He aha te mea te whakahaere-whaiaro? Processes, te mau parau tumu, me te ariā o te whakahaere-whaiaro

Ko te pātai o te mea he whaiaro whakahaere-, he rawa ngā. Whakaaroa te reira i roto i tenei tuhinga. pūnaha whaiaro-whakarite - ko te tukanga tina heke e hua i te pāhekoheko o ona ngā kaiuru ki te putanga o ngā hanganga tōtika atu tenei.

Ko te ako o te hapori, me te āhua whakaatu e maha ngā hanganga matatini tuwhera, e ngā o te maha nui o pūnaha, ahei i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake ki te kukuwhatanga me whaiaro whakahaere-.

Ko te hītori o te ako o te whakahaere-whaiaro

Kua ako hoki te iwi whānui, me te tukanga māori o te whaiaro faufaa-, ara i te taumata taumauri minita waitara ranei, mai i te wa o Aristotle. Kua tuhituhia rau o ngā pepa e pā ana ki te āhua o te ao mahi, he aha takoto te take pakiaka o te pūmautanga me te tapatahi o te ao kua vai no te pirioni ua tau. Ngā kua meinga whakapeka tenei raruraru i roto i te rau tau whakamutunga, i roto i te hawhe tuarua. Kei te hono te reira ki te whanaketanga o cybernetics.

māramatanga cybernetic

Ko te rapunga whakaaro mo te wa roa te nuinga e te titiro i tenei tukanga rite tūturu i roto i ngā pūnaha ora tītohunga anake. Whaiaro-whakahaere i roto i te natura, hei tauira - he rauropi, ora pūtau, he taupori koiora. Kia mataara te kahui o manu, popokorua pi ranei, a ka matau koutou he aha te mea i te reira.

māramatanga Cybernetic o whakahaere-whaiaro, e ko te whakamāramatanga o reira rite te hanganga centralized aroākapa te wahi te raro e tango mōhiohio i runga i urupare hongere anake rite te hua whakamutunga, ka whakatau anake i te tihi, kihai i taea e ki te whakaata i te mahi tūturu o te pūnaha, tona whīwhiwhi, me te hanga i ngā tukanga whakamārama te tauira, e tupu i roto i te rōpū matatini.

huarahi Non-puāwaitanga

Roto o cybernetics i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te 1950 puta au nonclassical whakapumautia mo te ako o te pūnaha rerekē (whaiaro whakahaere-o te mea, te pāpori). I roto i tenei anga, i tū he tikanga piri ki te synergistic atu i te cybernetic (whakaaro nei he aronui). Norbert Wiener, te kaiwhakarewa o cybernetics, hei kua tetahi o neklassikov e whakawakia te parau tumu o te whakahaere-whaiaro. I roto i te rau tau XX, i roto i te tīmatanga o nga 1960, M. L. Tsetlin, kaiputaiao Soviet, tuhituhi e pā ana ki te meka i te mea e whakaaro tatou whakahaere rite te ara ki te whakatutuki te mea kei te tupu i te tihi ki raro, ka ka te pūnaha kia tino uaua. Machines, ki te e hoatu e matou te ture e ratou nga kaupae e tika ana, i waho te hiahia mō ngā tohutohu. Ko, i roto i tona whakaaro, te parau tumu o te whakahaere-whaiaro.

Synergetics rite te ako

Pakia tahitanga i puta i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru i roto i te tau 1975 i whakatūria rite te aronga hou i roto i te pūtaiao, te tino whaihua, tino fakalahi te whānuitanga o ngā tukanga rerekē o whaiaro-whakahaere, cybernetics ako i mua. I roto i nga mahi o tenei au e taea te kï e kitea te whaiaro whakahaere-rite te tītohunga te rite ao hoki e rua ora-kore me ngā pūnaha ora. Ko ki te whakataki o te pūtaiao wā "Synergetics" tuhia te ahua o nga huarahi matua e rua ki te ako: cybernetic me synergetic. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i enei ariā e rua rawa ki te whakaaro ki te arotahi i te whanonga pūnaha e puta i te aroaro o nga tukanga o te whakahaere-whaiaro.

