Hanganga, Kareti me ngä whare wänanga
International Nomenclature o waiwaro. Waiwaro tahi: hanganga, ngā āhuatanga
He mea pai ki te tīmata ki te whakamāramatanga o ngā waiwaro. Tenei kukū ranei kukū waiwaro, paraffins. Ka taea hoki te tatou te mea e reira ngā waro i roto i i whakamana ngota pūhui C e te tikanga o whanaunga ohie. Ko o te puka te tātai whānui: CnH₂n + 2.
Kei te mohiotia te reira e te ōwehenga o H me C ngota i roto i o ratou rāpoi ngota rite taea, ka whakaritea ki ētahi atu akomanga. Hoatu e nohoia nga valences katoa ranei C, ranei H, me ngā āhuatanga matū o te waiwaro faaite marama nui, na protrudes ratou ingoa tuarua rohe kīanga waiwaro kukū ranei.
reira he ano he ingoa ake tawhito e whakaata ana pai ratou himinertnost whanaunga - paraffins, i whakamaoritia te tikanga "ngaro pakuwha".
Na, ko te kaupapa o te whakahaere o to tatou i tenei ra: "Alka: huirua raupapa, nomenclature, hanganga, te poinanahatanga". E hoki raraunga hakari e pā ana ki o ratou āhuatanga ōkiko.
Waiwaro tahi: hanganga, nomenclature
I roto i enei ngota C kei roto i te āhua pērā i sp3-hybridization. Na reira e taea te whakaatu muingota waiwaro tahi rite te huinga o tetrahedral hanganga C, e kua hono a ratou ano e kore anake, engari ano hoki ki a H.
I waenganui C ko H ngota he hakari roa, tino iti neke s-here. Ngota a tawhio noa kotahi here huri tonu ka rite ki te putanga o waiwaro tango rāpoi ngota puka rerekē, ai te roa o te hononga, te koki i waenganui i a ratou - he aumou. Puka, e kua ketia ki ia atu e tika ana ki te huringa o te rāpoi ngota, i puta a tawhio noa te σ-here, tuku ki rite tona conformation.
I roto i te tukanga o te wehe i nga ngā ngota H o te rāpoi ngota hanga he matūriki 1-valent ka karanga Radicals pūwaro. Enei pūhui Ko e kore te hua anake matū engari inorganic ano hoki. Ki te tango ngota e rua hauwai i te rohe pūwaro rāpoi ngota, whiwhi kotahi Radicals 2-honohono.
Ko te kupu e taea waiwaro tahi hei nomenclature:
- toropā (putanga tawhito);
- Whakauru (te ao, nahanaha). whakaarohia ia e IUPAC.
nomenclature Rawa toropā
I roto i te take tuatahi e āhuatanga waiwaro tahi nomenclature e whai ake:
- waiwaro whakaaro rite pärönaki o mewaro, whakakapia nei e 1, neke atu rānei H ngota Radicals.
- Ko te tohu nui o te haratau i te take o pūhui kore rawa matatini.
Āhuatanga o te whakakapinga nomenclature
He nga āhuatanga e whai ake nei whakauru nomenclature waiwaro tahi:
- Ko te pūtake mo te ingoa - 1 te mekameka waro, a kua whakaaro nga whatiwhatinga rāpoi toe rite substituents.
- Ki te mea i reira e Radicals ōrite maha i mua i to ratou ingoa tohu te tau (tino i roto i nga kupu), me tau tuwhena wehea e ngā piko.
Matū: nomenclature o waiwaro
Hoki te haratau, te aroaro mōhiohio i roto i te hanga ripa.
Ingoa o te taonga | Ko te pūtake o te ingoa (pakiaka) | tātai rāpoi ngota | Tuarua Ingoa waro | Tātai substituent waro |
mewaro | meth | CH₄ | mewaro | CH₃ |
ewaro | ethno | C₂H₆ | Ethyl | C₂H₅ |
pōwaro | toko | C₃H₈ | propyl | C₃H₇ |
pūwaro | engari: | C₄H₁₀ | butyl | C₄H₉ |
pēwaro | e taheke | C₅H₁₂ | pentyl | C₅H₁₁ |
hexane | hex | C₆H₁₄ | hexyl | C₆H₁₃ |
hewaro | hept | C₇H₁₆ | heptyl | C₇H₁₅ |
wāwaro | Oct | C₈H₁₈ | octyl | C₈H₁₇ |
nonane | n i runga i | C₉H₂₀ | nonyl | C₉H₁₉ |
Dean | dextran | C₁₀H₂₂ | decyl | C₁₀H₂₁ |
Ko te waiwaro tahi nomenclature runga ake ngā ingoa mua e hanga e (te tuatahi 4 ngā o te raupapa waiwaro kukū).
waiwaro tahi Here nondeployed ki 5 atu ranei C i hanga i te nama Kariki ngota e whakaatu he maha homai o ngota C. kupu tohu Pīmuri -en e te taonga o te maha o pūhui kukū.
