Informatics. kīanga faafariuraa arorau

Ka āta tirohia e te mahi e whakaarohia ana i roto i te taipitopito te pātai taui kīanga arorau. I tua atu, whakaaro matou tango koe i te akoranga poto i runga i arorau, e ka whakatika i te ture taketake me ngā ariā. Tahuri kīanga arotau - ko reira rawa he tukanga uaua, ki te kahore maheni ki nga mita katoa o te tumu parau.

ka titiro akoranga Informatics ohie, me te hoatu i pai ai, ki te āta pānui koe i tēnei tuhinga me te ako i te tikanga me ture o panoni, whakaoti rapanga, me te tuhi ake kaupapa. whakahere tatou ki te tīmata tika i teie nei.

arorau o pūtaiao

arorau Basic - he rawa he kaupapa uaua tenei, kua hoki reira pukapuka na he tokomaha i tuhituhia. E aparau teie tuhinga nga taketake o te ture o te huringa o kīanga arorau, e ko, ko te tino poto, me te takiwa, mōhiohio. He mea tika ki te whakaaro i te whai kiko ake hangarau rorohiko me te kaupapa whare.

Hei timata ki te mea arorau, me he aha te mea te reira hoki? He mea nui ki te mōhio e ko te pūtaiao e tirohia nga puka me ngā tikanga o te whakaaroaro ana tenei. Katoa e kite ana tatou, whakarongo e, whakarongo ki te ture ranei. maka tatou i te pōro i te teitei - tonu ia rere ki raro, rite raro ki nga ture o te ahupūngao. Silica te kawhe ata, tāpiri huka, me te maroke matū tonu tareka i te wai, whakarongo ki nga ture o te ahupūngao. Ko tatou i roto i te aparauraa ki hoa, faaite ratou mahere: "Ki te ahau pai tiakina ahau mahi, whiwhi koe i te pōkairua", "kihai ahau i whiwhi ki te tae i te motokā, rite kei te hanga ko reira." Kahore fakatokanga'i, hanga tatou katoa o matou kōrero, kua hāngai ki runga ki arorau me ona ture. Na he aha pūtaiao ko te arorau? O te akoranga, i mohio ona ture, ka waiho koutou taea ki te tika te whakatau i te putanga o te kaupapa no te mea kahore ratou e whai ki te mahi i te tupurangi me te mōrea.

Ahakoa te whakaaro ko te tino he tukanga matatini, Heoi, e taea te wehea te reira ki etahi wāhanga, ranei kaua, te puka (ki te awhina o e reira ko te faaiteraa o te whakaaro):

• ariā;
• tauākī;
• whakaaroaro ana;
• taunakitanga.

whakahere ano hoki matou ki a koe te haere ki te mahi arorau, me te whakaahua ke kīanga arorau. ka hei hangarau mōhiohio hoki koutou he ngahau me te rawa ohie kaupapa, ki te pānui i koe tēnei tuhinga āta.

mahi arorau

Na whakahere tatou ki te kia maheni ki te mahi arorau. E mea pinepine i roto i te tīkiti o te whakamātautau kāwanatanga kotahi i roto i te Wāhanga B puta noa ngā mahi mō te tahuri kīanga arorau ki wā tau. e kore e taea te whakatika ratou ki waho o te matauranga o nga mahi arorau.

He aha te mea te mahi matua o tenei pūtaiao? O te akoranga, te ako o kīanga arorau (e rua matatini, me te ohie). Pehea Ko te whakaaro uaua? Na roto i te hanumi noa, e he e tika ana ki te mea tuhonohono e, e kua mohiotia rite mahi.