Rerekētanga huarahi synergistic me cybernetic

Ko te huarahi cybernetic presupposes te tetahi whāinga tomu'a ki ai whangai ana ratou ake pūnaha, a tawhio noa nei ngā reira iho. e kore e huarahi synergetic rapua e te ūnga. Mai i tona mata o te tirohanga rite te pānga mahitahi i waenga i nga āhuatanga ngā o te pūnaha, ko te whakakitea whaiaro whakahaere-.

huarahi Tapeke rua

A piri Synergetics me Cybernetics faufaa nui ki te ariā pērā i "whakahaere", ko te kupu te taviniraa take rerekē. Cybernetics whakawhanake tikanga me hātepe e hanga i taua taea ki te whakahaere i te pūnaha kia Acts tohua ai i roto i te ara mua. I roto i te whakamātautau, i roto i te tetahi tahitanga ara huri ngā tawhā mana, me te tūhuratia whaiaro whakahaere-rite te tauhohenga ki a ratou, e ko, te ngā āhua i ai te whakawhitinga pūnaha raro i te mana ki runga ki taua mea o taua mana. Ko, i raro i te mana o te tino aratai ngā o te pūnaha cybernetic whakaritea, a kahore e tona whanonga synergistic tika pā i te tawhā mana. Ratou tīmata tikanga o ā whaiaro whakahaere-anake. Na titiro synergetic, a cybernetic pūnaha whanonga arotahi, engari i roto i te take tuatahi, whiriwhiri te pūnaha te ara o te whanaketanga ano ki te teitei o te whakahaere, me te whakaturia tenei i roto i te mua i roto i te rua i te whāinga.

Synergetics me whaiaro whakahaere-

I teie mahana, te tikanga o "whaiaro whakahaere-" tata ki te ariā o "tahitanga." Kei te maha whakamahia ratou rite taurite mō te pūtaiao. I roto i te meka, enei ariā e rua e ako i te ara i roto i te wāhi me te wa i reira ko te whakahaere i roto i o te hepohepo (whaiaro whakahaere-) me te ari ritenga (tukanga samodezorganizatsii) e taea te kitea i roto i ngā pūnaha o tetahi natura, e matatini, tuwhera, me te disequilibrium hihiri. Rua o te huarahi i runga ake-whakahuatia (synergistic me cybernetic) he pūtake noa: Communications, noa puta i waenganui i nga mea timatanga, tukua ki a koutou te hanga i te hanganga, te whakahaere o te pūnaha e tika ana ki te kia kawea i roto i kahore tetahi whakahau mana ki taunekeneke rohe.

Ko te au o ngā pūnaha whaiaro-whakahaere

I te tīmatanga, kōrero ki te āhuatanga o te whaiaro-whakahaere, i roto i ngā pūnaha matatini, kua riro te reira i to ratou fafauraa ki te pūmautanga homeostatic, tiaki o tapatahi. Kia kï hoki nga ngā matua e whai ake nei i roto i te whanonga o te whaiaro-whakahaere i te mau amuiraa: ki te kia rite noa ki taea i runga i te āhua o te hepohepo, mōrahi tauritenga te piraunga. Synergetics, i te tahi atu te ringa, tautohe e reira he kahore whanaketanga kahore tapepe, puta reira i tupurangi, ahotea. whai wāhi mōrearea me te tapepe ki te kōwhiringa me te tāutu o te pai. Te raruraru ōhanga, hei tauira, pekanga, fokotu'utu'u, whakarato he wāhi mō te taitamariki, me te kaha ki te haapaari i mua, kia rite ki mangere me te ngoikore - ki te hoatu ki runga o ratou wahi i roto i te mākete. Ko te pūnaha, e taea te whakaaro pai, kia rite ki matau reira rohe e ka taea i roto i tenei rohe o te tapepe tukua stochasticity, ka whakamōhio ia i runga i te tahi mau ture i roto i te āhua, whakahohe nga huarahi o te whakahaere-whaiaro. E ko, whawhai ana ia ki te piraunga me te mōrea.

Whaiaro-whakahaere o te pūnaha - te tukanga o te huri ona āhuatanga (tūnga ranei) i takea kahore etahi ngā timata ahakoa o tcelepolaganija puna. Kukume ona tikanga take kia rua-roto, me te waho. Ko reira āhuatanga hoki taua mea rite whaiaro whakahaere-i roto i te natura, te hapori, ranei pūnaha ora-kore. Ka taea hoki te kōrero e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o tenei tukanga.

He huinga o te tikanga whaiaro whakahaere-

Kua kitea e matou e tenei whaiaro whakahaere-i roto i te natura, ora-kore pūnaha, me te hapori. He aha e ona tikanga? Ko te kohinga o nga huarahi katoa o whakahaere-whaiaro ngā te kōwhiringa, whakapapa, rerekētanga. Ko tenei he aha tau i Moiseev, academician, e pā ana ki te mākete. E tuku te reira i te momo o ngā kōwhiringa me te pūmautanga, ture pūnaha me te mau parau tumu o te kōwhiringa te whiriwhiri i te hunga whai hua tino. Ko te mākete, o Mohi, kua ako Ricardo ko Smith - ko te take motuhake o te ao mākete pera-ka karanga. kihai i taea e Nature haere ake ki tētahi atu kaupapa. Na haere iwi i runga i te ara kua takahia, no te mea etahi noa kihai i te tīariari: te arorau i nei whakaraupapa te ōhanga o te natura, me te ōhanga tangata e ngā.

