Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve: biography, whakatutukitanga, ngā āhuatanga me ngā meka ngā

Zhorzh Kyuve - te pūtaiao nui, kaimātai kararehe, kaiwhakarewa o anatomy kararehe whakatairite me te paleontology. patu tenei tangata i tona hiahia ki te tūhura i te ao, me, ahakoa etahi whakaaro hape, hanga e ia he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao.

pūtaiao tamarikitanga

I whanau Cuvier i runga i August 23, 1769 i roto i te pa o Montbeliard. Ko tera taha o ona tau maramarama Little George: i roto i te 4 tau i pai lau ia, a ka whakaakona tona whaea tuhi. Te āhei ki te peita pūtaiao pepa me tona mahi i roto i te paleontology, kei hea te reira i te peita ringa whakaahua mo pukapuka. Enei whakaahua e hoki te wa roa i muri tārua i te tahi atu mau papai, na ko ratou kounga tiketike, me te hanga reka.

i ora ai Georges Leopold Kyuve i roto i te utuafare Palotisani rawakore. i pakeke kē tona papa, i mahi ia i roto i te hoia ope French, a oti rawa tona ora tona whaea ki tana tama. mahi ia ki a ia, a ka ara ake ki ona waewae, i muri i tetahi mate (Cuvier maha kino rite te tamaiti).

hanganga

tau kura, hohoro te kaiputaiao heke mai haere. whakakitea Zhorzh Kyuve ia rite te ākonga pūmanawa, engari i ia he natula tutu. I whakaritea tuatahi te reira e te tamaiti tonu whakangungu i te kura minita, me te farii i te taitara o te minita, engari he hononga tanukutanga ki te kaiwhakahaere kihai i tukua ki a ia hei te tohunga o te hahi Porotetani.

riro mātauranga anō Zhorzh Kyuve Karolinska Academy i te pūtaiao cameral Faculty (State Whakahaere Āhuatanga). Here i roto i Stuttgart, e ako pūtaiao akuaku, ture, te ōhanga me te pūtea. Kua i te whare wānanga i hiahia i roto i te ao kararehe ia, na whakaritea te "Academy" porowhita i ki tona whai wāhitanga. roa tenei uniana 4 tau - rite George ako i te Faculty. rite te mau melo o te porowhita te faaiteraa i to ratou whakatutukitanga iti i roto i te ako o te natura, kupu. i hoatu mētara Distinguished ki improvised i pepa ki te pikitia o Lamarck.

Zhorzh Kyuve - te haurongo o te pūtaiao i te maaraa o ara ora

hohoro wha tau o te ora kāreti haere, a hoki ana Georges whare ki tona matua. I mutu taku papa, kihai i mahi i te whaea. Ka rite ki te hua, ko tata kau, e tino kore i taea te waiho i te pūtea te whānau.

Na, i mua i hau rongo o te pūtaiao e te kauwhata o Normandy Erisi rapu i te kaiako mo tana tama. Te riroraa te tangata mātauranga, Zhorzh Kyuve Kikī ia ona peke, a haere ana ki te wehewehea te wā. i Kei Home o te Earl rongonui i te moana, a reira kua whakahohea Georges kia kite i te ora moana, e kore anake i runga i te pepa, engari ki te ora ano hoki. Ia maia kitea te pātangaroa, noke moana, ika, pāpaka me koura, mollusks. Na ka ka maere Zhorzh Kyuve i pēhea te uaua te hanganga i mawhiti tuatahi te māmā kaiao ora. oko maha, raru, repe me whekau o te pūnaha patua tika te kaipūtaiao. Tona mahi ki te kararehe moana i whakaahuatia i roto i te buka aamu "Zoological Bulletin".

Ko te rangahau tuatahi i roto i te mara o te paleontology

Ko te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII - ko te putanga o te paleontology. Cuvier, rite te kaiwhakarewa o tenei pūtaiao, kua haumi e ahau he takoha nui ki tona whanaketanga. hono tona wheako tuatahi te ki te take, ka riro ia he wahi o wheua kitea i roto i te taata Maastricht. Hoffan (te ingoa o te noho o tenei pa, e kitea nga kōiwi) faaoti ki tonoa i mohiotia kua te tuahiwi Cuvier i Paris. Sam "miner" kī e taea tenei e te wheua tohorā. I roto i te tahuri, kua kitea maha pūtaiao ritenga ki te kōhiwi o te koka, me te hahi e mau a Maastricht nga wheua o nga toenga o te tapu, a ka mau ki a ia kia rite ki te tuaukiuki.

whakakahore Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve enei kōwhiringa katoa take kōhiwi. I muri te haamau'araa i te mahi fakamātoato, te whakaaro ia e no te kōiwi ki ngokingoki tawhito e noho nga wai o te Netherlands, miriona o nga tau ki muri. I whakapakaritia tenei e te rahi nui o te kōhiwi, tae atu i te tuaiwi, he upoko nui, me kauae ki maha niho koi, tohu he ara konihi o mea ora. kite ano Cuvier nga toenga o ika tawhito, mātaitai me te tahi atu mea moana, e, te āhua, whangai tenei ngarara.

