He aha te mea te tikanga Chernyakhov? Culture Chernyakhov: takenga me te whakamārama

Chernyakhov Culture - tetahi o te nui rawa wā whaipara i roto i te aamu wawe o te Silaví. ka mau te reira i te rota tonu o te wāhi i runga i te rohe o hou Ukraine, Romania, Moldova ko Russia. Töpü te nuinga i roto i te steppe me ngahere, i te iti rawa - i roto i te rohe steppe.

āhuatanga General

Ko te ako o tenei tikanga o te faufaa nui mo te mahara o ngā kōrero, Slav ethnogenesis. puta te wa e hāngai ana ngā tukanga hekenga kaha, he whakauru iwi ki tetahi ki tetahi, i ētahi wā tino uaua ki te tāutu i te ngā wähanga iwi i roto i hua. Otiia, whakaae te nuinga o ngā tohunga i runga i te meka i tangohia e te hanganga o nga Silaví wahi i roto i te whakapā tata ki te whakanohonoho o te tahi atu iwi i roto i te wahi tuatahi te rite. I roto i te pūtaiao kaha te tirohanga e ko te reira i te kaupapa whakamutunga, i roto i 1-3 senituli BC. e. oho ki ngā wāhanga o te kawanatanga Roma, Northern Black Moana Tai, kua kairau a he tūranga motuhake. Na roto i tenei wa, i reira ko te hanganga o te tahi mau ahurea momo Slavic, pērā i, mo te tauira, Przeworsk, Kiev, me ētahi atu. He maha pūtaiao whakapono e tohaina te Silaví i roto i antskogo iwi, rite i korerotia i roto i ngā mātāpuna onamata. Ko roto i tenei horopaki, me te kia whakaaro wā Chernyakhovsky i te hītori o te whakataunga Slavic.

ako

e tenei tikanga i tona ingoa i te kainga Chernyakhiv (Kiev rohe), i ako i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, pūtaiao Korotynskyy. E hehema ki te whakapono e ko te reira i roto i i multiethnic tona hanganga iwi te nuinga o ngā tohunga. Kei te whakapono hoki te reira e e tata ana Zarubintsy ko Chernyakhov ahurea, no te mea whakakapia te whakamutunga i te taha o te tetahi tuatahi, whakaaro nei ko te Slavic (ahakoa historiography ke ko te wāhi o te tirohanga e ko te reira i roto i i German tona hanganga matawaka). Huri o tona ahurea ako e taua pūtaiao rongonui rite kaihao me Sedov.

takenga

Chernyakhov Culture Ko te hua o ngā tukanga hekenga, i tangohia e wahi i runga i te rohe o te whenua Pākehā Eastern. Kua pēnei maha hītori tona takenga ki te hūnuku o te Goths, e, mau i te rohe Iukereiniana, i konatunatua ki te taupori rohe. I tenei wa i reira puta te oium kāwanatanga. hāngai Ko tōna rohe ki taua hinonga tōrangapū. No te mea rere hekenga matatini i maha-iwi Chernyakhovskaya ahurea, ngā reira o Slavic Antes, Tiamana, Site Sarmats. Kaihao kōrero, whakapono e ko te reira i te Slavic onamata, engari totohe tenei whakaaro i roto i te pūtaiao.

ōhanga

hipokina Culture Chernyakhovskaya te wā i IV ki II i runga. n. e. ko ia i runga i te taumata ōhanga ko tino matatau. Ko te pūtake o te ōhanga taunaki pāmu parau. Kua kitea whaipara tangata nga toenga o parau, tohutohu rino, hacks, i whakamahia nei i roto i te ahuwhenua. Nuinga e kararehe tupuranga, i noho whakaarahia poaka me hoiho. Whakamahia mō te rua rokiroki, i kitea nei i roto i te maha o whakataunga. āhuatanga Chernyakhovskaya ahurea e te taumata tiketike o te mahi. Taupori whakairo hapai i whakarewa, wheua, me te rakau. whakapaipai tiaki o te whakarewa kore-ferrous, toenga o taputapu hanga i wheua kararehe.

