuri tatou ki te Etymology o te kupu. Ko te wā "kawanatanga" ahu te i te kupu Latin "GuBeRnAtoR", e te tikanga "rangatira." Rua tekau-iwa Hakihea 1708 e Pita tukuna te nui te tikanga i runga i te wehenga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te wae whakahaere-rohe hou - Porowini. Tae noa tenei tau, ngā te Russian Empire o 166 kauti. Ko te kupu, kawanatanga 8 i hanga e.

Kua kua faataa matou i runga, te mea e te kupu "kawanatanga". Next, whakaaro tatou te pātai o te hītori o te putanga o ngā waeine rohe-whakahaere hou i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te hanganga tuatahi o Pita

ka mau Waihanga kawanatanga wahi i roto i runga i te ture o te emepera. Ko te tuatahi aho-ake e whai ake:

1. Moscow kawanatanga: te rohe o te rohe Moscow tenei ra, wahi nui o Tula, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo ko Ryazan rohe.
2. Ingrian kawanatanga (e rua nga tau i muri mai whakaingoatia St Petersburg). ngā te reira i te Leningrad hou, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Arkhangelsk tonga, uru o te Vologda, rohe Yaroslavl ko Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, i ngā Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda rohe, wahi o te Kostroma, Karelia ko Komi.
4. Hei wāhanga o te kawanatanga o Kiev - Little Russia, paraire o Belgorod ko Sevsk, wahi o Orel, Belgorod, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, Kursk rohe.
5. Smolensk Province ngā Smolensk rohe o nāianei, wahi Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga ko Tula rohe.
6. kawanatanga Kazan - te Täingäwai ko Bashkortostan, te Täingäwai-Vyatka, wahi o Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo ko Kostroma rohe, te wahi raki o Dagestan me Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya wahi ngā Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh katoa, Rostov, Tambov, wahi Kharkov, Lugansk, Donetsk me rohe Penza.
8. Hei wāhanga o te kawanatanga Siberian - Siberia, te nuinga o nga Urals, Kirov rohe me te wahi o te Republic o Komi.

He aha te ngā, i te mutunga o 1719 ko te kawanatanga ma tahi. tupu tenei e tika ana ki te meka i reira i tohua Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan ko Riga Province. I te matenga o te kōwae rohe ko te kawana-whānui, me ia wahi o nga kawanatanga haere Landrat.

Ko te wehenga rua o whakahaere o te kawanatanga (whakahou tuarua Petra Velikogo)

ka tango te whakahou tuarua wahi i roto i 1719, 29 Mei. I roto i tona akoranga i wehea te kawanatanga ki nga kawanatanga haere e rākai me te kawanatanga, i roto i te tahuri, kua wehea ki te takiwa ki nga rangatira o te kōmihana whenua. Ko te kupu, i hanga reira 47 kawanatanga e hanga ake nga kawanatanga 9, me te haunga o Reval (inaianei Tallinn) me Astrakhan (kahore e wehea ratou ki nga wahi). I roto i ngā tuhinga o te wā whakaahua i roto i te taipitopito aha kawanatanga, me te aha mana te farii i te reira.

Te whakahou whakahaere tuatoru

He aha i te kawanatanga i te rā i muri mai? I roto i te toru o nga whakahou whakahaere nekehia atu nga takiwa, a tomo ano kauti. Ko te hua ko 250 kauti o 14 kawanatanga. I hanga Belgorod me kawanatanga Novgorod, timata kauti ki te arahi i te feia faatere o te rohe o te rangatira.

Tonu, paunatia te rangatira rohe i runga i te mana kingi, i roto i te tikanga ki te ite rite rangatira o te whenua. Ko pūmau te hanganga whakahaere mo te wa roa, me te ki te kitea te waeine hou, ka tika ki te rironga o te rohe. I te mutunga o Oketopa 1775 hei wāhanga o te kāwanatanga Russian ko 23 kawanatanga, 62 kawanatanga, 276 kauti.

Catherine te Reform nui

kī te ture o Catherine o 7 Whiringa 1775 e te mea e tika ana ki te whakahaere i te wehewehenga whakahaere o te kāwanatanga. mutu Waihanga kawanatanga, a kua iti haere ano ratou, nekehia atu te kawanatanga, ka puta ke te parau tumu o te hanga rohe. Ko te rārangi raro e kia waiho te mataeinaa 20-30 mano iwi, a i roto i te kawanatanga -. Mō 300-400 mano.

Ko hoki te reira i te whāinga o te ripeneta ko ki te whakapakari i te kaha i muri i te whakaekenga o Emelyana Pugacheva. Kawana me nga kawana tukuna ki mātakitaki tamariki o te rōia hāmene, ahu e te Roia-General me te kaumatua.