Kei te karanga a te reira i mosasaurs e taea te whakamaoritia Kariki rite "he awa ngarara Maas" (Meuse i French). Ko te kitea pūtaiao nui tuatahi o te kaipūtaiao. I muri hanga he tātaritanga o te toenga o te taonga unknown, whakatakotoria Zhorzh Kyuve te turanga mo te pūtaiao hou - paleontology.

Ka rite ki kawea te mahi i roto i ki te toenga

ako Zhorzh Kyuve me systematized e pā ana ki e wha tekau rerekē momo o te kararehe o onamata. Etahi o ratou i taea anake vaguely rite nga otaota hou, engari kahore ki te mahi ki kau, hipi, hata te nuinga i.

Ano, kua whakamatauria aivanaa e te aroaro o te ao ko te kingitanga o ngā ngārara. He home wai me te whenua ki maha ngā momo rerekē o ngā mokoweri. i te nuinga Ahakoa te rangi i pterodactyls, e kore manu, pera i era atu kairangahau.

whakawhanakehia Zhorzh Kyuve te ara ki te ako i te toenga. Ka rite ki te hua, ki runga ki te pūtake o te kōhiwi o te kararehe, me te mohio e he hono wahi katoa o te tinana, i taea e whakaaro ia pehea titiro tino te. Ka rite ki whakaaturanga mahi, ko te tino whakapono tona mahi.

Zhorzh Kyuve: takoha ki koiora

Tonu nga kararehe ako, ka anga te pūtaiao ki te tātari i te ritenga me ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou. Ka rite ki te hua, ka e ia te kaiwhakarewa o te au pērā i roto i te pūtaiao rite anatomy whakatairite. Tona ariā o "ine o ngā wāhanga o te tinana," ta e whēkau me ngā hanganga katoa e pā ana ki tetahi ki tetahi, me o ratou hanganga me te taumahinga whakawhirinaki i runga i nga tikanga taiao, te kai, tupuranga.

Hei tauira, te tātaritanga o te ungulate. kai te reira i runga i te tarutaru, ka, ko ki te whai niho nui. Mai titau te. Kauae mano he pai whakawhanakehia-uaua, ka hei hoki te upoko whanaunga nui ki te toenga o te tinana. e tika ana ki te mau tonu i te matenga taua, a reira, ka kia whakawhanakehia pekehoe o te tuarā waha, me o ratou tukanga. kararehe whāngote wätea kahore purakau matikuku ranei, te hopoia kia tiakina i konihi. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira nga haona. kai Plant mo te wa roa ki te ngaungau, e arata'i ki te whanaketanga o te rōrahi o te puku me paru roa. pūnaha kūnatu whakawhanakehia - te take mo te aroaro o rara whanui, me te kopu nui.

mahi atu i roto i te mara o te paleontology, arahina ki te kitea o maha nga mea tuatahi. I roto ia ratou pterodactyls - rere ngokingoki e i whakamahia e konihi, me te kai ika. Na whakamatauria Zhorzh Kyuve e miriona o nga tau ki muri, ko te rangi, he ngarara o te mana, e kore nga manu.

ariā kino

Zhorzh Kyuve, nei haurongo kua e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te paleontology, kawea te whakaaro o te kukuwhatanga o kaiao ora. Ma te haapii i te toenga o mea onamata, kua kite kaipūtaiao he tauira: i roto i te papa mata o kirinuku o te whenua ko nga wheua o te kararehe e whai ara nga ritenga iti ki tirohanga hou, me te i roto i ngā papa hohonu - te kōhiwi o mea onamata.

