Hanganga, Pūtaiao
Kiko Nervous: hanganga me te mahi. Āhuatanga io kiko. Ngā momo o karere kiko
pinepine tatou tiki io, te tātari tonu te mōhiohio hou, huru ki te ao huri noa ia tatou, ka ngana ki te whakarongo ki to koutou tinana, me i roto i tenei katoa e awhinatia matou e te pūtau mīharo. Ko ratou te hua o te whanaketanga roa, te hua o te mahi o te natura, puta noa te whanaketanga o te rauropi i runga i te whenua.
E kore e taea e tatou te mea e to tatou pūnaha o perception, tātaritanga, me te whakautu he pai. Ko e tatou rawa matara rawa atu i te kararehe. Matau me pehea he taua pūnaha matatini, he mea tino nui e kore anake hoki ngā tohunga - ōmataora me rata. pea tenei hiahia i roto i, me te iwi o ētahi atu ngaio.
Ko te kōrero i roto i tēnei tuhinga he wātea ki te katoa, me te taea e whai hua e kore anake rite matauranga, no te mea te māramatanga o te kaiao - te kī ki he mahara ki koe.
Hoki i te mea ia haepapa
Tangata kiko io he kanorau hanganga me te mahi ahurei o neurons me ratou tauwhāiti taunekeneke. I muri i te katoa, i to tatou roro - pūnaha whakaritea tino uaua. A ki te whakahaere i to tatou whanonga, kare me te whakaaro, e hiahia ana matou he whatunga rawa matatini.
Karere kikokiko, hanganga me te mahi e tautuhi ana i te huinga o neurons - pūtau ki titaha - ka whakatau i te mahi noa o te tinana, te tuatahi o te katoa, whakarato te mahi ruruku o ngā pūnaha okana katoa. Tuarua, hono reira te tinana ki te taiao o waho, me te whakarato i te whakautu urutau ki tona huringa. Tuatoru, mana pākia i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. momo katoa o te karere kikokiko ko te wāhanga rauemi o te konä: pūnaha whakaoho - kupu me te whakaaro, peculiarities o whanonga i roto i te hapori. Kua hypothesized ētahi aivanaa e kua putanga koutou ngakau, hoki i a ia ki "te patunga tapu" He pakari maha kararehe i te tangata. Hei tauira, e kore matou e whai kanohi whakapeka, me te rongo, he aha e taea e whakamanamana o kararehe.
Kei te mārama paetata karere kikokiko, hanganga me te mahi o nei e i te pūtake o te tuku hiko, me te matū pānga. I roto i te rerekē ki te humoral, mahi tonu te pūnaha.
He maha foaki iti
Ko te pūtau o te kiko manavasii - te neurons - ko nga wae hanganga me te mahi o te pūnaha io. Neuron hanganga pūtau āhuatanga e te whāiti mahi uaua, me te nui haere. Ko te hanganga o te neuron ngā o te tinana eukaryotic (Soma) nei diameter me 3-100 microns tukanga. Soma neuron Kei roto te karihi, me te nucleolus ki biosynthetic taputapu i hanga whākōkī, matū tūturu ki nga mahi motuhake o neurons. Tenei Nissl kuao - piri pātata ki atu ia poka papatahi o taratara kiriuwhi me Golgi taputapu whakawhanakehia.
Ko te mahi o te pūtau karere e taea te tonu kawea atu, e tika ana ki te nui i roto i te tinana "tipu te mana" te whakaputa ATP - hondrasom. aroaro Cytoskeleton neurofilaments me microtubules, whai wāhi tautoko. I roto i te ngaronga o ngā hanganga membrane te synthesized ngarahu lipofuscin, te maha o e faarahi ki te whakanui ake i tau o te neuron. i hanga melatonin te ngarahu neurons kakau. tito te nucleolus te o te pūmua, me te RNA i te matua DNA. Ko te ontogeny o te nucleolus me basophils whakatau nga tauhohe whanonga tuatahi i roto i te tangata, mai whakawhirinaki ratou ki runga ki te mahi me te auau o hoapā. kiko io ngā te kōwae hanganga taketake - te neuron, engari i reira e te tahi atu momo o te tautoko kiko.