Tapeke E rima aho:

• koaro (arā, kāore, mā te whakamahi i tenei mahi, ka taea e te tiki e koe i te tauākī, anga ke ki tenei: haere ahau ki nga kiriata tenei ra - e kore e haere i tenei ra ahau e ahau ki nga kiriata);
• disjunction (kei te maha tenei mahi ki te tua rite arorau, i roto i te tikanga ki te hanga i te reira mārama, hoatu he tauira ohie o te ora: "Ki te whai ahau i te ānini puku ranei, katahi ahau ka kore e haere ki te kura" - he pono tenei faaiteraa, ki te tangohia ki pūkete i te iti rawa tetahi o nga whakaritenga );
• taha (maha kīia ki rite te whakareatanga arorau: "Ki te ka horoi ahau nga rihi, me te mahi i nga haapiiraa, ka haere hoki he haere ki te hoa" - ka e pono tenei faaiteraa, ki te e riro e rua tikanga ki pūkete);
• te pānga (ka karanga i roto i te arorau o tenei mahi e whai, kāore, he taea reira ki te whakaatu i te āhuatanga ora: ka hei te mahi teka ki te hiahia te tahi mea ki te mahi, engari kihai i mahi, i roto i te tahi atu te wā, ka kia pono te mahi);
• ōrite (ōritetanga, ki te he pono teka ranei nga tauākī e rua ranei, te hua tiki tatou te pono).

He mea nui ki te mōhio e i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko, denoted tetahi faaiteraa ohie e te reta whakapaipai o te tātai reta Latin. Next, he mea e tika ana ki te mahara tepu pono mo ia mahi. Me mōhio e kore te mea e tika ana ki te tamau aau, kaua e mahino anake nga mahi.

tepu pono

taha

Ko te whakapuaki tuatahi (A)	Te whakapuaki tuarua (B)	Hua (C)
L	L	L
A	L	L
L	A	L
A	A	A

disjunction

He	Ko te	C
L	L	L
A	L	A
L	A	A
A	A	A

koaro

He	Ko te
A	L
L	A

pānga

He	Ko te	C
L	L	A
A	L	L
L	A	A
A	A	A

ōrite

He	Ko te	C
L	L	A
A	L	L
L	A	L
A	A	A

I tua atu, he mea nui ki te mōhio i te meka e takoto i roto i te arorau tohua e te tau 0, me whakapuaki pono - te whika 1. hoki koutou haratau, ka taea e koe te tono me te tāpiri tango ranei tohu. Kia whai whakaaro ki te meka e te faaiteraa teka, me te pono i roto i te papa e whakaarohia ana tohua ki te pukapuka "Ihowa" me "ahau" aua.

whare

I mua i puta me te whakatau i to ratou ake hanga ki te faafariuraa o kīanga arorau. Tetahi pūhui ranei, rite i mea mua, ngā faaiteraa matatini o rua nga wahi:

• taurangi e kua denoted e pukapuka o te tātai reta;
• Tohu e tohu mahi me e hono ki tetahi ki tetahi kīanga ohie.

Tuhia he kīanga i roto i te reo o te taurangi o arorau? Ki te mahi i tenei, e hiahia ana koe ki te mahi i te maha nga mea:

• faaite i mea katoa ki kīanga ohie;
• reta rawea, aua huānga;
• ngā te hono i waenganui i kīanga ohie;
• tuhituhi i te kīanga hua ki te awhina o pūāhua taurangi motuhake o arorau.

whakaaro tatou ki te whakaaro i te tauira ohie: (Z * F = 5, Z ranei * F = 4), me te (Z * kore e rite ki te 5 Z ranei F * kore e rite ki te 4 F). He tika te reira ki te whakauru mo te taurangi 2. I muri i taua, tiki matou te faaiteraa (4 5 ranei = 4 = 4), me te (4 E kore te mea rite ki te 5 4 E kore te mea rite ki te 4 ranei). I muri i te mahi, me ngā tatou te faaiteraa me nga hononga ki waenganui ia ratou, kia rite e whai ake nei: (Z F ranei) me (e kore e Z F ranei). I muri i taua, e ti'a ia tatou ki te tahuri tenei tuhi, hei whakakapi i te tauākī uara. I roto i taua take, ki te he pono te faaiteraa, na ko reira tika ki te whakakapi 1, te kore - 0. whiwhi tatou: G = 1 me 1. I muri i te tātai tika, whiwhi tatou i te hua: G = 1, e ko he pono he faaiteraa matatini.

ture

Na ani manihini matou ki a koutou ki te whakaaro i te ture o ngā ture arorau me ngā kīanga arorau tauiraa. He mea nui ki te whakahua e taea te tahuri tetahi faaiteraa arorau ki tetahi atu te whakamahi i te ture o te arorau. Na to tatou he titiro i te katoa ture kotahi tekau.

