Ko te hanganga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga: te puka, aratau

e kore States rerekē anake i roto i te rahi, taupori, taumata o te pai o tangata. Ka taea hoki e tino rerekē ratou whakahaere ā-roto. He aha e nga āhuatanga matua o te pūnaha tōrangapū o te whenua? He aha e ratou puka me ngā momo o te tuku i roto i te ariā hou o te kāwanatanga? Ka tenei e lāulea i roto i tenei tuhinga.

He aha te mea te āhua?

Ko te āhua - he he kāwai rōrahi maha-faceted, mahi nei i roto i te ako o te maha o pekanga pūtaiao, i geography ki te pāpori. I roto i te rerekē ki te rohe motuhake whenua matawhenua ranei, ohaoha reira ano ki te hanganga o te atu waitara atu te ahanoa tūturu o te ako perception tëtehi pakeke.

Ko te āhuatanga o te kāwanatanga, tona pūnaha tōrangapū, puka o te kāwanatanga - ohorere enei pātai nga hinengaro o maha philosopho me pūtaiao i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā wā o mua. Ko te kupu, ko te ako o ngā āhuatanga ngā o te kāwanatanga wāhi i roto i taua whakaaro rite Aristotle ko Platon, FOMA Akvinsky ko Confucius, Dzhon Lokk, ko Herbert Spencer.

Te philosopho tawhito Kariki Platon i oti rawa ki tenei raruraru tetahi o ana mahi (Kōrero) i raro i te taua ingoa "Ko te State". I roto i tenei mahi e taea e kitea e koe etahi whakaaro ngā kihai i i ngaro ratou hāngai tenei ra. Hei tauira, ka mea ia e ki te matenga o te kaha me kia philosopho whakaaro nui, no te mea anake e taea e ratou tika te tiaki o te tangata. Plato hoki e kore tino aroha o te momo manapori tōrangapū o te pūrere. Manapori huaina e ia ataahua me i te wa ano, te mana tino kino.

Ko te āhuatanga me ngā mahi o te kāwanatanga

State - Ko te hanganga pāpori rawa matatini, te ariā o e taea te hanga e i roto i te āhuatanga matua o tenei mātauranga tenei. He katoa o e whitu:

• tino mapi i roto i te wāhi wāhi matawhenua;
• taupori tautuhia;
• te aroaro o mana tūmatanui, me ture (waehere o mahi);
• He he he pūnaha o tinana uruhi ture me te kaipuke, aroturuki i te whakatinanatanga o te ture;
• aroaro Army;
• mahi o tangata o te pūnaha tāketanga;
• te oraraa o te mana arii kāwanatanga (motuhake).

I runga i enei āhuatanga, takoto te āhua kei te ki te mahi i te maha o ngā mahi, ara:

• tōrangapū;
• ohaoha;
• pāpori;
• ārai;
• uruhi ture;
• ahurea, mātauranga, me ētahi atu.

I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka arotahi tatou i roto i te taipitopito ake i runga i te tuatahi o enei mahi, te uiui i roto i te taipitopito te puka me ngā momo o te hanganga tōrangapū o te whenua. E te hunga e te tino rongonui i teie mahana?

Ko te hanganga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga, me tona ahua taketake

Ētahi atu kaipūtaiao, philosopho me te whakaaro i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē aromatawai te tūranga o te kāwanatanga. I te tahi taime i neke i roto i te pā ana ki tetahi ki tetahi ēnei whakatau tata. Na, totohe Vladimir Lenin e "te kāwanatanga - ko te taputapu o tutu i roto i nga ringa o te piha haapiiraa pule." Ko te existentialist Russian pai-mohiotia Nikolay Berdyaev i māia e te kāwanatanga taea e kore e te ora tangata te fenua tahuri ki te reinga hopea.

Na reira, me tetahi atu tauākī rite i te tika ki te ora. Tōtika whakatutuki i roto i tenei tuhinga, ko te nuinga ti'aturi i runga i te puka motuhake o te hanganga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga mātauranga. Oia mau, i roto i te tahi mau whenua o te ao, e kite tatou pehea e tamata tino te rangatira ki te mahi mo te iwi. I roto i te tahi atu mau fenua i te wae te mana anake e tukino ana me whakamahi ona tangata.

Pāpori me te pūnaha tōrangapū - he mea he tukanga, me i te wa ano te hua o te whakahaere o te mana i roto i te whenua. Kei roto te reira i te momo o te hanganga kāwanatanga, me te tikanga tōrangapū.

Ko te puka o te hanganga tōrangapū - he reira he ara o te whakahaere motu, me te rohe o te kāwanatanga. E whakarato ana i mo te whakatū o etahi whanaungatanga i waenganui i te (rohe) mana pokapū, me te rohe.

Ka taea e te pūnaha tōrangapū te tango puka taketake toru. Ko te āhua kotahitanga, Federation me te kotahitanga.