Āhuatanga o te hanganga o ngā pūtau io
Dvuhmembrannoe neurons karihi he kōputaputa roto e ô te ururua e ahu matū. Na roto i pārōnaki taputapu iranga puta ai te whirihoranga me te auau o taunekeneke. Ko tētahi atu mahi kākano ko te ture o te kōtuitanga pūmua. e kore e taea e neurons pakeke wehe i te whāū pūira, a ira fakapapau'i hua kaha synthesizing ia neuron kia whakarite mahi me te homeostasis puta noa i te huringa ora. Whakakapinga o ngā wāhanga papaka, me te ngaro intracellularly anake kia puta. Ko reira he okotahi. Ko te epithelium o te analyzer olfactory etahi ganglia o kararehe taea ki te wehe.
Ko te pūtau o te kiko io te ngā whakanuia e te momo o te rahi me te āhua. Neurons āhuatanga e āhua kōhikohiko no o te tukanga, maha maha, me te tupuria. Tenei - conductors ora o tohu hiko, e kua tito e pewa pūpū. Nervous kikokiko, hanganga me te mahi o nei whakawhirinaki i runga i te pūtau tino rerekëtanga, tona tūranga ngā i roto i te tirohanga o te mōhiohio rongo whakawaehere reira e ngātere hiko, me te whakawhitihia te toenga o ngā pūtau rerekëtanga, taea ki te whakarato i te whakautu, ko te. Ko reira tata inamata. Ko etahi matū, tae atu waipiro, nui atu pōturi ia.
e pā ana ki axons
momo katoa o te mahi kiko manavasii ki te whai wāhitanga tika tukanga-dendrites me axons. whakamaoritia Axon te i Kariki rite "tuaka". Tenei tukanga whānui, te tinana conductive i te excitation-titaha ki ētahi atu neurons. Axon tohutohu o tino branched, ia nehenehe o te tauhohe i ki 5,000 neurons me te 10 ki te hanga i mano o hoapā.
Soma Wāhi, i nei manga atu te axon, ka karanga te toropuke axon. fakatahai reira ki te axon e hapa ratou i te pūnaha kiriuwhi taratara, RNA, me enzymatic matatini.
He bit o dendrites
E pā ana tēnei ingoa ki te pūtau "rakau". Ka rite ki nga peka, i Soma tupu tukanga Pekanga stubby me kaha. riro ratou tohu me he huanui te wahi i reira he synapses. Dendrites mā manga taha - tarakina - ake i te horahanga mata, me te reira hoapā. Dendrites kahore pukupuku, e karapotia e te takotoranga myelin te axons. Myelin Ko te āhua lipid, a he rite ki te āhuatanga te tuuraa o te kirihou rapa paninga ranei waea hiko tona mahi. whakaputa wāhi excitation - toropuke axon - puta i te pae o te take mai o te axon i te Soma i roto i te rohe keu.
White e piki mea, me te heke huarahi i roto i te puka roro me axons filosilivá i nei e whakahaere ponana karere, te introducer e mau ana mahi - neurotransmission. E tuku ana te tohu hiko ki te tari ngā o te roro, me te ua, e mau ana i roto i kōrero i waenganui ia ratou. Ka taea te hono te tinana whakahaere i te wa ano ki te mau farii ohipa. i hanga mea hina o te uho kaka te. Ko te awa filosilivá ko te pokapū o reflexes kowhatu (matihe, maremare) me nga pokapū autonomic o te mahi pūpū o te puku, urination, defecation. neurons intercalary, te tinana me te dendrites o te nekeneke e mahi ana i te mahi pūpū, e mau ana i roto i tauhohe nekeneke.
