He aha te mea te pūnaha tūturu o te natura (koiora)

Tīmata i te wā onamata o hītori, tamata tangata kua ki tomo te mau parau tumu o te ao, me te kitea i te whakahoki ki te pātai o te mea ko te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu. matau ia - e mea au maite, ka whakaritea kia rite ki etahi ture te ao. A feruri i te nui tino mo te pūtaiao koiora o ngā pūnaha organic i roto i te ao, i hanga i roto i te whanaketanga o mua o te hapori tangata.

Ko te whakarōpū tūturu tuatahi o ngā kaiao ora

I anihia e te mataotao Kariki - te papa o te koiora - Aristotle. Hoatu ana te tikanga o te whakatairite i te pūāhua morphological me kikokiko, i hanga e ia whakarōpū kararehe , a whakatakotoria te turanga mo te heke mai o pekanga koiora - systematics. whakahoki a Aristotle ki te pātai o te mea ko te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu, i kite i rite whai: kua wehea te ao ki e rua kingitanga - te āhua popohe, me te whakaoho. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, aroākapatia hanga, i ngā tipu ki kararehe, me te ka - ki te tangata.

Tirohia - taxon māmā i roto i te koiora

tonu tatou ki te kitea e tali ki te pātai, he aha te mea te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu. I roto i te koiora, te whakamāramatanga o te hanganga o te ao whai - te wā reira whakahau ti'araa o ngaro, me te ngā i te kau o nga kaiao ora, me te ratou tohatoha i te subordination aroākapa me whai pānga taxa - wae o te whakarōpū. Ko te tuatahi ko te ahua. tavini te reira i rite te kokonga o te taxonomy hou.

Ko te pūnaha Linnaean o te ao organic

I whakatakoto te reira i roto i 1735 i roto i te mahi rongonui "Systema Naturae". Karl Linney, whakau rangahau D. Ray ko Buffon, te waeine e te ahua o te whakarōpū. Ka rite ki te creationist, whakapono ia e he tamau, me te tonu momo. Scientist tuku nomenclature ā-rua i runga i nei whakaritea nga rauropi ora te he ingoa arā, o ngā kupu e rua, hei tauira: .. te tangata whaitake, tangata pepa, wiwi Buttercup, me ētahi atu a konei whakamahi koiora katoa ingoa-rua o ngā momo, me te pūnaha tūturu o te natura ko te mātauranga matatini ko nei āhuatanga hono, ie. e. he pūnaha ratou.

hurihurihanga pai o te ao waro i whakaarohia e C. Linnaeus. ngā te reira i te kingitanga: otaota, kararehe me ngā kohuke, i roto i te tahuri wehewehe ki wae superordinate - momo, puninga, whakahau. Hei tauira: i wehea te kingitanga tipu ki te 24 akomanga, me te hunga - 116 wae ki runga ki te kaupapa o te hanganga o te gametophyte me okana whakaputa uri - me archegonium antheridium.

Ko te pūnaha tūturu o te āhua me te kino ariā

Tairanga taiao French Georges Cuvier i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19 mahi i roto i te rangahau i roto i te mara o te anatomy whakatairite me te paleontology. Ko te meka whiwhi ka tukua kaipūtaiao ki te whakapuaki i te whakaaro e, muri, i hoatu e ratou i roto i te pūtake o tona ake ariā, ki te whakahoki kupu i te pātai "he aha te mea te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu." Ko te whakahoki poto ko e whai ake - i hanga subordination te i runga i te parau tumu o te hanganga hurihurihanga arā o hanganga me te ora rerekē tukanga o kaiao.

Parawae i tohu o te meka e waenganui i te momo moa, me te hou o rauropi, i reira he kahore puka tauwhirowhiro. meinga Cuvier ko hono kau muimuí te ngaro o ngā rōpū katoa o te kararehe, pērā i mokomoko whakangote-rite nui, whakaaro paheke arowhenua hurihanga i ngaueue te whenua. Heoi, kaipūtaiao e piri ki whakaaro kunenga, whakahē te parau haapiiraa o Cuvier. I te pae hopea, kua ngaro ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i ōmataora ki te putanga o nga mahi o Charles Darwin ko A. Uolessa mo nga takenga mai o ngā momo.

whakapae whanaketanga o Lamarck

pūtaiao Wīwī Jean-Baptiste Lamarck i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19, te huarahi whanaketanga ātete tuatahi ki te hanga o te pūnaha tūturu o te natura tino i whakaaro iá 'oku. tuhituhi e ia he mahi multivolume "French Flora", whakawhanakehia te pūnaha o te whakarōpū o hātaretare, Kei te whakamahia tonu. hoki, me ki Treviranus, te wā "koiora" i whakaarohia ia. I roto i tona pukapuka "Te Philosophy o Zoology" whakamārama Lamarck aha te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakaaro e kaiao ora riro whakaaro whai hua rite ki te hua o te mana o ngā āhuatanga taiao.

