Ka rite ki nga korere X-ray mahi?

E X-hihi hangaia e te faafariuraa i te pūngao o te irahiko ki pūaho, e puta i roto i te ngongo X-ray. Rahinga (te rongo), me te kounga (hihinga) radiation taea te whakaritea mā te huri i te nāianei, ngaohiko me te wa o te mea.

parau tumu o te mahi

korere X-ray (whakaahua hoatu i roto i te tuhinga) he pūtahuri pūngao. riro ratou i te reira i te whatunga, a tahuri ki ētahi atu momo - ngoto radiation me te wera, ko te muri, ko te byproduct houhou. X-ray pūrere ngongo pērā e hei kaha reira te hanga o pūaho, me dissipates te wera rite hohoro rite taea.

Ko te ngongo ko te pūrere āhua ohie, te nuinga ngā rua ngā āhuatanga taketake - he pitoiho me te pitoake. A, no te rere o nāianei i te pitoiho ki te pitoake, ngaro nga irahiko pūngao, e arata'i ki te whakatupuranga o te X-hihi.

pitoake

Ko te pitoake ko te wāhanga, ai hua te tukunga o pūaho tiketike-pūngao. Ko te huānga whakarewa āhua nui hono nei ki te pou pai o te ara iahiko hiko tenei. E rua ngā mahi matua:

• tahuri te reira i te pūngao irahiko ki X-ray radiation,
• dissipates te reira i wera.

tīpakohia te rauemi mo te pitoake te ki te whakarei ake i enei mahi.

Tümanako, te nuinga o nga irahiko kia hanga i te pūaho nui-pūngao, kaua ki te wera. Ratio o pūngao katoa, kua tahuri nei ki X-radiation (COP), tei runga i ngā āhuatanga e rua:

• tau ngota (Z) o te rauemi pitoake,
• irahiko pūngao.

I roto i te nuinga o korere x-ray rite te rauemi o te pitoake whakamahia Tungsten, tona tau ngota he rite ki te 74. I tua atu ki te Z nui, He etahi atu āhuatanga e hanga e tika ana taua mea mo tenei whakaaro tenei whakarewa. He ahurei i roto i tona kaha ki te mau tonu te kaha, ka wera, he ira whakakoero teitei me te auau te whakaetonga iti Tungsten.

No te tau maha, i hanga te pitoake te o Tungsten parakore. I roto i nga tau tata nei, ka anga matou ki te whakamahi i tenei koranu whakarewa ki rhenium, engari anake i runga i te mata. pitoake whaiaro i raro i te paninga Tungsten-rhenium hanga o rauemi marama, pai wera-rokiroki. E rua taua matū he molybdenum me te graphite.

Ko te ngongo X-ray whakamahia mō te ū i hanga, kei te ki te pitoake, pani ki te molybdenum. Ko tēnei rauemi he tau takawaenga ngota (Z = 42), e mahia e pūaho ki pūngao āhuatanga, e tika ana mō te tuhi pouaka. whai hoki ētahi whakaaro ū te pitoake tuarua, i hanga i rhodium (Z = 45). hanga tenei e taea ki te whakapiki ake i pūngao, me te whakatutuki i kătahi nui hoki uo mātotoru.

Ko te whakamahi o te koranu Tungsten-rhenium whakapiki i te putanga radiation wā roa-- ki ngā pūrere wā tōtika ki te pitoake hanga o Tungsten parakore te heke e tika ana ki te kino waiariki ki te mata.

Te nuinga o te pitoake kua te āhua o te kōpae topetope, ka whakaritea ki te take pūkaha, e huri ratou i kīia e āhua tiketike i te wa o te tukunga o te X-hihi. Ko te whakaaro o te hurihanga - te tango o te wera.

wahi arotahi

Ko te X-ray whakatupuranga kihai wahi te pitoake katoa. puta te reira i roto i te wāhi iti o tona mata - te wahi rahi. Ngā āhuatanga whakaritea whakamutunga rahi o te kurupae irahiko e haere mai ana i te pitoiho. I roto i te nuinga o te reira rerekē te āhua tapawhā i roto i 0.1-2 pūrere mm.

Ko te x-ray hoahoa ngongo ki te rahi etahi o te wahi rahi. Ko te iti ko reira, iti iho te a'oi te nekehanga me te koinga teitei, me he aha te mea atu, te tohanga pai wera.

rahi wahi wāhi ko te take e me whakaaro ka kōwhiri i te ngongo X-ray. Manufacturers hua whakaaro ki wahi wāhi iti, kei hea te reira e tika ana ki te whakatutuki i taumira teitei me te radiation iti nui. Hei tauira, ko te mea o roto i te ako o ngā wāhanga iti, te wahine whakatarapi o te tinana kia rite ki i roto i te ū.