Āhuatanga o te karere kikokiko e tika ana ki te maha o ngā tukanga. Neurons e unipolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, pourua. Ko te kiko io tangata e kore e unipolar kotahi tereraa o neurons. I roto i te multipolar - he nui o kahiwi dendritic. e kore e tenei Pekanga pā te tere o te tohu.
pūtau rerekē - he momo o ngā mahi
He wehe i ngā rōpū o neurons te mahi o te pūtau karere. Whāiti i roto i te pewa pūpū wehewehe neurons tairongo afferent, whakahaere ponana i te okana, me te kiri ki te roro ranei.
neurons intercalary, ranei e feohi, - he rōpū o whakawhiti ranei honotanga neurons e tātari, me te hanga i te whakatau, e mau ana mahi karere pūtau.
neurons Efferent, tairongo ranei, pupuri mōhiohio e pā ana ki sensations - te ponana i te kiri me whekau ki te roro.
neurons Efferent, effector, ranei kaupapa, ponana whakahaere - te "kapa" i te roro, me te ua ki tinana mahi katoa.
Āhuatanga o te kiko karere e whakahaere neurons mahi matatini me te whakapaipai i roto i te tinana, Heoi humdrum mahi tahito - te whakarato kai, tango o ngā hua pirau, whiwhi mahi paruru nga pūtau neuroglial ngaahi houalotú tautoko ranei Schwann.
Ko te tukanga o te hanganga o ngā pūtau io
Ko te pūtau o te ngongo neural me te ganglion pereti pārōnaki tautuhi āhuatanga o kiko neural i roto i rua tohutohu riro neuroblasts nui me neurocytes. ngā pūtau iti (spongioblasty) e kore e whakanui i a hei pūtau glial. kiko io, momo o papanga e kua tito e neurons, ngā o te matua me te mau pŭpŭ tauturu. pūtau Ngaahi Houalotú ( "pūtau glial") he o hanganga me te mahi ngā.
Evolution papanga
Ko te taonga matua o te kaiao ora he kārangirangi tūtohutanga ranei. momo kiko io tāia tūranga phylogenetic o te kararehe, me te kua he rerekētanga whānui, te fifi i te tukanga o te kukuwhatanga. rauropi katoa rapu etahi tawhā o ā ruruku me te ture o te pāhekoheko tika i waenganui i te manawarü ki homeostasis me te āhua whaiaroaro. kiko manavasii o te kararehe, hanganga rawa multicellular me mahi o nei i oti aromorphoses, whakatairanga te ora i roto i te pakanga mō te oraraa. I roto i tahito stellate aroaro hydroid, marara ngā pūtau io, puta noa i te tinana, me te whai pānga tukanga pai, tu'ati. ka karanga tenei momo o te kiko neural te E ruia ana.
Nervous planar pūnaha me roundworms kakau, momo arawhata (ortogon) ngā o te rua o ganglia kaka - tautau o ngā pūtau io, me te whakawhānui i ō rātou kahiwi ahopou (konnektivy) tuatihia e commissures ripeka-whenu. I roto i te annelids i ganglion hono whenu peripharyngeal, rau te aho karere ventral, i roto i ia wāhanga - rua kōpuku karere pātata hono e muka karere. Ētahi spineless ganglia karere takiwa ki te hanganga o te roro. Instincts me te takotoranga i roto i te wāhi i tautuhia e te angawaho cephalization rua ganglia o te roro, io mowhiti peripharyngeal me mekameka karere ventral.
I roto i te kiko neural angaroto, he kino, uaua ki te kitea ngā momo kiko e, ko tenei hanganga o evolutionarily tika. paparanga rerekē puta a e whakaritea i te taha hikumārō o te tinana ki te hanga i te kōhao ngongo neural - nevrotsel. I roto i vertebrates rerekëtanga i roto i te roro, me te ua. I roto i te hanganga o te roro i te pito mua o te blistering ngongo. Ki te nui raro io multicellular te tūranga pono tūhonoa, ka kawea nga kararehe teitei te mōhiohio rokiroki, tango, ki te tika, a ka whakarato hoki tukatuka me te kōmitimiti.
