Ko te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao I.

Wawe i runga i te ata April i 1915 i te tūranga Tiamana, hoariri ope raina ārai Entente rua tekau kiromita i te pa o mua (Belgium), marama hau pupuhi. Āpiti atu ki a ia i roto i te ahunga o te rua Allied i oho ohorere puta mātotoru kapua kowhai-matomato. I taua wa, i mohio torutoru iwi e ko te reira i te manawa o te mate, ka hoatu pūrongo aho-mua reo e takare - te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū i runga i te Front Western.

Roimata mua ki te mate

Hei kia tino pau, te whakamahi o patu matū i roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao timata i 1914, a hanga tenei kaupapa kino o te French. Otiia ka whakarewahia te akoranga i hau roimata bromoacetate, kōrero ki te rōpū o te tumu matū, e kore e whakamate. Ko ratou pohū 26-mirimita, i matā tonu te rua Tiamana i. A, no te haere mai te supply o tenei hau ki te mutunga, i whakakapi i te reira e te chloroacetone mahi rite.

I roto i te whakautu, i te Tiamana ano e kore e ite titauhia ki te ū ki te tikanga whakaaetia tikanga ture tohutohu Hague Convention, i roto i te pakanga o Neuve Chapelle, puritia i Oketopa o te taua tau, pupuhi te Ingarangi anga puru ki te tumu matū. Heoi, ka rahua ratou ki te whakatutuki i tona kukū kino.

Ko te kupu, e kore i te reira i te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū i roto i April 1915, engari, i rite ki nga mea o mua, mo te whakangaromanga o nga ope ora o te hoariri whakamahia hau māota whakamate. Ko nga auheke hua Attack. Kotahi rau e waru tekau taranata o atomized kaihoko matū kī nga oraraa o e rima mano hoia Allied me tetahi atu mano kotahi tekau monokia i rite ki te hua o te paihana hua. E te ara, i tukua e nga Tiamana ratou. Te maua e pa he kapua mate ratou mata o ratou tūranga, kihai i tino ngā te kaiwawao ki kopare hau. I roto i te aamu o te whawhai whakaritea tenei wāhanga i te "ra pango i roto i mua."

whakamahi tonu o patu matū i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao I.

E hiahia ana ki te hanga i runga i tenei angitu, i nga Tiamana he wiki i roto i te rohe Warsaw o whakaeke matū toutou, tenei wa ki te ope Russian. Here, ka mate kotinga nui - neke atu i te rua rau mano, patua a rave rahi mano mutu. Noatia, tamata te whenua Entente ki te whakahē ki te taua takahi mata'ā'aá o te mau parau tumu o te ture te ao, engari nukurau ka mea a Berlin e te Kawenata Hague o 1896 tuku anake anga paitini, e kore nga haurehu ratou. whakaae ratou, a kihai i tamata ki tautohe - ko te roopu mahi diplomats tonu whawhai.

Ko te pau o taua whawhai e wehingia ana

Ka rite ki toutou fakamamafa'i e kōrero hōia, i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao whānui tangohia nga tātai o mahi tū i roto i nei i mārama e te raina mua totoka, he pūmau, te kiato o te kukū o ngā hōia me te engineering tiketike, me te tautoko hangarau.

Tenei heke te nuinga te tōtika o te mahi whakahāwea, mai tutaki taha e rua ki te ātete o te parepare hoariri kaha. Ko te ara i roto i o te sikalú taea e whakatau rauhanga rereke anake, a ko e te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū.

He whārangi hou o hara whawhai

Ko te whakamahi o patu matū i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao i ahau he auaha nui. kua te whānuitanga o ona pānga i runga i te tangata kua tino whanui. Ka rite ki kite i te hoatu i runga wāhanga War Ao, atu ia i te pūmanawa i meinga chloroacetone, Ethyl bromoacetate me te tokomaha o etahi, kia irritating, ki whakamate - phosgene, māota me te pua nani.

Ahakoa te meka e whakaatu tatauranga nga whāititanga whanaunga o te pūmanawa whakamate o te hau (o te tau katoa pānga - anake 5% o ngā mate katoa), te maha o mate, ka mutu i nui. homai te reira i te tika ki te whakapuaki e kua whakatuwheratia te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū te pene hou o hara whawhai i roto i te aamu o te taata nei.