I roto i ngā koiora hou, te kaha matua peia muri te kukuwhatanga o te natura Lamarck whakapono kore-tuku - Whakarereke rerekētanga. Ano, he reira Lamarck, hoatu te tangata i roto i te rakau kukuwhatanga o makimaki, me te tukanga o te whanaketanga o te natura, kanohi ia kia rite ki te pōauautanga o te whakahaere o mea ora i te hurihurihanga.

Darwinism - te ariā whakapae ranei?

Ko te ariā taketake o te mea ko te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu, te whakamāramatanga o te mea i te tikanga e ngā rerekē i roto i te koiora i roto i ngā huarahi maha, i hoatu ai "te Origin o Momo e Founga o Natural Tīpakonga" i roto i te mahi o Charles Darwin. Mai 1859 timata te wā hou i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa hītori taiao. Kua te pūnaha tūturu o te natura kua i titiro rite te whakarōpū, e whakaata ana i te huringa āta o momo, puninga, me ngā akomanga katoa o te kaiao ora i raro i te mana o te rerekētanga ā-ira, me te kōwhiringa tūturu.

Ko te whakaaro whakahuatia e Darwin, te whakakite i rua ngā wāhanga: te tuatahi - te parau haapiiraa o te rauemi kunenga me te tuarua - te parau haapiiraa o te ope whui o te kukuwhatanga. Ohunga Darwin i toru puka o te pakanga mo te oraraa, i te mea te pūtake o te kōwhiringa tūturu: intraspecific, interspecific me te tohe nei āhuatanga abiotic kino. kōwhiringa Natural āta whakarite te tiaki o nga momo tino taunga ki te tikanga motuhake o ratou noho. rerekētanga ā-ira tīpakongia kōwhiria e mau taata e kua whiwhi rite ki te hua o irakētanga, tohu hou o hoatu i roto i te ngakau nga painga o te oranga. Classic Darwinism whakarato tēnei wā he pūnaha whānui o ngā whakaaro kunenga i runga i te whanaketanga o te kararehe.

whakapae Synthetic o te kukuwhatanga

rangahau ira atu whakahaere i roto i te rau tau waenganui-20, ngā te pūtake mo te hanganga o te whakapae waihanga o te kukuwhatanga, i hoatu te kupu whakahoki ki te pātai, he aha te mea te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu i roto i te koiora. Tuhinga o reira ko tenei - te kanorau o ngā momo, ko te hanganga whakaritea hāngai e te i runga i te parau tumu o te subordination (Aroākapa) taxa rerekē: momo, puninga, hapu, whakahau (rōpū ranei), akomanga, tari (momo ranei).

Tetahi rauropi e ora i runga i te raupapa whenua no ki nga wae katoa i runga whakahuatia whakarōpū, i hanga i roto i microevolution me macroevolution. Te marautanga tūhura aha te āhua o te pūnaha tūturu i roto i te koiora. oti rawa Kōeke 9 te ki ako i te ope peia o te kukuwhatanga - rerekētanga ā-ira, me te kōwhiringa tūturu. whakaaro whakapae waihanga o te kunenga te i roto i te akoranga o te koiora 10 cl., ka e waia ki nga ariā me ture o iranga kē te ākonga.

Biological Organization

E hoki ratou he pūnaha tūturu o te natura, e tohu ana i te 7 taumata aroākapatia awhenga o hanganga Open Biosystems. Kia karanga a ratou: te rāpoi, pūtau, okana, kikokiko, rauropi, taupori, momo, biogeocenotic Kōhaumataora.

Ko te ako o te āhuatanga o te ora i nga taumata, ko te rerekē pekanga koiora. Hei tauira, e tuatapapa i te mataora rāpoi, me te koiora rāpoi. Cell - hāngai cytology, biogeocenotic me te ao koiora - tātai hono, anatomy whakatairite, rauropi, etc. kore okotahi, ngā ora katoa - e taea te whakaaro i nga atamira, i te rāpoi ngota e hanga ake organelles pūtau, a - .. tangata, tipu, kararehe, huakita mutu hanganga ao - ao koiora. mahi te reira i te huringa faafariuraa o te mea, me te pūngao i roto i ngā pūnaha koiora tuwhera.