Tuatahi i runga i to tatou rārangi - te "ture o whakakorehanga rua." Ko, te faaiteraa "kore (e kore e te)" ka kia te faaiteraa o "A".

Ko roto i te pāngarau ture kōrerorero, mahara he reira tino ohie. He + B = B + A, A * B = B * A.

ture herekore - (D + E) + F = (D + F) + E, tano te tikanga ano ki te whakareatanga arorau.

ture Distribution - ko reira he reu tuwhera pūmotu. Tauira: (A + B) * C = (He * C) + (B * C).

ture De Morgan o: kahore (A + B) = * Nea Neuve, e kore (te * B) + = hea HEB, hea AimplikatsiyaV = + B, e kore (AimplikatsiyaV) = He * Neuve.

Idempotency: X + X = C C = C * ranei.

taimau Okotahi: X = 1 + 1 + X 0 = X; X = X * 1, X * 0 = 0.

Next tīpako tatou te ture o te whakateka, na roto i te whai i te reira, ka taea e tatou te mea i te whārite e whai ake nei: V * = 0 Neuve.

Ko te arorau Ko me absorption ture, i roto i te mahi, ko te rite whai: + C (C * D) = C C * ranei (C + D) = C.

He nui ano hoki te reira ki te mahara okotahi ture kīanga faafariuraa arorau: (P * E) + (HEC * E) = E ranei (C + E) * (HEC + E) = E.

Ki te titiro koe i roto i te taipitopito i ka mahara nga ture katoa aroaro i roto i tenei wāhanga, e kore e nga raruraru ki te panoni puta. E rite nui ko te tikanga o te mahi. Homai te tūemi atu te aro ki te tohatoha tika o ngā mahi o te raupapa - ko te matua ki te otinga tika o te raruraru.

Ture me ture o te panoni, me te whakangāwaritanga, te tikanga o nga mahi, me tauira

He tino ngāwari ki te mahara ture arorau me ture kīanga panoni arorau. Ki te ngakau rua koutou i te pono o ara tetahi o ratou, ka tirohia koe. Ki te mahi i tenei, e hiahia ana koe ki te noho 10 meneti o koutou wa, me te hanga i te tepu pono mo te whakautu.

Na whakaaro tatou ki te whakaaro i te ture o te arorau me ngā ture panoni kīanga arorau ki tauira motuhake. Ko te tika tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te tika whakatika riro te matauranga. Kia whai whakaaro ngā ki te raupapa mahi.

E hoatu matou: C + (HEC * E). He mea tika ki te faaohie i te faaiteraa. Ko te mea tuatahi whakahere tatou ki te whakatuwhera i te taiapa. Na ka whiwhi tatou i te kīanga e whai ake nei: (C + HEC) * (C + E). Me kï reira tonu e hoatu te tua arorau o rua tauākī ritenga tatou te pono. He aha whiwhi tatou rite te hua o: 1 * (C + E). Ano whakatuwhera i te taiapa: (1 * C) + (1 + E). Na kotahi ano mahara tatou nga ture, me te whiwhi i te whakahoki: C + E.

Ka rite ki kua kite koutou, he tino ohie mea katoa. Hei whakaoti Me enei raruraru ki mahara te ture i i tabulahia i roto i te wāhanga o mua. whakahere tatou ki te neke ki te whakaoti rapanga arorau, rite tenei mahi ko te iti ake uaua o mua.

Hui nga wero

Ua maheni tatou ki te taketake o te pūtaiao i huaina "arorau", te huringa o kīanga arorau, tatou arotakengia poto nga ture kua whakarārangitia. Ko te mahi uaua tino ki te faaineineraa o kīanga arorau - tenei mahi. He mea nui ki te mōhio e taea te whakatika ratou ki te awhina o ngā tohenga, te faaiteraa faafariuraa tikanga ripanga ranei. whakaaro tatou ki te whakaaro tetahi o ratou i roto i ngā kōrero.