I roto i te wāhanga i muri mai o te whawhai, i taea ki te whakawhanake me te whakatinana i te whakamahi o te tiaki feunga whai hua ki whakaeke matū taha e rua. hanga tenei kua te whakamahi o āpiha iti paitini whai hua, me te āta arahina ki te whakarerenga o ratou tono. Heoi, ko reira te wā i 1914 ki te 1918 ka haere ki raro, i roto i te aamu rite te "whawhai nga Utaina o," mai ko te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū i roto i te ao i runga i ona riri.

Ko te ati o te kaiwawao o te pa o Osowiec

Otiia hoki ki te pukapuka o ngā mahi hōia o te wā. I te timatanga o Mei 1915 te whakaeke matū ki ngā hōia Russian tiakina te pa o Osowiec Kei rima tekau kiromita i Białystok (te rohe hakari o Poland) i hanga e te Tiamana. E ai ki a kanohi, i muri i anga matā roa puru ki te matū whakamate, i roto i nei i whakamahia e rave rahi o ratou momo, kua noho i te tawhiti nui katoa kua kawa.

i whakangaromia patua iwi e kore anake, me kararehe mau i roto i te rohe o te ahi, engari otaota katoa. rau rakau i roto i ona kanohi tahuri kōwhai me te hu'ahu'a roa'tu, a ko pango te tarutaru, ka hinga ki runga ki te whenua. Ko te kiriata, he Paipera pono me e kore e uru ki roto ki te mahara o te tangata noa.

Ko te tino pānga, o te akoranga, kaiwawao o te whare rangatira. Ahakoa te hunga e mawhiti i te mate, te nuinga o ratou i tukua ngiha nui a i kaha mutilated. Ko reira kahore tāpiritanga ratou ahua fokotuu he whakawehi ki te hoariri, e i roto i te aamu o te aroraa i Russian te whawhai, te waiho te hua o te hoariri ka haere mai i te pa kaha i raro i te taitara "whakaeke Dead."

Te whakawhanake me te tīmata i te whakamahi o te phosgene

Ko te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū whakakitea he maha nui o ona mau paruparu hangarau, i whakakorea nei i roto i te 1915 e te rōpū Utaina French o, arahina e Viktorom Grinyarom. Ko te hua o to ratou rangahau kua riro te whakatupuranga hou whakamate o te hau - phosgene.

Tino te huitahi, i roto i te rerekē ki te māota puwhero-kōwhai, hoatu ana e ia tona aroaro anake e papaki ana rangona kakara tarutaru puruhekaheka, hanga reira uaua ki te kitea. Ina whakaritea ki tona mua, i te hua hou he tāoke teitei, engari i te wa ano hoki i etahi tōnounou.

Tohu o te paihana, a tae noa te mate o te patunga, e kore e puta tonu, me te ra i muri i te inhalation hau. Tenei whakaaetia te paitini, me te maha meake ki te mate o hoia tonu mo te wa roa ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i pakanga. I tua atu, ko tino taimaha phosgene, a ki te whakapai ake i te nekeneke i te reira ki te uru katoa ki te māota taua. Tenei ranunga raro riro i nga Hoa ka karanga te "White Star", i te mea he reira tenei tohu ipu tapanga kei roto i te reira.

taone-fakatēvolo

I te po o Hōngongoi 13, 1917 e tata ana te pa Beletita o mua, kua kua riro te kati, i hanga nga Tiamana te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū namunamu. I te wahi o tona tuatahi, ka mohiotia te reira rite pua nani hau. Ana kaipikau i toku, te maputia e te pahūtanga kōwhai wai hinuhinu.

Ko te whakamahi o te pua nani hau, a i roto i te whānui te whakamahi o patu matū i roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ko tetahi auaha tama'îraa. I hanga tenei "paetae o te ao" mo te whakangaromanga o te kiri, me te romahā me te kūnatu. Mai ona pānga kihai i whakaora kākahu o tetahi hoia, tetahi momo o kakahu harangotengote ranei. ngoto ia i roto i tetahi kikokiko.