Ko te ngongo X-ray te nuinga hua wahi wāhi ki e rua rahi - nui, me te iti, e taea te tīpakohia e te kaiwhakahaere i roto i runga i te whakapakoko hanga tukanga.

pitoiho

Ko te mahi matua o te pitoiho - ki te whakaputa irahiko me te kohikohi ratou ki te kurupae whakahaua ki te pitoake. Reira te tikanga ngā o te waea torino iti (kakawaea) tāmau i roto i te hikinga kapu-āhua.

e kore e taea e ngā irahiko e haere i roto i te ara iahiko tikanga waiho te kaiwhakahaere, me te waiho i te wāhi noa. Heoi, e taea e ratou i te reira, ki te whiwhi ratou nui pūngao. I roto i te tukanga e mohiotia rite waiariki tukunga, whakamahia te wera ki te pei i te irahiko i te pitoiho. riro taea tenei ina tae te pēhanga i roto i te ngongo x-ray whakatahia 10 ^-6 -10 ^-7 Torr. Art. te tahu te miro e i roto i te taua tikanga rite te rama kakawaea tōrino mā te haere i te therethrough nāianei. tahi mahi hihi pito tōraro ngongo e na roto i te para ki te pāmahana luminescence displacement pūngao waiariki reira te irahiko.

poihau

E roto i te pitoake me te pitoiho i roto i te whare hiri - rango. Kei te maha te rango me ona tirotiro tuku ki rite te whakauru, e kua he iti whanganga te ora, me te taea te whakakapi. Ko te ngongo x-ray te tikanga i te puku karaihe, ahakoa whakarewa me te uku ipurau whakamahia hoki etahi tono.

Ko te mahi matua, ko te ki te tautoko i te ipu, me te noho wehe o te pitoake me te pitoiho, me te pupuri i korehau. Te pēhanga i roto i te ngongo x-ray whakatahia i te 15 ° C, ko te 1.2 × 10 ^-3 Pa. e tukua te aroaro o te hau i roto i te tank hiko ki rere i roto i te pūrere noa, e kore e tika i roto i te puka o te kurupae irahiko.

whare

X-ray ngongo taputapu pērā e, i roto i te tua ki te marae me te tautoko o ētahi atu wāhanga, tavini te reira rite te tinana whakangungu rakau, me te absorbs te radiation, ki te kahore hoki te kurupae whai hua haere i roto i te matapihi. Ko tōna mata āhua nui waho dissipates te nuinga o te wera hangaia i roto i te pūrere. ki tonu te wāhi i waenganui i te anga me te whakauru i te hinu e whakarato mātao, me te meangiti i te reira.

mekameka

Ko te ara iahiko hiko hono te waea ki te puna mana, i huaina nei ko te generator. powered Pūtake te i te whatunga me tahuri te nāianei tauutuutu ki whakatikatika nāianei. taea hoki te generator ki te whakarite e koe etahi tawhā o te mekameka:

• KV - ngaohiko pea hiko ranei;
• MA - nāianei e rere i roto i te ngongo;
• S - roanga te rongo ranei te wā, i roto i te hautau o te tuarua.

E whakarato ana te ara iahiko te kaupapa o irahiko. E whakatupato ratou ki te pūngao, haere i roto i te generator, a hoatu ana e ia ki te pitoake. Ka rite ki to ratou kaupapa puta rua panoni:

• Kei te tahuri hiko pūngao pea ki pūngao neke;
• nekeneke, i roto i te tahuri, kua tahuri ki te X-ray radiation me te wera.

pea

A, no te tae i te irahiko i roto i te pounamu, riro ratou pūngao hiko pea, whakaritea nei e te nui o te KV ngaohiko i waenganui i te pitoake me te pitoiho. whakahaeretia te ngongo X-ray i i te ngaohiko ki te whakaputa 1 KV e me whai ia matūriki 1 keV. Na roto i te whakatikatika i te KV, te operator homai ia irahiko ko te nui etahi o te pūngao.