I roto i te tuhi tohatoha taitara waiwaro tahi rite tīpakohia te mekameka matua ko te tetahi e kei te tau mōrahi o te taua C. reira kia ngota e nga substituents i te tau iti rawa. I roto i te take e rua, neke atu rānei mekameka o te roa rite riro te tetahi matua e kei te maha rawa o substituents.
poinanahatanga o waiwaro
Ka rite ki waiwaro-kaiwhakarewa o te maha o mahi te mewaro CH₄. Ki ia māngai o te raupapa mewaro kitea i roto i te rerekē ki te rōpū methylene o mua - CH₂. Ka taea te ata tenei tauira puta noa i te raupapa o ngā waiwaro.
pūtaiao Tiamana hoatu mua Schill te tono ki te ingoa i te maha o te huirua. Iritihia i te tikanga Kariki "rite, rite."
Ko te kupu, ko te raupapa huirua - he huinga o e pā ana ngā pūhui matū waro he te taua momo o te hanganga ki himsvoystvami tata. Homologs - nga ngā mema o te raupapa. rerekētanga huirua - rōpū methylene e ai te rerekē homologue pātata rua.
Ka rite ki whakahuatia i mua, kia whakahuatia tetahi hanganga o te pūwaro kukū e te tātai whānui CnH₂n + 2. Ko te kupu, ko te mema o te raupapa huirua o ewaro e whai ake i te mewaro - C₂H₆. Hei deduce te hanganga o te mewaro, he mea e tika ana ki te whakakapi i te ngota H i te 1 CH₃ (ahua i raro).
Ka taea te ahu mai te hanganga o ia homologue muri i te runga ake i roto i te tikanga ano. Ka rite ki te hua o te ewaro i hanga pōwaro - C₃H₈.
He aha e poinanaha?
He matū e whai he hanganga ōrite kounga, me te ine rāpoi (ōrite tātai rāpoi) engari hanganga matū rerekē, me te he himsvoystvami rerekē.
Āhuatanga e te waiwaro i faahitihia i taua tawhā rite te pāmahana kohua: -0,5 ° - pūwaro, -10 ° - isobutane. Tenei momo o te poinanahatanga tuku ki te poinanahatanga kōhiwi rite carbonaceous, pā reira ki te momo hanganga.
faarahi tere te maha o ngā poinanaha hanganga ki te maha o ngā ngota waro. Ko te kupu, ka hāngai C₁₀H₂₂ poinanaha 75 (e kore e tae atu i te wāhi), me mo te 4347 C₁₅H₃₂ poinanaha mohiotia kua, mo C₂₀H₄₂ - 366.319.
Na kua ko reira mārama e taua he waiwaro tahi, raupapa huirua, poinanahatanga, nomenclature. Na ko reira e tika ana ki te haere ki te ture mō ngā ingoa IUPAC.
IUPAC: Ko te ingoa o te mātauranga
Tuatahi, he mea e tika ana ki te kitea e te hanganga o te mekameka pūwaro waro, e kei te nuinga o te roa, me te tau mōrahi o substituents. Katahi te tokomaha e hiahiatia te mekameka ngota C, timata i te mutunga, i te mea substituent tata.
Tuarua, ko te pūtake - te ingoa o te pūwaro kukū hahore, e hāngai ana ki te maha o ngā ngota C ko te mekameka matua.
A toru, i mua i te tikanga tautuhi i te turanga ruma lokantov, e kua kei tata nga kawana. i tuhituhia ratou Ētahi ingoa hyphenated.
Whika ki rima, etc. .. - di - rua ōrite substituents toru - ki toru, Tetra - wha, penta: Fourthly, i roto i te take o substituents ōrite i runga i rerekē ngota C lokanty tahi, ai te aroaro puta te ingoa whakanuia kuhimua me wehea ratou e te piko, a i nga kupu - tohuwehe.
Ki te kotahi a roto te ngota C taua noa rua substituents lokant hoki tuhia rua.
E ai ki enei ture, ka hanga e te nomenclature ao o waiwaro.
ngä o Newman
te whakaaro tenei kaiputaiao American mō conformations whakaatu whakairoiro ngä motuhake tātai - ngä Newman. Tuamata ratou ki te puka A me e whakaaturia B me C i roto i te ahua i raro.
I roto i te take tuatahi o te conformation A-tūpuhi, i te tuarua - B-leva. I roto i te tūranga e tū ana te H ngota i te tawhiti iti i ia atu. hāngai ana tēnei puka ki te uara nui o te pūngao e tika ana ki te meka i therebetween te repulsion nui. Tenei āhua itoito kino, ai e whangai ana i te rāpoi ngota ki te waiho i te reira, a ka neke ki te B. tūranga atu kainga Here nga ngota H o te tawhiti mōrahi i ia atu. Ko te kupu, ko te rerekētanga pūngao o enei tikanga - 12 kJ / mol, kia taua hurihanga noa huri noa te tuaka o te ewaro rāpoi ngota, e hono te rōpū methyl whiwhi pāhiwihiwi. Kia i roto i te tūranga itoito pai o te rāpoi ngota i reira te roa, i roto i te kupu atu, te "wahia". Ko te aha e kiia ana ko reira e pūkeke. E 10 mano rāpoi ewaro i roto i te puka o te aukati conformation whakaratohia pāmahana rūma - Hua.. Anake kua tetahi he āhua rerekē - tūpuhi.
