He aha te mea te tukanga adiabatic?

Hei hanga i te pūkaha wera, e taea te mahi i te mahi mā te whakamahi i te wera, e hiahia ana koe ki te waihanga i etahi tikanga. Tuatahi o te katoa, te pūkaha wera ki te mahi i roto i te aratau huringa, te wahi ki te maha o ngā tukanga thermodynamic piritahi te waihanga i tētahi koropiko. Ko te hua o te hau huringa kopakia ana i roto i te puoto ki te kōkeke turanga, e mahi. Ko kotahi huringa mo te mīhini puranga he iti, kia tukurua ano reira ki runga, me te mo mo etahi wa. Ko te mahi katoa mahia i roto i te wa tomu'a i roto i te mooni wehea e te wā e homai tetahi ariā nui - te mana.

I roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX, i hanga te engines wera tuatahi. Ko ratou te mahi, engari noho nui atu o te wera whakaputaina e te parariraa o te wahie. Ko reira ka e kei te tono i physicists ariā, "Me pehea te mahi i te mahi hau i roto i te pūkaha wera? Me pēhea te ki te tiki i te mahi te nuinga ki te iti o te wahie? "

Hei mahi i te tātaritanga o te mahi hau , i reira ki te whakauru i te pūnaha katoa o ngā whakamāramatanga me ngā ariā. Ko te fakakātoa 'o' faaotiraa katoa a hanga te rohe rangahau katoa, i huaina "Engineering thermodynamics". I roto i te thermodynamics, i whāngai i te maha o ngā whakapae, e kore e haape i te whakatau matua. Utauta tinana - hau Rangitahi (kore ngā i roto i te āhua) e taea te kōpeke ki te kore rōrahi nei rāpoi ngota e kore e taunekeneke. I roto i te taiao māori te tīariari anake hau tūturu, e whai āhuatanga pai-tautuhi indistinguishable i te hau pai.

Hei tiro i tētahi tauira o te akiakinga o te inu mahi, kua reira kua fokotu'u ture o thermodynamics, e whakaahua te tukanga thermodynamic taketake pērā i:

• tukanga isochoric - he tukanga whakamana e te kahore te huri i te rōrahi o te wai e mahi ana. Here isochoric tukanga, v = const;
• tukanga isobaric - he tukanga whakamana e te kahore te huri i te pēhanga i roto i te wai mahi. Here tukanga isobaric, P = const;
• isothermal (isothermal) tukanga - he tukanga whakamana e te i te tiaki i te pāmahana i te taumata tomu'a. Here tukanga isothermal, T = const;
• tukanga adiabatic (adiabatic, na ka karanga te mea i te Engineering Thermal hou) - he tukanga, whakamana i roto i te wāhi i waho te utu o te wera ki te taiao. Here o te tukanga adiabatic, q = 0;
• tukanga polytropic - ko te tukanga whānui e whakaahua ana i te tukanga thermodynamic katoa whakahuatia i runga ake, me rite te tahi atu rave'a katoa mo fakahoko i roto i te puoto ki te kōkeke turanga.

I roto i te hanganga o te engines wera tuatahi rapu huringa i roto i nei ki te tiki i te tōtika rawa (whakarea o mahi). Sadi Carnot, ui he huinga o ngā tukanga thermodynamic, i runga i te râ haere ki te whanaketanga o tona huringa, ko muri ia ia - ko te huringa Carnot. Reira raupapa i mahi isothermal, na te tukanga kōpeketanga adiabatic. Ko te wai te mahi i muri i te whakatinanatanga o enei tukanga e te rahui o pūngao ā-, engari kua kore i oti te huringa, kia whakawhānui te inu mahi kei te ka mahi tukanga roha isothermal. Hei whakaoti i te huringa me te hoki ki te mahi tawhā inu tuatahi, whakamana tukanga roha adiabatic te.

whakamatauria Carnot e te tōtika i roto i tona huringa tae te mōrahi, ka tei anake i runga i nga pāmahana o te isotherms e rua. Ko te teitei te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou, te tōtika correspondingly teitei waiariki. Nganatanga ki te hanga i tētahi pūkaha o te huringa Carnot wera me kua tutuki. Ko te huringa pai e kore e taea te whakamana. Otiia whakamatauria e ia te parau tumu matua o te ture tuarua o thermodynamics, e pā ana ki te eita o te whiwhi i te mahi, e rite ana ki nga utu o te pūngao ngāwhā. he maha o ngā whakamāramatanga i whakatakoto te ture tuarua (ture) te ture o thermodynamics, rite ki nei Rudolf Clausius whakaurua te ariā o te piraunga. Kei te piki haere te piraunga, e arata'i ki waiariki "mate" - te mutunga matua o tona rangahau.

Ko te paetae tino nui te māramatanga Clausius o tukanga adiabatic i roto i tona whakatinanatanga o te inu e mahi e kore e te piraunga huri. Na reira, ko te tukanga adiabatic Clausius - he s = const. Tenei s - ko te piraunga, e homai ingoa tetahi mo kawea te tukanga i roto i kahore tuku tango wera, ranei - tukanga isentropic. Kei te rapu Scientists mo te taua engine wera huringa, nga wahi katoa i reira i te hua i roto i te te piraunga. Ko, kāore, tenei ia i taea e kore e hanga. Na reira whakapae e kore e taea te hanga te pūkaha wera i te katoa.