I runga i te tahi mau pae o oumu metallurgical kitea. Kainoho āhua i waia ki ngā tikanga rerekē o te tukatuka rino (tinei) me maitai production. Heoi, he āhuatanga o maha bronzes ka ora taua. He ko he tirohanga e kua tono etahi tikanga tukatuka nga kawanatanga Roma, me te te rohe Pākehā Central i.

nohoanga

horahia Chernyakhovskaya ahurea te nuinga i roto i ngā wāhi ngahere, na i nui i roto i te rahi tona whare, me kei te tikanga tapawhā i āhua. he iti whakataunga kaha, engari tonu e etahi o ratou i tiaki i roto i te nohonga tonga (pa, Aleksandrovka). tae ratou taiepa kotahi tekau ma rua mita i roto i te teitei, i reira he pekerangi me kaha. I tū ratou i teiteiraa teitei, i nga whare noa - me te takoha o awa iti.

i wehea Noho kia rua nga wahi: noho, me te ōhanga. Kei pokapū Kei roto i te pokapū. I roto i te tahi mau mau utuafare, i te taiepa "maroke", arā. E. te kore te otinga kōpaki motuhake. Ko te tikanga enei hanganga Stolbovo hanga i hanga ratou o wattle me pani ki te paru. Noho Kei "kohanga" o-waipuke. Roto i ratou tetahi tokorua ranei kāmera.

kohatu whakamaharatanga

Chernyakhov ahurea whaipara kua puritia te maha o ngā urupa. Tuatahi o te katoa e korero tatou e pā ana ki te nakahi rongonui (Troyan) ngahaú, e kua kei ki te tonga o Kiev i runga i nga pareparenga o te Dnieper. i ārai i roto i te whakaaro tenei hanganga ngū. Ko te mekameka embankments whenua me te waikeri, totoro i runga i te tawhiti roa (hanganga motuhake i te roa i te kotahi ki te kotahi rau e rima tekau kiromita).

O ngā moni e hoki he whakamahara o te Chernyakhov ahurea Vinnitsa rohe. Here, te peita toka ahurei, te tikanga o te mea tonu pūtaiao tautohe i kitea. E whakaatu ana te reira i te rakau leafless, i runga i tetahi o nga manga o nei te tikaokao e noho ana i roto i mua o ia ia - te tangata i muri i reira ko te hata. I tua atu, ko te hanganga kua he anga i roto i te wāhi i waenganui i te haona. Tētahi atu pou i roto i te rohe taua - rua kohatu Ilinetsky o tufa puia mō te hanga mira. fokotu'u mai tenei he taumata tiketike o te whanaketanga o te metallurgy i te rohe.

tanumanga

Ka taea te takina porapora matatini Chernyakhov ahurea e kore anake i roto i mau utuafare engari ano i roto i te urupa. Heoi, ka rite ki te tikanga, kei roto i te iti o ratou urupa, engari tonu tukua etahi mau tao'ao ki waihanga te titiro o te wā. Ko te rua tanumanga ētahi wā houhou ngā rā me ngā tūemi whare. I te tahi taime i reira he oko, me wahi mo te mahi whare, pērā i na auri e. Kimihia me whakapaipai. I roto ia ratou, mo te tauira, te kapiti.

āhuatanga Chernyakhovskaya ahurea e rua ara o te tanumanga: urupa me cremations. I roto i te take tuatahi whakamahia poka tapawhā tikanga, te rua o nga toenga whakanohoia i roto i oko ipu, pata, me te ara peihana. E kitea ana te urupa, me te toenga o nga ringa, hei tauira, arrowheads, tao, hoari piko mō ngā take tikanga. He rua tanumanga kotahi, me te rua.