Te faaineineraa o waiwaro kukū
Mai i te tuhinga i ako ai e tenei waiwaro tahi (hanganga, nomenclature o ratou whakaahuatia i roto i te taipitopito i mua). E riro te reira hira ki te titiro i to ratou tikanga o te faaineineraa. E tangohia ratou i puna taiao pērā i te hinu, kapuni, hau e pā ana, waro. te tono hoki tikanga waihanga. Hei tauira, H₂ 2H₂:
- Ko te tukanga o te hydrogenation o waiwaro hamanga: CnH₂n (waiwaro rua) → CnH₂n + 2 (waiwaro tahi) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
- Monoxide i te ranunga o C me H - syngas: nCO + (2n + 1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
- Mai i ngā waikawa (ona tai):-iahiko i te pitoake ki te pitoiho:
- Kolbe-iahiko: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH;
- tauhohenga Dumas (koranu ki alkali): CH₃COONa + NaOH (t) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.
- Hangai o te hinu: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 °) → CmH₂m + 2 + Cn-mH₂ (nm).
- Gasification o wahie (totoka): C + 2H₂ → CH₄.
- Synthesis o ngā waiwaro matatini (halogenated) e whai he maha iti o ngota C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH₃- CH₃ (ewaro) + 2NaCl.
- Roha methanide wai (carbides whakarewa): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.
Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o waiwaro kukū
Hoki te haratau, kua whakarōpūtia nga raraunga i roto i te ripanga.
tātai | waiwaro tahi | Te ira whakakoero i ° C | Ko te wāhi e koropupu ana i roto i te ° C | Kiato, g / ml |
CH₄ | mewaro | -183 | -162 | 0,415 i t = -165 ° C |
C₂H₆ | ewaro | -183 | -88 | 0,561 i t = -100 ° C |
C₃H₈ | pōwaro | -188 | -42 | 0,583 i t = -45 ° C |
n-C₄H₁₀ | n-pūwaro | -139 | -0,5 | 0,579 i t = 0 ° C |
2-methylpropane | - 160 | - 12 | 0,557 i t = -25 ° C | |
2,2-Dimethyl-pōwaro | - 16 | 9.5 | 0.613 | |
n-C₅H₁₂ | n-pēwaro | -130 | 36 | 0,626 |
2-mewaropūwaro | - 160 | 28 | 0.620 | |
n-C₆H₁₄ | n-Hexane | - 95 | 69 | 0,660 |
2-methylpentane | - 153 | 62 | 0,683 | |
n-C₇H₁₆ | n-hewaro |
- 91 | 98 | 0,683 |
n-C₈H₁₈ | n-wāwaro | - 57 | 126 | 0,702 |
2,2,3,3-Tetra-mewaropūwaro | - 100 | 106 | 0.656 | |
2,2,4-Trimethyl-pēwaro | - 107 | 99 | 0,692 | |
n-C₉H₂₀ | n-Nonane | - 53 | 151 | 0.718 |
n-C₁₀H₂₂ | n-decane | - 30 | 174 | 0,730 |
n-C₁₁H₂₄ | n-Undecane | - 26 | 196 | te 0.740 |
n-C₁₂H₂₆ | n-Dodecane | - 10 | 216 | 0,748 |
n-C₁₃H₂₈ | n-tridecane | - 5 | 235 | 0.756 |
n-C₁₄H₃₀ | n-tetradecane | 6 | 254 | 0,762 |
n-C₁₅H₃₂ | n-pentadecane | 10 | 271 | 0,768 |
n-C₁₆H₃₄ | n-hexadecane | 18 | 287 | 0,776 |
n-C₂₀H₄₂ | n-eicosane | 37 | 343 | 0,788 |
n-C₃₀H₆₂ | n-Triakontan | 66 | 235 ki 1 mm HG. Tuhinga | 0,779 |
n-C₄₀H₈₂ | n-Tetrakontan | 81 | 260 ki 3 mm HG. Art. | |
n-C₅₀H₁₀₂ | n-Pentakontan | 92 | i 420 15 mm HG. Art. | |
n-C₆₀H₁₂₂ | n-Geksakontan | 99 | ||
n-C₇₀H₁₄₂ | n-Geptakontan | 105 | ||
n-C₁₀₀H₂₀₂ | n-Gektan | 115 |
mutunga
I whakaaro te tuhinga he mea pēnei i ngā hopi (hanganga, nomenclature, poinanahatanga, raupapa huirua, me te pera i runga i.). parau te reira ia tatou i te iti e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o te toropā me whakauru nomenclatures. E whakaahuatia Methods mō te whiwhi waiwaro tahi.
I tua atu, i te tuhinga tabulahia i roto i te taipitopito te nomenclature katoa o waiwaro (Ka taea e whakamātautau te āwhina ki te Päkehä i te mōhiohio).
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