Kotahitanga āhua: āhuatanga me tohu

I raro i te āhua kotahitanga mahino hanganga tōrangapū tenei o te whenua i roto i nei e kore e ona wae whakahaere takitahi i te mana arii. I roto i te āhuatanga matua o tenei puka ko te whai:

• he kirirarau kotahi, me te pūnaha hanganga ture;
• te ārahitanga o te whenua o i tetahi pokapū (te whakapaipai);
• kotahi pūnaha pūtea, me te pupirikana;
• ope kotahi;
• tohu kāwanatanga whānui - te kara, tohu me te waiata.

I roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū hou emit rave rahi momo o āhua kotahitanga. Ko ratou:

• tino centralized;
• wehenga.

kia āhua Kotahitanga kia tito o tetahi (tauira: Tajikistan, Ukraine) ranei ake mana motuhake (tauira: Moldova, Spain).

te nuinga te āhuatanga ine i roto i te ao hou te kāwanatanga kotahitanga. Kei te mārama kitea tenei i runga i te mahere te wahi e tohua ratou i roto i te puru. Ka rite ki te tikanga, he mea iti i roto i te rohe whenua ki te predominance o iwi kotahi. Ahakoa i reira he okotahi i roto ia ratou. Ko tētahi o ratou - China, tito nei o te maha taumata rerekē o te mana motuhake.

Federal āhua: āhuatanga me tohu

Federation - he pūnaha tōrangapū motuhake, i roto i nei wahi takitahi o te kāwanatanga i te mana arii whakaritea nei te ture. Ko te kupu he pakiaka Latino, me te tikanga "uniana" ranei "uniana".

Ko tētahi o nga huru o te kāwanatanga hānga ana ko te ture rua pera-ka karanga. Eaha te auraa? Ture kia waihanga e rua kāwanatanga pokapū, me te rohe. I roto i tenei take, nga pire tangohia i te taumata o ngā kaupapa takitahi o te Kotahitanga, e kore e pehi i te ture e hānga ana.

I roto i te Fédérations, rite ki te tikanga, i reira te mea he moni kotahi, Heoi, ka taea e te pūnaha tāke hei hongere rua. Tenei te tikanga e te kaupapa motuhake o te Kotahitanga kua te tika ki te hanga i to ratou ake pūtea rohe, me te tohatoha ona moni.

te wehewehe i te ao Kotahitanga hangarite, me te hangarite. Ko te hinonga rohe tuatahi e ti'araa aifaito, engari i roto i te tuarua o ratou mana ā-ture rerekē.

E tohaina Federation mō te mahere tōrangapū hou o te ao mea whakanoho iho (i reira e 28). I roto ia ratou - tata katoa te whenua nui o te ao: Russia, USA, Canada, Ahitereiria, Brazil, Argentina, India.

Kotahitanga: te āhua, me te hītori tauira

I raro i te Kotahitanga te tikanga te uniana o te maha āhua i hanga ki te whakatutuki i tetahi whāinga: hōia, ōhanga atu ranei. Whenua no ki te kotahitanga, kia rite ki te tikanga, pupuri ratou mana arii e rua i roto i tōrangapū kāinga me te i roto i te ao ao.

Ko te tohu matua he kotahitanga hapa:

• rohe noa;
• pūnaha hanganga ture kotahi;
• pūnaha pūtea kotahi;
• kaupapa ture kotahi;
• raraunga kotahi.

E tangohia e whakaaro whakatau katoa o te kotahitanga. I tua atu, i ia o ona ngā mema e te tika ki te wewete i putanga i te uniana taua.

tohaina Kotahitanga i puta noa i te mau tenetere XVIII-XIX i Europe. I roto i te rau tau whakamutunga i reira tonu i te torutoru confederations matarohia: te United Arab Republic, me te te Senegambia. Heoi, roa ratou i te wa āhua poto. āhuatanga teie mahana e taea te kite i te kotahitanga i roto i te Pākehā Union te Whakahaere o nga Kihi (Commonwealth o Independent States) ranei.

Ko te momo matua o te tikanga tūmatanui-ture

Ko te mana e kia i ia o nga whenua i roto i te ao nei e taea faaohipa i to ratou mana i roto i te huarahi rerekē. He huinga o ngā tikanga me te tikanga o te kaha - ko te mana kāwanatanga-ture tenei. E ohipa te reira te huānga nui, he paearu hoki te whakatau i te āhua o te kāwanatanga ngā.

He maha ngā momo (ngā) o tikanga kāwanatanga-ture. E nehenehe te reira (t mana, fakatikitato me Nasí. D.) manapori ranei kore-manapori.

Wehewehe i waenganui i te tikanga manapori i totalitarian ko reira tino uaua. Na, mo te tauira, te tūnga iho te ārahitanga Soviet ki te ao rite "he motu o tika manapori me rangatiratanga." Na whakapono pono maha nga iwi o te ao i roto i tenei teka.