I roto i te kararehe, enei roro huamo hoatu ara ki nga wahi nui o te roro. Na hanga te toenga o te ngongo te ua. Karere kikokiko, hanganga me te mahi o nei i roto i kararehe teitei te, kua oti huringa nui. Tenei whanaketanga whakamua o te uho haaparuparu, me nga wahi katoa o te pūnaha io, meinga he urutaunga matatini ki ngā āhuatanga taiao, me te ture o te homeostasis.
Pokapū me taha
E whakarōpūtia pūnaha io e tari mahi, me te anatomy. Ko rite ki te ingoa wahi taratahi io pokapū, me te piringa te hanganga kikokiko. Ko te pūnaha io pokapū ngā te roro, me te ua, me raru piringa māngai, hahi me i kounuhia. Raru tukanga aroaro tautau he hipoki whānui CNS myelin takotoranga, whakahaere tohu hiko. neurons rongo, dendrites hanga raru rongo axons - nekeneke raru.
Runanga o te puka roa, me te poto raru i konatunatua pihi. Piki me te tutonu i, kėia tinana pūtau neuronal kōpuku tua atu i te pūnaha io pokapū. E wehea kūmuri karere ki receptor me effector. Dendrites e peka kāpeka ritenga tahuri ki tohu hiko. He axons efferent mutunga - i roto i te mahi tinana, uaua, muka, repe. taumahinga Classification titau wehenga ki te pūnaha io tinana me ngā motuhake.
Te tahi mea te whakahaere matou, engari te tahi mea tua atu i to tatou mana
Ko te āhuatanga o te kikokiko manavasii tika ki te meka e te pūnaha io somatic he raro ki te whakaaro o te tangata, pūnaha tautoko mahi innerviruya. pokapū Motor i roto i te uho kaka. Motuhake, Kei te hoki i huaina nei vegetative, e kore e whakawhirinaki i runga i te whakaaro o te tangata. I runga i ona ake uiui, e kore e taea e koe te tere ake ranei pōturi iho te beat ngakau motility intestinal ranei. Mai te wāhi o te pokapū autonomic - hypothalamus, mā te pūnaha io autonomic aroturuki te ngakau me oko, pūnaha endocrine, whekau puku.
Karere kikokiko, whakaahua e taea kite koe i runga, hanga nga wehenga pukuaroha me parasympathetic o te pūnaha io autonomic, e taea ki a ratou hei te raveraa ra, whakarato pānga tahi ätete. Excitation i roto i te tinana kotahi, ai te whakapōturinga i roto i te tahi atu tukanga. Hei tauira, meinga nga neurons pukuaroha hukihuki nui, me te auau o te ruma ngakau, vasoconstriction, hūpeke te pēhanga toto rite tukua norepinephrine te. Parasimpatika tuku acetylcholine, whai wāhi ki te vaivai o ungeri ngakau, ki te whakapiki ake i te lumen o nga pera heke te pēhanga. Whakataurite enei rōpū o kaitakawaenga haerenga, manawataki ngakau.
mahi te pūnaha io pukuaroha i roto i te ahotea kaha ka wehi ranei fakamamafa'i. Signals puta i roto i te rohe o te pekehoe rei, me te lumbar. whakahohe te pūnaha parasympathetic te i okiokinga me te nakunaku, i roto i te moe. Ko te tinana o te neurons - i roto i te kātua me te sacrum.
I roto i te taipitopito atu ui ki pūtau rawa Purkinje, e whai he pea-āhua ki te plurality o Pekanga dendritic, taea kite tetahi pehea te whakawhitinga whakauka, a ki te whakakite i te huarahi o ngā tukanga hikoinga.
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