Houseware

Whakataunga o te ahurea Chernyakhov, rite ki te tikanga, i ōhanga i roto i tona whakaaro me mahi. Na reira, tino maha i reira he tūemi e hiahiatia ana mō te ahuwhenua me te ahumahi. mohio kainoho wira o te kaihanga rihi, i ratou i te rihi o āhua rerekē. I hoki tino whakawhanakehia te reira i raranga, wā kitea whaipara tohu o papanga rerekē i runga i ngā tūemi whare, me te ora te kāinga.

uku

kia mea e pā ana ki te oko paru, rite ko reira i runga i te matatini porapora, maha wehewehe whaipara ahurea. wā arotake Taupori hokohoko te momo o ngā rā, engari kitenga mohiotia rawa oko, whakapaipai ranei rārangi whakapae, ranei ngā rārangi atu me awaawa te tauturu iti. I roto i te kitenga e faahiahia Moana Black amphora me krasnoglinyanoy me krasnolakovoy rihi hanga me kawemai i te awheawhe o te kawanatanga Roma. E kitea te nuinga o ngā hua i hanga o paru taratara i roto i outbuildings.

atu mau tao'ao

Metal Chernyakhov ahurea - he te nuinga rino. i taea e ki te tukatuka i te ore, mārama, kahore, kahore te mana o te hangarau Roma te taupori. Heoi, e kore te mea pera nui kitenga o mua: ko reira te nuinga arrowheads, tao, hoari wahi.

Wehe, kia mea ai e pā ana ki taonga. I runga i te rohe o te ahurea kitea i roto i te maha nui o moni o te Roma moni ki te hauauru o te Dniester - parahi, ki te rawhiti - hiriwa. A muri kitea e ahau he rota i roto i huna, engari kua faaite nga tohunga te tirohanga e te whakamahia te moni mo te tauhokohoko ā-ao, i hoki ngā hiahia rohe i whakamahia hokohoko. He moni o Bosporan moni Iti noa.

matatini porapora

I roto i te mau tao'ao kitea he nui nui o te whakapaipai, mo te tauira, ki te kitea he maha nui o nga poroporo, pirepire, toromoka, heru. O ngā o te whakamahi ia rā he maripi, toki, Spurs. I te tahi taime kitea tūemi hōia, engari he torutoru ratou. O ngā moni he hoari, hoari, tao. Wehe, kia mea ai i konei e pā ana ki te kitenga taketake - he whakapakoko maramataka i runga i te oko. He he āhua tawhio, me raro i ia marama, - te ahua hāngai.

oko

Ko te kupu, ko te tikanga Chernyakhov, whakaahua o urupa e te aroaro i roto i tenei tuhinga, taa ê taumata feunga nui o te whanaketanga i roto i te ao ōhanga me te pakihi. Wehe, kia mea ai e pā ana ki te whakaaro o te oko karakia: etahi o enei maramataka image kitea. I tua atu, i reira he kitenga o glassware. Taputapu mō te whakangao i taukei e nga Roma i roto i te AD senekele matamua, ka haere i runga i ki te whakaaro tikanga ki te iwi whānui. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, ko nga oko tae kowhai puwhero ranei hua-āhua.

ka hia kē

Chernyakhovskaya ahurea, rite whakahuatia i runga ake, ko te rauiwi i roto i tona hanganga iwi. he tika ki te rerenga hekenga e kua puta i runga i te fenua Pākehā i te wa e hāngai ana tenei. Na reira, kua tāutuhia hītori he maha o te wāhanga taketake i roto i tona hanganga: Germanic, Sarmatian-Haitiana, Slavic. māngai te tuatahi e urupa ā-rua, whare nui, me te whare, me te okouku motuhake momo velbarskogo. He angamaheni hoki tata rohe katoa o te tohatoha o tenei tikanga enei tohu.

māngai te momo tuarua te taketake whare kohatu nui, whare maha-ruma te tikanga tanumanga motuhake, ka hoatu i roto i te kai urupa ki te maripi titi i roto i reira, mongamonga o kotakota peita ranei. Fele kawea tanumanga i roto i roto i rua podboynyh tanuraa ranei. Ano hoki te āhuatanga hoki tenei rohe e te puka motuhake o te kanisā - pata ki te kaki whakawhänui whakarunga. Tenei rōpū te rokohanga te nuinga hāngai i roto i te Te Tai Tokerau o te Moana Black, nohoia e enei iwi.