E toru tamariki (Cyril, Anton me wheua) i roto i te ruma kotahi. Kitea rawatia ake ki mama rongo i roto o te kīhini te tangi o te kapu pakaru. rere ia ki ana tama, ka mea, "Ko wai tenei i?" Ko te whakahoki i rite whai: ka mea a Kirill e kua pakaru te kapu kahore wheua, a Anton; ka mea a Anton i reira Kostya hei utu Cyril; Kostya ta e kore ko te kaiwero Anton. E matau ana tatou e kua korerotia te tangata tetahi o nga tamariki tona whaea te pono. Me koe ki te kitea i roto i te hunga whawhati te kapu.

Arorau, pehi te whakahoki Cyril me Anton tahi e te tahi, me te Cyril Kostya. Nō reira, e kore ratou e taea e rua e pono. hanga tatou i te mutunga e whai ake nei - Anton ko Kostya korerotia te pono, ko Cyril ko te kaiwero o te kapu pakaru. whakamahia i tēnei tikanga i whakaaroaro. Na tirotiro rongoā ki te raruraru taua, anake i te tikanga o te faaiteraa faafariuraa. Hei timata, whakamōhio tatou whakapotonga:

• pakaru kapu Cyril - KR;
• Na - pakaru te kapu te Anton;
• K - te ino o te wheua.

Ka mea te tamaiti:

• Cyril - Neck, A;
• Anton - Necro, K;
• Kostya - Nope.

Tuku ki te hanga i te faaiteraa, ki te i teka Kostya, a korerotia Cyril ko Anton te pono: HEK * A = 1 me K * necro = 1 me te A = 1. Converting faaiteraa, whiwhi tatou he totohe: 0 = 1. He hē to matou whakaaro, he mea e tika ana ki te tirohia atu whakapae.

Ki te amo tatou e kua teka Cyril, ko Anton ko Kostya korerotia tona whaea te pono, ka te kīanga e whai ake nei: K * Nea = 1 me K = 1 * Necro ko Nea = 1. Whakamāmā i te faaiteraa whiwhi tatou KR * * Nea HEK = 1. Tenei kōrero i tika to tatou whakaaro, pono, whawhati Cyril he kapu, a teka ki toku whaea.

tikanga ripa o whakaoti

Whakaaro nga ture o arorau, me te huringa o ngā kīanga arorau, tino i awhina tatou ki akakoromaki i te mahi, te aroaro nei i roto i te wāhanga o mua. Na whakaaro tatou ki te whakaaro i te tikanga ripa o otinga ki te raruraru e whai ake nei.

Dmitry, Anatoly ko Lyudmila he pā o reta poutāpeta, e matau ana tatou e ora katoa i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ao, me te whai runaruna rerekē. Whakatau e ora i roto i te mea pa, me te aha hiahia. Ko nga meka e whai ake nei:

• kore i Dmitri i ki Paris, a Lyudmila - i roto i Roma;
• kotahi e ora ana i roto i Paris, kihai i rite ki te kiriata;
• kua he tangata e ora i roto i Roma, kua waiata;
• Lyudmila whakakonekone ki te hītekiteki.

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaoti i te raruraru, e hiahia ana koe ki te hanga i te tepu iti.

France	Italy	United States		wa	ori	kiriata
			Dmitry
			Anatoly
			Lyudmila

Muri, koutou e hiahiatia ana mōrahi aro. Mea katoa i kite koe i roto i te huru, kia kitea i roto i tenei tepu. I roto i te akoranga o te whakakī, ka riro mārama e whai ake:

• ora Dmitry i Roma, a kua waiata;
• Anatoly ora i roto i Paris a frequents te hītekiteki;
• Lyudmila - te mea powhiriwhiri nui o te pikitia, e ora ana i roto i te United States.