kinetics

pēhanga iti i roto i te ngongo x-ray whakatahia (i te 15 ° C, ko te reira 10 ^-6 -10 ^-7 Torr. V.) āhei te matūriki i raro i te mahi o te tukunga, me te kaha hiko thermionic tukuna i te pitoiho ki te pitoake. whakatere tenei ope ratou, hua i roto i nui haere tere, me te pūngao neke me te heke pea. A, no te whenua te korakora i runga i te pitoake, kua ngaro tona pūmanawa, me te tahuri katoa o tona pūngao ki pūngao neke. tae te tere nui atu i te hawhe 100-keV irahiko tere te marama. Patu i te mata o te matūriki e tērā ki raro, te tino hohoro, ka ngaro ratou pūngao neke. tahuri ia ki te X-hihi te wera ranei.

mai irahiko ki whakapā ki te ngota takitahi o te rauemi pitoake. Radiation i hanga e ratou taunekeneke ki orbitals (pūaho X-ray), a ki te matua (bremsstrahlung).

here pūngao

Ia irahiko i roto i tētahi ngota he tetahi pūngao honohono, e tei runga i te rahi o te muri, me te taumata i ai kei te matūriki te. Ko te pūngao here e whai wāhi nui i roto i te whakatupuranga o te āhuatanga X-hihi, me te te hiahiatia ki te tango i te irahiko i tētahi ngota.

bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung hua te maha nui o pūaho. Ko te irahiko tomo ki te rauemi pitoake me te whakawhānui tata ki te karihi, e whakakotititia ana a decelerated ngota kaha tō. Ratou pūngao ngaro i roto i tenei hui puta i roto i te puka o te X-ray pūaho.

whānuitanga o

he torutoru anake pūaho i te tata pūngao ki te pūngao irahiko. Ko te nuinga o ratou he reira raro. Me kī e reira ko te wāhi mara ranei e karapoti i te matua, ai te irahiko wheako kaha "inhibition." kia wehea tenei mara ki rohe. homai tenei te tirohanga o te matua mara o te ngota ūnga i roto i te pokapū. Electronic hinga hea i roto i te ūnga decelerated te ka mahia te pūaho X-ray. Matūriki e hinga tata ki te pokapū, e tino whai wāhi, me te reira ngaro te pūngao te nuinga, te whakaputa rawa pūaho tiketike-pūngao. Ngā irahiko tomo ki te rohe waho a'usia he pāhekoheko ngoikore , me te whakaputa pūaho o te pūngao o raro. Ahakoa te rohe i te taua whanui, e whai ratou he wāhi rerekē i runga i te tawhiti i te karihi rānei. Mai te maha o matūriki maiki i runga i te rohe, tei runga i tona rohe katoa, ko reira kitea ai te wāhi o waho hopu atu irahiko me te meinga atu pūaho. Ka taea te tohu pūngao X-ray hihinga i tenei tauira.

E pūaho _max tūāwhiorangi bremsstrahlung matua e ōrite ana ki E irahiko _max. Kei raro i tenei wāhi, me te whakaiti i pūaho pūngao whakanuia ana ratou tau.

He maha nui o pūaho o te pūngao iti riro tātari, rite ratou ngana ki te tika i roto i te mata o te ngongo pitoake tātari pouaka ranei ranei. Ko te tikanga ti'aturi i runga i te hanganga me te matotoru o te rauemi i roto i nei haere te kurupae tātari, me tenei whakatau te ahua whakamutunga o te tūāwhiorangi ānau iti-pūngao.

KV mana

Ko te wahi nui-pūngao o te tūāwhiorangi whakatau te ngaohiko ngongo x-ray i roto i kV (kilovolt). Tenei he no te mea whakatau reira te pūngao o ngā irahiko pa te pitoake, a kore e taea pūaho i te pea nui ake i tenei. I raro i tetahi rere ngaohiko X-ray ngongo? hāngai te pūngao pūaho mōrahi ki te mōrahi tono pea. kia rerekē tēnei ngaohiko i roto i te rongo e tika ana ki te whatunga o nāianei tauutuutu. I roto i tenei take, E ngaohiko tihi _max whakaritea e te pūaho oscillation wā KV _p.

Atu quanta pea, e whakatau KV _p te nui o radiation hangaia e te maha i homai o irahiko pa te pitoake. Mai nui haere te katoa tōtika o te radiation bremsstrahlung e te piki pūngao maiki irahiko, whakaritea nei te KV _p, tenei fakahu'unga e pä te KV _p te tōtika o te pūrere.

