Ture Malus, hakoko o hihi o polarizers marama

1809 kawea kua e pā ana ki te huringa i roto i te hapori pūtaiao ao. kitea tētahi kaipūkaha i te French e E. Malus te ara hou ki te vahiraa marama. Na roto i ngā, ia aitua kumea ana whakarongo ki te meka e ki te koané te karaihe e huri noa i te kurupae kitea i te karaihe, te kaha te marama taea wā e rua hua me te heke. Otiia e kore e te marama katoa haere atu, engari intensifies anake ranei ngoikore, engari anake i te tetahi tūranga he karaihe. kua karangatia e Adoption "te ture o Malus," Kua mohio te reira i roto i te hapori pūtaiao.

Mai i te ahupūngao matau tatou e taea te tahuri taua marama ki te kurupae plane-polarised. Tenei puta, ka whakamahi i ngā pūrere motuhake, e taea pahemo anake te tetahi rerekē aronga. He tauira o tenei kia kei whakarara ki te waka rererangi o oscillation, transmissive marama, me nga tikanga perpendicularly ki te rerekētanga roa. Ka rite ki te polarizer whakamahia pāpāho anisotropic ki te faatura ki wiri pere, pērā i tioata. Ko te rongonui tino o te take mai tūturu ko te tourmaline. He kaha nui ki te takanga mai hihi marama ia e tona pere hiko hāngai ki te tuaka ataata, e whai ano hoki rite te ture Malus mutunga. Ko te marama i roto i te mea whakarara reira, tata kore whenumi. E whakamārama ana tēnei e te marama tūturu e tika ana i te pereti karaihe whenumi hawhe anake me linearly polarised ki ona hiko pere whakarara tourmaline whakaritea tuaka ataata.

More watea ki te hapai i karaihe kua rite te taua āhuatanga rite te Polaroid. Kei a ia ko rite āwenewene kiriata colloidal, e te hunga e tika ana i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi te marama kë. Ka rite ki i roto i te tourmaline, e hāngai ana te parau tumu whakahaere kei runga i te maramara kotahi, e absorbs marama hāngai ki te aronga te wiri. A e kore e te whakahuatia tenei āhuatanga i roto i te ture o Malus. Fakakaukau ki tetahi atu tauira.

Otira ka tupu te vahiraa o hihi marama ka te ata tāhapa, me te whakaata i te atanga ki te uruhanga isotropic - ko reira te ture o Malus. papaki ia i te torutoru ari tinana e pā ana ki te wiri hiko o te marama.

Otiia e kore e te ture o Malus, he mutunga whakatakoto nei ki runga ake, titau e te tikanga taua o te vahiraa o te matua, me te anake. He etahi.

huaina Tetahi pūrere whakamahia e te mo te hihi neke o te marama ko te polarizer. Otira kua ako reira, ka whakawakia te whakamahi i te analyzer.

Hei tauira, i reira e rua tioata, e kua whakaritea tetahi i muri i te tahi atu na e te toki hanga he koki. Ko te marama ma'iri tuatahi te whakahaua whakarara ki tona tuaka nei pere hiko. Ka whakaroa te wāhanga o te kaha kurupae tuarua karaihe. A i muri i rua Polaroid ka waiho te roa ano o te pere hiko. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, he rite ki te tapawha o te kaha tīwera te ōwehenga o enei hohonuraa.

reira whai reira e te marama haere i roto i te analyzer, na tona kaha ko te mana o te kurupae, en huarahi i roto i te polarizer me whakanuia e te whenu o te koki i waenganui i a ratou i roto i te tapawha. Tenei ōwehenga Ko te āhuatanga e whakaahua ana i te ture o Malus.

kia hoki tenei ngā me te ata tāhapa rua o hihi marama, i te mea he taonga taketake ka haere i roto i te tioata. faataa tenei e te āhuatanga katoa e kitea i roto i te taiao anizatropa te whakatö o te marama. Hei tauira, te tuku i te kurupae marama kuiti karaihe tira rākau, ka haere i roto i taua mea, i reira ka kia e rua kurupae motuhake e he whakarara ki tetahi ki tetahi. Ka tupu tenei i roto i tetahi take, ara, ki te he maiki i runga i te karaihe i roto i te tūnga tonu te marama. huaina e taha o ratou te noa, me te ko te hoko atu o te kurupae tuatahi, me te tuarua - rerekē no te mea he ine mahora taonga.