Otiia kihai katoa kairangahau i whirihora na fakatu'atamaki. I rapu ratou mo te huringa tūturu mo te mihini waiariki. Ka rite ki te hua o to ratou rapu i hanga Nikolaus August Otto tona pūkaha wera huringa, e kei te whakatinana i teie nei i roto i engines rere i runga i te penehīni. Here, te tukanga whakamana e kōpeketanga adiabatic o te tinana mahi me te supply wera isochoric (wahie parariraa i rōrahi tamau), ka i reira he roha adiabatic (mahi mahi e te reo e mahi ana i roto i te tukanga o te whakanui ake i tona rōrahi), me tango wera isochoric. Ko te tuatahi engines ngingiha ā o te huringa Otto i whakamahia rite te hau wahie he pūkākā. He nui i muri i whakaaro ai carburetors e kua riro benzovozdushnoy te hanga i tētahi ranunga o te rangi ki te kohu penehīni me te kai ratou ki te puoto pūkaha.

I roto i te Otto te kōpeke ranunga huringa wahie, na te nui o te kōpeketanga o ona iti - ranunga wahie he hehema ki whakapahū (pahū ka nga tenge tino me pāmahana). Na reira, ko te āhua iti te mahi i roto i te tukanga kōpeketanga adiabatic. Tenei whakamōhio tatou tetahi ariā: te ōwehenga kōpeketanga - te ōwehenga o te rōrahi katoa ki te rōrahi kōpeketanga.

Te kimi huarahi ki te whakapiki ake i te tōtika wahie o te pūngao tonu. kakama Nui ake kitea i roto i te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga kōpeketanga. Rudolf Diesel whakawhanakehia tona huringa i roto i i kawea te supply wera i roto i te pēhanga tamau (i roto i te tukanga isobaric). Ko tōna huringa ko te pūtake mō engines whakamahi wahie diesel (hoki e mohiotia ana ko diesel wahie). I roto i te huringa e kore te ranunga Diesel wahie kōpeke, me te rangi. Na reira, e mea ratou e whakamana i te mahi i roto i te tukanga adiabatic. kawea te pāmahana, me te pēhanga i te mutunga o te kōpeketanga tiketike, pera i roto i te werohanga pupuha wahie i roto. Kei te konatunatua reira ki hau wera ki te hanga i te ranunga combustible. kaitahu reira, tenei faarahi te pūngao ā o te wai e mahi ana. hau atu i te roha adiabatic te, meatia e mahi patu.

E ngana ana ki te whakatinana i te huringa Diesel rahua engines wera, huringa na hanga ngā Gustav Trinkler Trinklera. A faaohipa i te reira i roto i ngā pūkaha diesel o tenei ra. I roto i te huringa o te wera tukua e Trinklera isochore, a ka i runga i nga isobars. Anake i muri i meatia tenei ko te tukanga adiabatic o roha o te wai e mahi ana.

Na roto i te faaauraa ki te engines wera kōkeke me mahi mīhini huri hiko. Ko ratou tukanga o te tango wera i te mutunga o te roha adiabatic whai hua o te hau whakamana e isobars. I te manureva, engines hau mīhini huri hiko, me te tukanga turboprop adiabatic puta rua i roto i kōpeketanga me te roha.

Ki te whakatika i te ariā taketake katoa o tukanga adiabatic kua whakaarohia tātai whakataunga. He puta he uara nui, ka karanga te taupū adiabatic. Ko tōna uara mō te hau diatomic (hāora me te hauota - ko nga haurehu diatomic matua reira i roto i te rangi) rite ki te 1.4. Hei tātai i te taupū adiabatic whakamahia e rua ngā āhuatanga ngā, ara, kaha wera isobaric me isochoric o te wai e mahi ana. Ko te ōwehenga o te k = Cp / CV - ko te taupū adiabatic.

He aha te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga adiabatic i roto i huringa ariā o engines wera? Mau whakamana tukanga polytropic, engari e tika ana ki te meka e puta ratou i te tere tiketike, kua manakohia reira ki amo te ngaro o te utu wera ki te taiao.

90% o te hiko i hanga e tipu mana waiariki. I roto i a ratou ka rite ki te inu mahi whakamahia mamaoa. Kei te whakaputaina te reira, no te kohua. Hei whakanui i te kaha mahi o korohū, he reira superheated. Na, tukua te pēhanga teitei steam superheated te ki te mīhini huri hiko mamaoa. Reira e tuu adiabatic roha tukanga mamaoa hoki. Mīhini huri hiko tangata okeoke, kua tuku ai ki te generator hiko. E, i roto i te tahuri, mahia hiko mō kiritaki. whakahaere kapohau Steam i runga i te huringa Rankine. Tümanako te pā ana hoki kakama ki te hua i roto i te pāmahana me te pēhanga mamaoa.

Ka rite ki kite i te runga ake, ko te tino noa i roto i te hanga o puai aunoa me te hiko te tukanga adiabatic.