Te huri i KV _p, te tikanga e whakarereketia te tūāwhiorangi. Ko te rohe katoa i raro i te ānau pūngao tohu te maha o ngā pūaho. tūāwhiorangi unfiltered ko te tapatoru, me te nui o te radiation i rahi ki te KV tapawha. I roto i te aroaro o te tātari faarahi hoki KV hua kătahi o pūaho, i te whakaiti i te ōrau o te radiation tātarihia. arata'i tenei ki tukua radiation nui haere.

radiation āhuatanga

Ko te momo o te pāhekoheko e mahia e te radiation āhuatanga ngā tutukinga nui-tere ki irahiko orbital. Ka taea e anake Ngā pāhekoheko te tango i te wahi ka he nui atu i te pūngao here o te ngota te wahi E o _te korakora. A, no te te tutaki tenei huru, a reira ko te tutukinga, kua patototanga i te irahiko. rau tenei tūranga tuwhera, ki tonu i te matūriki te taumata pūngao teitei. Ka rite ki neke tatou i te irahiko e homai pūngao tukuna i roto i te puka o te X-ray pūaho. Kei te karanga a te reira i te radiation āhuatanga, mai E ko te pūaho huānga matū āhuatanga hanga i nei te pitoake. Hei tauira,, ki tonu ka patototanga te irahiko ko K Tungsten _hononga paparanga ki E = 69,5 keV te te wateatanga ki te irahiko i te _kōrero taumata-L ki E = 10.2 keV. Āhuatanga pūaho X-ray e pūngao rite ki te rerekētanga i waenganui i te taumata e rua, 59,3 keV ranei.

I roto i te meka, arata'i te rauemi pitoake ki te maha o āhuatanga puai X-ray. Tenei puta no te mea e taea te patototanga a irahiko i ngā taumata pūngao (K, L, me ētahi atu) bombarding matūriki, me te kia ki ai nga türanga wätea ki te momo o ngā taumata pūngao. Ahakoa te taumata-L ngä türanga wätea mahia e pūaho, me he iti rawa hoki te whakamahi i roto i te atahanga tātaritanga ratou mau puai. homai ia pūngao āhuatanga e te ti'araa e tohu te orbital, he tūranga, me te taupū e whakaatu ana i te pūtake irahiko hiahiatia ai. alpha (α) tohu te taupū o te whakakī irahiko i te taumata-L, me peta (β) tohu te taumata whakakī o M N. ranei

• Tungsten Spectrum. Ko te radiation āhuatanga o te whakarewa hua te tūāwhiorangi rārangi arā, o te maha puai motuhake, me te mahia braking tohatoha tonu. Ko te maha o ngā pūaho hanga e ia pūngao āhuatanga, te āhuatanga i roto i taua i te tūponotanga o te whakakī i te taumata-K vata tei runga i te orbital.
• molybdenum Spectrum. Anodes o tenei whakarewa whakamahia mō te ū, hua e rua feunga kaha pūngao x-ray āhuatanga: K-Arepa i 17.9 keV me te K-beta i 19.5 keV. Ko te whānuitanga tino arotau o ngongo X-ray, e taea ana ki te whakatutuki i te toenga pai i waenganui i te rerekē me te irradiation horopeta mo te rahi uma toharite tutuki i E _p = 20 keV. Heoi Bremsstrahlung hua atu pūngao. I roto i te taputapu mātai ū mō te tango i ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia o te tūāwhiorangi whakamahia tātari molybdenum. mahi te tātari i runga i te parau tumu o «K-mata." absorbs te reira i radiation i roto i te irahiko i te taikaha here pūngao i te ngota molybdenum taumata-K.
• Ko te tūāwhiorangi o te rhodium. Rhodium he tau ngota 45, me molybdenum - 42. Na reira, ka whai te āhuatanga X-hihi o te pitoake rhodium te pūngao paku ki runga ake i taua o molybdenum me te ake hohonu. Kei te whakamahia te reira no te whakaahua u mātotoru.

Anodes ki ngā wāhi mata rua, molybdenum, rhodium, taea te operator ki te tīpako i tētahi tohatoha papaitia kia u rahi rerekē, me te mātotoru o.

Ko te pānga i runga i te KV tūāwhiorangi

uara KV nui pānga te radiation āhuatanga, ie. K. kore e e hua te reira ki te iti iho KV irahiko taumata K-pūngao. A, no te nui KV tenei uara paepae, ko te tikanga hautanga ki te rerekētanga, me te ngongo KV paepae KV te nui o radiation.

whakaritea te tūāwhiorangi o pūaho o X-ray kurupae tukuna i te pūrere pūngao e maha o ngā āhuatanga. Ka rite ki te tikanga, ngā reira o bremsstrahlung me te pāhekoheko āhuatanga.