I roto i aua tau, e kore i matou ano whakaputaina tetahi tikanga pono o te tiaki ki whakapā ki tona tinana, i hanga te whakamahi o te pua hau tino whai hua noa te mutunga o te pakanga. Kua te tono tuatahi o tenei taonga, kawea iho e rua me te hawhe mano hoia me rangatira, o nei he maha nui o mate.

Gas, e kore ngokingoki me te whenua

e kore te whakawhanake pua nani Utaina Tiamana mahi aitua. Ko te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū i runga i te Front Western kitea e whakamahi matū - māota me te phosgene - whai i te drawback noa, me te rawa nui. i taimaha ake i te hau ratou, a na reira hinga i roto i te puka atomized iho, te whakakī i te rua, me te ngā waka. ka paihana te kimi i roto i a ratou te tangata, engari te hunga e i te wa o te whawhai i runga i te pukepuke, maha noho ahatia.

Me whakaaro ki te hau paitini ki te mahara raro motuhake, me te ahei o te patu ona patunga i tetahi taumata. Ratou a ka anga puta i roto i Hōngongoi 1917 pua nani. Me kï reira e kua whakapumautia nga Utaina Ingarangi tona tātai kaua hohoro, a i roto i te 1918 whakarewahia te patu whakamate i roto i te hanga, engari te whakamahi nui-tauine o te mutu aru e rua nga marama o te rangaawatea. whakaha Europe he korero e o te tauturu - whānui, i roa wha tau o te Ao Tuatahi. riro te whakamahi o patu matū kua kotiti, ka te poto mutu tona whanaketanga.

Ko te timatanga o te whakamahi o ngā matū paitini e te ope Russian

E pā ana te take tuatahi o te whakamahi o patu matū i te ope Russian ki 1915, ka i raro i te ārahitanga o Rūtene-Tianara V. N. Ipateva i pai whakatinana te hōtaka o te hanga i roto i Russia tenei ahua o te patu. Heoi, ko tona whakamahi o te āhua o te whakamātautau hangarau ka a kihai i whai take rauhanga. Anake te tau i muri mai, ka rite ki te hua o te mahi i runga i te whakatinanatanga o ngā whanaketanga i roto i te hanga, i hanga i roto i tenei rohe, i reira ko tetahi taea o ratou te whakamahi i te mua.

whakamahi tonu i o ngā whanaketanga hōia, puta i taiwhanga kāinga, ka anga i te raumati o 1916 i roto i te rongonui pakaruhanga Brusilov. Tenei hui whakarato i tētahi wāhi ki te tāutu i te tau o te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū i te ope Russian. Kei te mohiotia te reira e whakamahia i roto i whawhai ngā mahi anga pū, te ahu ta'ota'o hau me te chloropicrin paitini - vensinitom me phosgene. E ai ki te pūrongo, whakahaua ki te Main Artillery Whakahaere, te whakamahi o patu matū ko "he mahi nui ki te ope."

Pouri Tatauranga War

Ko te whakamahi tuatahi o matū patu te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao i te tauira fakatu'utāmaki. I roto i nga tau o muri mai, e kore e whakawhānui ona whakamahi anake, engari ano hoki kua oti te huringa kounga. Komititanga ake nga tatauranga pouri o te wha tau hōia, kua mutu kau faihisitōlia e i roto i tenei wā kua kore hanga nga rōpū whawhai iti iho i te 180 mano. Taranata o patu matū, o nei i kitea i te iti rawa 125 Whārangi. Taranata ratou ara. I runga i te parekura i whakamatauria ai 40 rerekē momo o matū paitini i kawea mai nei e te mate, me te whara 1.3 miriona hoia me civilians mau i roto i te rohe o to ratou tono.

Akoranga toe pukupuku

Ahakoa kua ako tangata he haapiiraa tika i te mau ohipa o te aua tau, me te ranei te rā o te whakamahi tuatahi o patu matū ko te ra pango i roto i tona hītori? Whakauaua. A i tenei ra, ahakoa ture ao e rāhuitia e te whakamahi o ngā matū paitini, he ki tonu o ratou whanaketanga hou nga arsenals o te nuinga o te ao tauiwi, a piki i roto i te press reira he pūrongo o tona whakamahi i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ao. neke tamau e fa'ahinga taha te ara o te whakangaromanga-whaiaro, te tau'a ore i te wheako kawa o whakatupuranga o mua.