I te pae hopea, te rōpū Slavic o tao'ao kanohi e whare iti tapawha ki te rota o poka whare. āhuatanga tēnei rohe e te ngaro o puke nui, me te te aroaro o pata te nuinga stucco. wahi Main o tohatoha - Dniester, i tipu hoki atu ahurea Slavic Kiev, Przeworsk. Kua tohaina motuhake Penkovsky me te ahurea Slavic om Prihodnyuk. Chernyakhovskaya ahurea tata ki a ia i tata tonu, ahakoa kua tohe kaipūtaiao kihai i e whai i te mana i runga i te whanaketanga o te huānga Slavic, no te mea ko reira multiethnic rawa.

raruraru o te ana'iraa

I roto i te hononga ki te āhuatanga i runga o te pūtaiao, i reira he raruraru o te teití me fakahokohoko o tenei tikanga. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e kore e tukua tonu te kitenga i te tika rawaka ngā ona tao'ao ki te rau tau ngā tenei. I tua atu, i roto i te rohe i homai ko te rota o taonga kawemai, te nuinga o te take mai Roma, whakawhanakehia raro nei mana ia. Na reira, ko te tika tino ko te tikanga o teití e tanu.

āhuatanga āhuatanga

Na, te āhuatanga tenei tikanga e te kanorau o ngā kitenga, e kī e i roto i tona hanganga i tae e te maha o ngā huānga rerekē. O te faufaa ngā Ko te meka i ko reira i roto i te rohe o te mana o te Roma. Ko tōna provincialism, tino whai wāhi ki te taumata tiketike o te ahurea me te, i roto i tahuri, whakaongaongatia te putanga o atu hangarau matatau i roto i te rohe. tohu hoki ētahi tohunga mana Dacian i roto i tenei rohe.

Whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu ahurea

Chernyakhovsky wā ko te wāhanga nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te Silaví. Heoi, i tenei wa i ratou i roto i te whakapā rawa tata ki ētahi atu rōpū iwi, na tenei tikanga taea onamata Slavic anake wāhanga toe langa. Otiia ko reira i raro i te mana me te i roto i te tahuri, kua i ia te pānga i runga i ētahi atu ahurea i roto i nei, ko atu korerotia te huānga Slavic: Przeworsk, kolochinskoy, Kiev.

otinga

i tika ki tetahi atu ngaru hekenga i ngaueue te fenua Pākehā ino Cultural. Tenei wa, i reira ko hekenga o hapai pakanga ia mua hikihiki. arahina tenei ki te matamua o te wahi nui o te taupori ki te hauauru, kia rite ki reira kua oti te tuhituhi pūkete. Heoi, i roto i te rohenga ngahere-steppe me steppe ko etahi rōpū i raro ki nga mua. Otiia ki te raki-rawhiti i roto i te wā mua te tikanga Chernyakhov, a ka orua ki a ia i te wa, tonu ki te tīariari atu ahurea Slavic - Kiev. E pai te tiaki i ona tohu. Whaipara kitea urupā, mau fare, tūemi whare, me te ara taonga.

uara

He nui Chernyakhovsky wā o te whanaketanga no te mea te reira tetahi o nga wāhanga tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te tīmatanga o te Silaví. hipokina reira tino i te wāhi rohe nui, tae atu ki te maha o ngā rohe o to matou whenua: Belgorod ko Kursk. Heoi, kua ia te uru ki te hītori o te tahi atu iwi whakaaro te wa: nga Tiamana, Celt, Site me etahi atu. I tua atu, he tohu kitea o Roma mutunga, Moana Black awenga e taea ai e koe te tūhura i te wāhanga i muri mai o te whanaketanga o enei rohe tenei wā. Na reira, whakaahuatia i roto i te Culture tuhinga kaha ako i mua i te Revolution, i roto i nga wa Soviet, tonu tona tātaritanga ki tenei ra. Chernyakhovsky whare o te ahurea, hei tauira, ia wā te mauria i ngā mahi mo te tiaki o ngā tikanga ahurea iwi tuku iho, kia e tautoko i te moni i roto i te tawhito.