Koa kotahi ano tona whakarongo ki te meka i tohua te faaiteraa pono ki tau 1 me te teka - 0 Whakakī i roto i te tepu ki enei tohu, ka kitea e hohoro koutou te whakahoki ki te pātai e anaanatae koutou.

Mikroskhematika

Tauira o te faafariuraa o te kīanga arorau e kua arotakengia matou, he tino uaua i mawhiti tuatahi. katoa e taea te hoatu te tīkiti o te huru whakamātautau kāwanatanga kotahi i roto i te puka o maramara.

Te reira i ko nui ki mohio e katoa mamati ngā pūrere e hāngai i runga i te feruriraa mea timatanga, e ko, etahi whakaaro e mahi i te arorau pānga.

Kua kua korero matou e pā ana ki te mahi pērā i te taha (whakareatanga arorau). Te reira i ko te nuinga o denoted i te tohu &. Ko te tika tenei mahi mo te taha o te maha uara. I roto i te pikitia e taea kite koe i te ara iahiko whakareatanga arorau.

Ko e tika ana hoki te iteraa o te disjunction o etahi o nga uara tāuru disjunction mahi. A, no te tuhituhi kīanga tenei mahi ko te nuinga o denoted i te tohu U. I roto i te pikitia whakaatu i te hoahoa.

koaro mahi ko te kaitahuri kīanga kotahi i roto i te ritenga atu. I roto i te pikitia e taea kite koe i pehea titiro te iahiko "kore."

TAUIRA whakangāwaritanga o tātai №1

Me noaa te ture i runga mō te tahuri kīanga arorau i roto i te mahi. Te reira i ko whaia tenei whāinga, matou whakaaro ki te whakaoti i runga i to ratou ake e rua tauira o te reo uaua, me te whakaritea ki te hua i roto i tēnei wāhanga o te tuhinga.

Ki te mea kua kore i koe te wa ki te mahara te tātai o te huringa o ngā kīanga arorau, ka taea e te hanga e koe i te "whakamahara" iti. Koe e kite e hohoro koutou e pai ai kore tirohia, i runga i a ia.

Tauira: (X + T) * (Hex + T) * (M + No). Kaua e kui tuhituhi atu, ngana ki te whakaoti i te tauira koe.

I roto i te akoranga o te whakangāwaritanga, whiwhi tatou i te tāurunga e whai ake nei: T * (M + No) = (T * M) + (T * KORE) = (T * reira) + 0 = (T + 0) * (M + 0) = T * M.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea e te kite i te kīanga uaua huru roa, me te cumbersome, ka matou he poto T * M. Ki te kore koe e taea e whakaoti i runga i to ratou ake tenei tauira, tirohia ano ki te wāhi i reira ka titiro matou ki te huringa o ngā kīanga arorau, mahi.

TAUIRA whakangāwaritanga o tātai №2

I roto i tenei wāhanga, whakahere matou ki a koutou faaohie i te faaiteraa (E + H) * (E + K). Kia tatou whakaaro te otinga i roto i ngā wāhanga. Ko te tuatahi te mea tatou hiahia ki tuwhera te taiapa, mahara te tuatahi te akoranga o te pāngarau. Ka rite ki te hua, whiwhi tatou i te faaiteraa e whai ake nei: E + E * E * N * K * E * N + K. I tua atu, i kite mātou i tenei faaiteraa ko te wahi o E * E, mahara te idempotency ture, me te whakaahua ke urunga: E + E * K * N * E * N + K. Ko te wāhanga i muri mai whakaahua ke o te E + E * Mā te whakamahi i bracketing te E tāupe me rawa: A + 1 = 1. whiwhi tatou i te faaiteraa e whai ake nei: E + H + H * E * K. I muri i te wāhi whakamutunga e ngákaunuitia, me te tango i roto i nga taiapa E. Ka rite ki te hua, te tiki matou te whakahoki: E + H * K.

Kia whai whakaaro ki te meka i te mahi anake te mea uaua i mua mawhiti. Hei "pore ratou rite purapura", Me tika koe ki te ako i te ture taketake o te arorau.