Mana me ona tohu

"Ko te mana o te kaiwhakarewa" - na etahi taea whakawhiti tenei wā i te reo Latino. I roto i tenei tikanga tōrangapū tino ko i te ringa o tetahi tangata (rōpū o te iwi ranei) te mana katoa.

Kia ngā reira i te āhuatanga e whai ake nei Mana matua:

• centralization kaha o te kaha;
• whakahau-whakaritea ara ki te ārahitanga o te whenua o;
• mana tino o ngā āhuatanga ngā o te kāwanatanga o te ora tūmatanui;
• kahore he tino wehenga o mana ki manga motuhake (-ture, whakahaere, ture);

Ko te Ture i raro i Mana he pono declaratory i te natura, pōtitanga rongonui - he nui, makanga.

tāmitanga tōrangapū i roto i tenei aratau, te pōti, kua whakahaua ratou ki anake nga hoariri tino kaha o te mana. Pluralism o whakaaro, i runga i te katoa, kua tukua, engari anake ki te kore e meinga reira kino appreciable ki te pūnaha. Ēnei āhuatanga e rua te wehe Mana i totalitarianism.

Totalitarianism me ona tohu

e mohio ana torutoru iwi e tapa te wā i tonotono Mussolini i te 1920. I raro i totalitarianism auraa he (katoa) mana oti āhua o ao katoa o te ora tūmatanui. Despotism, faatîtîraa, tāmitanga me te papatipu muhu'i - he āhuatanga angamaheni o te tikanga tōrangapū enei katoa.

Society rite te katoa, me ia tangata takitahi i totalitarianism rawa whenumi e te kāwanatanga. e kore e pluralism o whakaaro amo tetahi o nga ao o te ora. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o te totalitarianism - te poutū mārō o te kaha.

I roto i te aamu ao, i reira he tauira o rua me "tika" totalitarianism "mahue". ko āhuatanga o te Soviet Union, te rua o nga tuatahi - ki Nasí Germany fakatikitató o Mussolini ranei.

Manapori me ona āhuatanga matua

Manapori - he kāwanatanga o te iwi (he translation mau i te reo Kariki). Ki tenei aratau, te mana kawe i roto i te āhua kaimahi te iwi, kaua tona nuinga.

Me kï reira e te whakaaro tino Platon kinongia ana manapori. whakaaro ia reira tetahi o te kino momo o te kāwanatanga. Ko te kaitōrangapū pai-mohiotia kotahi fakamatala'i Winston Churchill reira e whai ake: ". Manapori - ko te ahua kino o te kāwanatanga nga ētahi atu katoa e kua mohiotia ki hītori anake" fakamamafa'i Na mohio British te Pirimia kahore he kē o te tikanga tōrangapū.

Ko te āhuatanga tino nui o te manapori - ko:

• Nunui o te Ao, ka rite ki te hua o nei hangaia kaha te;
• āhukahuka o te mana kingi o te iwi i te taumata ture;
• te ōritetanga pū o tika o tangata katoa, ahakoa o te ira tangata, tau iwi ranei;
• pehia te tokoiti ki te nuinga;
• mana tūmatanui i runga i nga mahi o te peka whakahaere.

Ko te pūnaha tōrangapū o Russia

Modern Russia Ko te āhua e hānga ana. Ko te käwanatanga peresideniraa-pāremata i roto i i farii i te peresideni e ki te mana tika whanui tenei. Ko te pūtahi matua o te mana i roto i te whenua i hanga i roto i te tīmatanga o nga 1990, i muri i noa te parariraa o te USSR. I te timatanga o tenei rau tau i roto i to ratou mahi, ko etahi whakatikatika iti.

He he hanganga whakahaere-rohe matatini Russia. Hei wāhanga o te kāwanatanga - 85 kaupapa o te Kotahitanga, e whai tika rite me haamaitairaa. Ia o ratou kua ona ake ture, me te tona kāwanatanga rohe. I tua atu, kua wehea Russia ki iwa rohe hānga.

He āhuatanga o rua Kotahitanga rohe, me te motu pūnaha tōrangapū Russian Modern. Mātauranga momo motu i roto i te Russian Federation aroaro lepupilika. wae rohe - he rohe, rohe, mana motuhake, me te te pa o hiranga e hānga ana. Me tenei huru whakauru o te pūnaha tōrangapū ki te kia tino ngāwari, me te pai kaupapa here whakaaro-roto o nga mana.

I roto i te mutunga ...

I raro i te puka o te hanganga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga titau te ara o whakahaere te whenua. I roto i te ariā hou o te kāwanatanga e wehea ki puka e toru: te āhua kotahitanga, Federation me te kotahitanga. he ona ake peculiarities me ngā āhuatanga i ia o ratou.

I runga i te mahere tōrangapū o te ao o te rau tau XXI te nuinga te kāwanatanga kotahitanga. Fédérations Ko nui iti, engari te confederations, i roto i te meka, a e kore e noho.