momo o te whakahaere-whaiaro

I te tahi taime i tāutuhia karaipi momo pāpori, koiora, me te hangarau o te whakahaere-whaiaro, whakapono e hāngai ana o ratou tikanga e i runga i te mau parau tumu rerekē:

- e hāngai ana pāpori (whaiaro whakahaere-o te hapori) e i runga i tetahi hōtaka pāpori o harmonization o whanaunga, tae atu i te ture, ngā uara me ngā kaupapa matua, e te huri i runga i te wā;

hāngai ana te hōtaka koiora kei i runga i te tiaki o te momo (ira), me te te kōwhiringa, whakapapa me te rerekētanga (topu- o Darwin) -;

- e hāngai ana i runga i te hōtaka hangarau e rave i te hātepe mahi neke aunoa motuhake i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē (Autopilot, missiles whāhoki me te rite).

Fakakaukau'i atu te mea whaiaro whakahaere-, mōhiotanga o te hononga ngā i waenganui reira me te whakahaere i roto i ngā pūnaha pāpori - te mahi tino nui o te pūtaiao. I roto i tetahi kamupene, te kamupene ki te mana arotahi faaohipa e te tikanga o mahere, tuhinga, aronga, tohutohu, tikanga, i reira e tonu tukanga whaiaro whakahaere-e e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o te pūnaha rite te katoa, ki ngā kohinga kaha. Na te nui o tenei whaiaro whakahaere-kia? He reira tetahi mau parau tumu whānui, ahakoa he taea reira ki te awhina o te matauranga mahi, me te ki te whakawhanake i te reo hou i roto i tenei whakaaro i te tūtohutanga?

Whaiaro-whakahaere i roto i ngā pūnaha pāpori

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te mārō atu ko te pūnaha mana, na reira he iti wāhi mo te hanga me te whaiaro whakahaere-. Otiia tuku haere i roto i ngā huānga manu noa o te pūnaha, e kore matou e taea te whakatutuki i te whakaaro tikanga e tatou. Whaiaro-whakahaere o te hapori, i runga i te ringa kotahi, e tutuki e ngā mahi kāore, mahi tahi ōpaki. Otiia i runga i te tahi atu - whakawhetai ki te pai-whakaritea, te mana mahi whai take e te ūnga mārama tohua.

Na, he aha te mea te whakahaere-whaiaro i roto i te hapori? I roto i ngā pūnaha pāpori riro kukuwhatanga te whai ake:

- Ko te aroaro o te tetahi whāinga-mua ki te e whangai ana ratou ake pūnaha, samoorganizuyas a tawhio noa tenei raruraru. Play he wāhi nui ngā kaupapa matua whanaketanga auaha, auaha, tupu ngaio, me te whakarei ake i te mana o te mahi tēnā.

- Ihuoneone, ngāwari me te rerekētanga o te hanganga mana. Te mono i e tikanga whakahaere o te pāpori, me te hinengaro. Modern whatunga hanganga ngāwari whakaū he kohinga kaha ngā, ai whakarato he hua i roto i te pānga katoa. Aroākapa pakeke mahue ki te whaiaro whakahaere-o ngā āhuatanga iti. faaite te reira i ano i roto i te meka e kore nga wae iti motuhake e pā ana ki ngā mahi o ia rā ngā hanganga uiui e arai ruruku o ngā whakataunga i runga i whakapae, me te poutū.

- decentralization, whänui, nui haere hua kaiuru takitahi, whai wāhi o ia ki te tango i whakatau whakahaere, me te hihiri ki te mahi.

- Whakamahia te momo o take o whakawhitihia ngā mōhiohio, hanga kaha, mohio-pehea, te matauranga, me ētahi atu

- whaiaro-mana,-mātauranga whaiaro, whaiaro mātauranga-. kia waiho te u mo tenei whakaaro ki te waihanga i etahi tikanga.

- te whanaketanga Whaiaro hiahiatia ki te neke i te whakahaere ki te taumata muri (huringa hanganga, te whanaketanga o te ūnga hou, te haaputuputuraa o te mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga).

Kua whakaaro matou e taua whaiaro-whakahaere, tona whakamāramatanga, pū me ngā momo. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea e kite, tenei wā whānui tenei ra whakaritea tītohunga i roto i ngā pūnaha ora me te ora-kore. Ko, te whaiaro whakahaere-a mea, me te hapori e tino rite. Ko te tino ngā rite te ao tenei tukanga taonga o ngā pūnaha.