Ko te hanganga whanaunga o te tūāwhiorangi tei runga i te rauemi pitoake, KV me te tātari. I roto i te ngongo ki te tukunga āhuatanga Tungsten pitoake kore e hanga e i KV <69,5 keV. I ngā uara teitei o HF whakamahia i roto i te akoranga tātaritanga, faarahi radiation āhuatanga te radiation katoa ki te 25%. Ko te pūrere molybdenum kia tae te reira i te wahi nui o te katoa te kaha whakaputa.

pai

he wahi iti o te pūngao tukua e te irahiko anake te tahuri ki radiation. whenumi te hautanga matua kei te ka tahuri ki te wera. tautuhia radiation tōtika te rite te hautanga o te katoa e hiti mana i homai te hiko whānui pitoake. Ko te āhuatanga e whakatau te tōtika o te ngongo X-ray e tono ngaohiko KV me Z. tau ngota te ōwehenga āwhiwhiwhi o te whai ake:

• Te kaha = KV x Z x 10 ^-6.

Ko te hononga i waenga i te kakama, me te KV he pānga motuhake i runga i te whakamahi mahi o te taputapu X-ray. Nā ki te whakatupuranga o te ngongo wera i te rohe i runga i te maha o te mana hiko e taea ratou ore oioi. uta te reira i runga i te kaha o te rohe pūrere. Ki te whakanui ake i KV, Heoi, ko te nui o te radiation whakaputaina e tetahi o te wera tino whakanuia ana.

Ko anake o te pānga pūmātauranga te fakafalala o te tōtika o te whakatupuranga X-ray i runga i te hanganga o te pitoake no te whakamahia te nuinga o ngā pūrere Tungsten. He okotahi he molybdenum me rhodium, whakamahia i roto i te whakaata ū. Ko nui raro atu Tungsten no o ratou tau ngota o raro te kaha o enei whakaaro.

tōtika

tautuhia te kaha X-ray ngongo te rite te nui o te irradiation millirentgenah tukua ki te wāhi i roto i te pokapū o te kurupae whai hua i te tawhiti o te 1 m i te wahi wāhi mō ia 1 Mas irahiko haere i roto i te pūrere. Ko tōna uara tohu te kaha o te pūrere ki te tahuri te pūngao o te matūriki i ako i roto i te radiation X-ray. āhei te reira ki a koe te whakatau i te te rongo o te manawanui, me te hopuāhua. Ka rite ki te kakama, tōtika o te pūrere, tei runga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga, tae atu KV, te puka poipoi ngaohiko, te rauemi pitoake me te tohu o te kino mata ki te pūrere tātari me te wa o te whakamahi.

whakahaere-KV

tōtika ngaohiko KV X-ray ngongo whakahaere te radiation putanga. Ka rite ki te tikanga, kua riro te reira e te mea rite ki te tapawha o te KV te putanga. Rearua KV te rongo whakanuia ana 4 wā.

pukangaru

Ko te pukangaru whakaahua ana te tikanga e ai rerekē KV ki te wā i roto i te whakatupuranga o te radiation tika ki te āhua huringa o te kaha. Whakamahia e rave rahi waveforms rerekē. Ko te parau tumu whānui ko: te iti te huringa i roto i te KV āhua, whakaputaina te radiation X-ray te tōtika. whakamahia te taputapu hou generators ki KV āhua tamau.

korere X-ray: Manufacturers

Oxford Instruments Company manufactures ngā whakaaro, tae atu ki te karaihe, te mana ki te 250 W, 4-80 kV pūmanawa, te rahi wahi 10 microns me te whānui o ngā rauemi pitoake ngā, t. H. Ag, Au, Co, Kr, Cu, Fe, Mo, PD, rH, Ti, W.

Varian tuku i runga i 400 momo rerekē o ngongo X-ray hauora, me te ahumahi. Ētahi atu ngä mohiotia ko Dunlee, GE, Philips, Shimadzu, Siemens, Toshiba, IAE, Hangzhou Wandong, Kailong et al.

I roto i Russia hua korere X-ray "Svetlana-Roentgen". I tua atu ki ngā pūrere tuku iho ki te tītaka me kamupene pitoake pahoho manufactures whakaaro o te rere luminous pitoiho matao whakahaeretia. Hua o te whakaaro e whai ake nei:

• mahi i roto i te aratau tonu me te he pini;
• ngaro o te tūpuku;
• ture i te kaha o te arahina nāianei;
• tūāwhiorangi te viivii ore;
• te taea o te X-ray radiation o rerekē kaha.