Ahakoa tenei kitea, fepaki Zhorzh Kyuve ia. Ko te meka i whakakahore ia kukuwhatanga rite te katoa, me te hua i whakaekea te kaipūtaiao tona ariā o te whanaketanga o te kararehe i runga i te ao. Kua fokotu'u Cuvier e i wā pahuhu hūhi wahi i waipuke i te moana, a ka kua mate kaiao ora katoa. I muri i whati te wai, a ka i roto i te wahi hou i reira i te tahi atu rauropi ki ngā āhuatanga radically hou o te hanganga tinana. I runga i te pātai o te wahi i taea e puta enei kararehe, anake i taea e pūtaiao imi. Kino ariā ko te tauhohenga, t. Ki. Ko ona ahua i te ngana ki te houhanga rongo pūtaiao me te karakia.

i taea e Zhorzha Kyuve whakaaro e pā ana ki te kunenga mai o te kararehe i puta ake e tika ana ki te meka i kua kitea i waenganui i ngā momo rerekē o te kararehe i te wa o puka paleontology tauwhirowhiro. Ka rite ki te putanga, i reira ko kahore he take ki te titau i te whanaketanga whanaketanga māmālie o kaiao. Darwin anake whakaarohia he ariā rite, engari tupu te reira i muri iho i te matenga Zhorzha Kyuve.

Rerekētanga whakarōpū o Linnaeus me Cuvier

Mahi ki te kararehe, me te ako i to ratou hanganga, Zhorzh Kyuve systematized poto nga otaota katoa ki 4 momo:

1. vertebrates. Tenei ngā kararehe katoa ki te kōhiwi dismembered. Tauira: manu, mea ngokingoki (ngokingoki, me amphibians), whāngote me ika.

2. hekenga. I roto i tenei rōpū, kua kohia te rōpū katoa o te wao nui, i i te hangarite toropā o te tinana, i te mea angamaheni, mo te tauira, mo te pātangaroa.

3. Soft-tinana. He kararehe ki te tinana ngohengohe kopakia ana i roto i te anga pakeke ratou. Ēnei ngā cuttlefish, kuku, tio, ngata, mollusks, wheke me te ake. D.

4. Ngā angawaho. Animals no ki tenei rōpū i te kaha anga waho kōhiwi i roto i te puka o te totoka, ka kua wehea te tinana katoa ki te plurality o wāhanga. Tauira: waemano, pepeke, waimāori, arachnids. Hape tukinotia konei me etahi kutukutu.

Linnaeus, i roto i te rerekē ki te Zhorzha Kyuve, motuhia atu 6 o enei momo: ngārara, manu, kararehe, ika, pepeke me kutukutu (konei, no te mea ngokingoki, me amphibians). I roto i ngā o te tātai hono, whakarōpū o kararehe e Cuvier tiki i te tino, a reira whakamahia mo te wa roa.

He meka ngā i roto i te ora o te kaipūtaiao

Kia te akonga o Cuvier faaoti ki te tākaro i te tinihanga ki runga ki a ia. Ki te mahi i tenei, whakanohoia ia i runga i te take me te hipi, a moe ana i te kaiako ata haere i runga i ki tona moenga. ka mea ia: "! Cuvier, Cuvier, ka kai ahau a koutou" ongo'i George tona moe, ka kite matimati haona, ka ata ka mea, "E kore e koe he kararehe kino, e kore e whiwhi ki te kai ahau."

He he ano hoki te faahitiraa Cuvier e kōtuitui nga okana katoa me ngā wāhanga o te tinana kararehe. E kīia ana, e "te tinana ko te katoa tūhono. e kore e taea te huri ngā wāhanga takitahi, kahore meinga huringa i roto i te tahi atu. "

whakatutukitanga

whakaaro He pūtaiao tino i roto i te mara o te paleontology i te wa i te Zhorzh Kyuve. haurongo poto ta e i roto i te 1794 he pūtaiao mahi i roto i te Museum hou o Natural History. I reira i tuhituhi e ia tona mahi tuatahi i runga i Entomology, i tohua te timatanga o te mahi pūtaiao nui.

I roto i te 1995, ka timata Cuvier ki te ora i roto i Paris. He tau i muri mai, ka mau e ia te nohoanga o te anatomy kararehe i te Sorbonne, a i whakaritea he mema o te National Institute. He tau torutoru i muri ka ia he mataotao i te matenga o te tari o te tinana whakatairite o te University o Paris.

Hoki ana whakatutukitanga pūtaiao riro Zhorzh Kyuve he peerage o France, a meinga ana ia hei mema o te French Academy.

mutunga

hanga Cuvier kua he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te anatomy whakatairite me te paleontology. a ko tana mahi te turanga mo te ako atu o nga kararehe, a kei te ora tona whakarōpū mō te wa roa. A tae noa ki te i mahue ia i te maha o mana'o hape i roto i te mara o te kukuwhatanga, he kaiputaiao tika o te whakamoemiti, me te āhukahuka mo nga mahi maha.

mate Zhorzh Kyuve Mei 13, 1832.