Kukū Molal. Eaha te auraa kukū niho kauoro me te molal?

Titiwha me kukū molal, ahakoa nga ingoa ōrite, he rerekē nga uara. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko e kore hanga i roto i te whakatau i te tātai kukū molal te i runga i te rōrahi o te otinga rite te molarity rapunga, i te taimaha o te whakarewa.

ngā mōhiohio whānui e pā ana te rongoā, me te memehatanga

otinga pono i huaina pūnaha ōrite, e ngā i roto i tona hanganga, he maha o ngā wāhanga, motuhake i ia atu. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te whakarewa, me te toenga he matū rewa i roto i reira. whakaaro te whakarewa te ki hei te taonga i roto i te otinga i te nuinga.

Memehatanga - he taonga ki ētahi atu matū ki te hanga i te pūnaha ōrite - rongoā i roto i te mea te reira i roto i te puka o ngota takitahi, katote, rāpoi matūriki ranei. He kukū - he mehua o memehatanga.

Nō reira, ko te memehatanga o ngā matū ko te kaha ki te kia tohaina mangai i roto i te puka o matūriki pūmotu puta noa i te rōrahi o te whakarewa.

Whakaröpütia rongoā pono e whai ake:

• i te momo o te whakarewa - kore-wai, me te wai;
• i te momo o te rewanga - hau rongoā, waikawa, kawakore, tai, aha noa.;
• hoki ngā ki te nāianei hiko - electrolytes (matū e whai kawe ia hiko) me-electrolytes kore (matū kore ahei o te kawe ia hiko);
• o te kukū - diluted me kukū.

Ko te kukū me te tikanga o tona faaiteraa

ihirangi kukū karanga (taimaha) o te taonga rewa i roto i te nui tetahi (taimaha rōrahi ranei) o te whakarewa, i roto i te rōrahi tautuhi o te otinga katoa ranei. tupu te reira i te momo e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te kukū o te moni (whakahuatia i roto i te%) - te parau te reira e hia karamu o rewanga i roto i te 100 karamu o te otinga.

2. titiwha kukū - ko te maha o kiore karamu ia 1 rita o te otinga. tohu te reira i te tini o karamu-rāpoi ngota i roto i roto i te 1 rita o te otinga o te taonga.

3. Ko te kukū noa - ko te maha o karamu-ritenga ia 1 rita o te otinga. tohu te reira i te tini o roto ritenga karamu o te rewanga i roto i te 1 rita o te otinga.

E whakaatu ana 4. kukū molal pēhea te maha kiore o rewanga i roto i te nui ia 1 manokaramu o whakarewa.

5. Titer whakatau te ihirangi (i roto i te karamu) o te rewanga rewa i roto i te 1 ritamano o te otinga.

Titiwha me nohanga molal rerekē i ia atu. A feruri i to ratou āhuatanga takitahi.

Ko te kukū titiwha

Ko te tātai mō te whakatau i te reira:

CV = (v / V), ai

v - maha o ngā matū rewa mol;

V - rōrahi katoa o te otinga rita ^{m3 ranei.}

Hei tauira, "0.1 M otinga o te H ₂ SO _4" tohu e i roto i te 1 rita o taua otinga he hakari 0.1 mol (9.8 g) o te waikawa pungatara .

kukū molal

kia tango tonu koe ki pūkete te meka e nga nohanga molal me niho kauoro whai tikanga tino rerekē.

He aha te mea te molal kukū o te otinga? Ko te tātai mō te whakatau i te reira, ko te:

Cm = (v / m), i reira

v - maha o ngā matū rewa mol;

m - papatipu o te whakarewa, kg.