Na roto i te mutunga o te rangatiratanga Catherine II o rite te wahi o Russia tahuri atu ki te kia 48 governorships, 2 kawanatanga, 1 rohe me Residence Don mua. Ko te Kāwana-Tianara i whakaritea e te Empress, i faaterehia e te āpiha rangatira-pirihimana kauti. Tae noa 1796 i tika ki te rironga i rohe te hanganga o governorships hou.

kore ka whakatika te pātai i roto i te iwi whānui e taua kawanatanga, a mo nei i hanga i te reira. Ko te putanga o wae whakahaere hou noho tata hia.

Paora ripeneta ahau me Alexander ahau

kawanatanga Mātauranga i roto i te kingitanga o Paora ahau puta rite ki te hua o whakakapi nga ingoa o wae whakahaere. Te whakahou i te 1776, i reira ko te tuitui: mana ka käwanatanga nga kawanatanga, nga rohe, te wahi i reira ko tetahi tūponotanga ka o te nananga whakaeke ke ranei, noho i runga i nga kawana-whānui whenua.

Driving kawanatanga Mana i roto i te kingitanga o Alexander kore ahau i huri, engari i roto i te wā i 1801 ki te 1802 tau, whakakahoretia te rohe faaho'ihia mai.

A feruri i te mea ko te kawanatanga i roto i tenei wā. Me kï hoki te wehenga o ngā waeine rohe ki te 2 ngā rōpū: i roto i te wahi Pākehā o Russia he whakahaere obschegubernskaya (arā, o - 51 kawanatanga), i runga i nga waho o te pūnaha aroturuki Generalgouvernement (anake 3 kawanatanga). I roto i te tahi mau wāhi - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don Troops, Terek - he kawana rua ataman hōia Cossack. I 1816 i reira ko 12 governorships, ki te wahi o 3-5 kawanatanga.

Mai i te kawanatanga ki te rohe

Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX hua reira 20 ngā wāhi - wae whakahaere he rite ki te kawanatanga. Ko te kupu "rohe" i roto i te rerekē ki tāwāhi "kawanatanga" pono Slavic tawhito, me te tikanga "matou nga" (mana).

Area kei roto i ngā wāhi wahi e ētahi atu whenua, kihai i ratou i to ratou Duma, a i raruraru e te tahi atu ture whakahaere i te kawana hōia a ko tetahi wahi o te Kawanatanga-General. Simplifies te reira i te taputapu o te kāwanatanga ā-rohe, me te nui haere tāpaetanga fakatāutaha ki te kawana.

Ko te kawana-whānui tuatahi i roto i Russia - AD Menshikov - whakamarie mo te tari i roto i te 1703

kaimahi whakahaere rite o 1914

i ra ano kua wawe te rau tau rua tekau i roto i te kōwae kāwanatanga ā-rohe porowini tona pānga. Mai i 1907 ki te 1910, i roto i nga whakahounga Stolypin, he mea whakau ki te Kaunihera o te United rangatira.

Te kāwanatanga wā kua puritia te wehenga porowini, i ratou ki te arahi i te kōmihana porowini, me kaute - mataeinaa. Whakarara ki tenei, te pūnaha o Sovietí i hanga i roto i te pato'iraa ki te Kawanatanga Takitaro.

Ko te wā Soviet

Ko te wehenga porowini tuatahi noho etahi wa i muri te revolution i Oketopa 1917, engari i whakapumautia Porowini Komiti Executive. tīpakohia tēnei komiti whakahaere i runga i te Congress porowini o Sovietí.

Na roto i te mutunga o 1918 hei wāhanga o te kāwanatanga i reira nga 78 kawanatanga, a i roto i te wā tae noa kua piri 1920. 25 o ratou Finland, Poland me te Baltic States. Mai i 1920 tae noa ki 1923. puta noa i te rohe o te RSFSR reira nga wae motuhake hou - i hanga te kawanatanga hou i tenei tau.

taui wā Composition, engari ka rite ki te hua o te whakahou o te kawanatanga i te tau 1929 rawa ngaro, i reira nga rohe me rohe, a ratou, i roto i tahuri, ngā te rohe, te mataeinaa, te mau apooraa kainga, e mau tatou ki tenei ra.

I roto i te mutunga

I roto i tenei tuhinga i whakarārangitia matou he aha te kawanatanga i runga i te rohe o Russia. I tua atu, arotakehia matou nga ariā matua me te hītori o te putanga o rerekē wae whakahaere-rohe.