Hei tauira, tuhi 0,2 M NaOH otinga tikanga e i roto i te 1 manokaramu o te wai (i roto i tenei take, ko reira te whakarewa) tātau 0.2 mol NaOH.

tātai atu e tika ana mō ngā tātaitanga

kia hiahiatia ai tokomaha mōhiohio pŭpŭ tauturu i roto i te tikanga ki i tātai kukū molal. Tātai, e taea e whai hua mō te whakaoti i te raruraru matua e whai ake nei.

nui whakamahia o te taonga ν ite i te maha etahi o ngota, irahiko, rāpoi, katote ranei ētahi atu matūriki reira.

v = m / M = N / N A = V / V m, te wahi:

• m - papatipu o te pūhui, g kg ranei;
• M - papatipu titiwha, g (ranei kg) / mol;
• N - maha o ngā waeine hanganga;
• N _A - te maha o ngā wae hanganga ia 1 kamiriona o te taonga, Avogadro tamau: ^6,02. Nuku ²³ mol ^{- 1;}
• V - he katoa rōrahi o te l m ^{3 ranei;}
• V _m - rōrahi titiwha, rita / kamiriona ^m3 / mol ranei.

tatau whakamutunga e whai ake:

V _m = RT / P, te wahi

• R - tamau 8,314 J / (mol ^K.);
• T - hau pāmahana, K;
• P - hau pēhanga Pa.

Tauira o ngā whāinga mō te molarity me te molality. tūmahi №1

Hei whakatau i te kukū niho kauoro o te wairewa konurehu waihā i roto i te rōrahi o 500 ml. He rite ki te 20 karamu te otinga KOH taimaha.

whakamāramatanga

papatipu titiwha o te konurehu waihā ko:

_KOH M = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g / mol.

titau tatou i nui waihā konurehu roto te roto i te otinga:

ν (KOH) = m / M = 20/56 = 0,36 kamiriona.

tango tatou ki pūkete e te rōrahi o te otinga ki te kia whakahuatia i roto i rita:

500 ml = 500/1000 = 0.5 rita.

Te whakatau i te kukū niho kauoro o te konurehu waihā:

CV (KOH) = v (KOH) / V (KOH) = 0,36 / 0.5 = 0,72 mol / rita.

tūmahi №2

He aha te waikura (IV) whanariki i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa (i.e., ka P = 101325 Pa, ko T = 273 K) kia tangohia i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarite i tētahi otinga waikawa sulfurous ki te kukū o 2.5 mol / rita o rōrahi o 5 rita?

whakamāramatanga

tautuhi tatou rite waikawa sulfurous roto i roto i te otinga:

ν (H ₂ SO ₃₎ = CV (H ₂ SO ₃₎ ∙ V (otinga) = 2,5 ∙ 5 = 12.5 mol.

tango Whārite o te waikawa sulfurous kua te puka e whai ake nei:

SO ₂ + H ₂ E = H ₂ SO ₃

E ai ki tenei:

ν (SO ₂₎ = ν (H ₂ SO _3);

ν (SO ₂₎ = 12.5 mol.

E mau ana i roto i te ngakau e i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa o te 1 kamiriona o hau he rōrahi o 22.4 rita, te rōrahi mua o te waikura o te whanariki:

V (SO ₂₎ = ν (SO ₂₎ ∙ 22,4 = 12,5 ∙ 22,4 = 280 rita.

tūmahi №3

Hei whakatau i te kukū niho kauoro o NaOH i te otinga, ka tona hautanga taimaha, rite ki te 25.5%, me te mātotoru o te 1.25 g / ml.

whakamāramatanga

Fariihia mai rite te otinga tauira i roto i te rōrahi o te 1 rita me te whakatau i tona papatipu:

m (otinga) = V (otinga) ∙ P (otinga) = 1000 ∙ 1,25 = 1,250 karamu.

titau tatou i nui o te tauira e alkali taimaha:

m (NaOH) = (w ∙ m (otinga)) / 100% = (25,5 ∙ 1250) / 100 = 319 karamu.

papatipu titiwha o te konutai waihā rite ki:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / mol.

titau tatou i rite konutai waihā roto te roto i te tauira:

v (NaOH) = m / M = 319/40 = 8 mol.

Te whakatau i te kukū niho kauoro o te alkali:

CV (NaOH) = v / V = 8/1 = 8 mol / rita.

tūmahi №4

I roto i te te wai (100 karamu) rewa i 10 karamu o te tote NaCl. Whakatakotoria he kukū o te otinga (molality).

whakamāramatanga

He rite ki te papatipu titiwha o NaCl:

M _NaCl = 23 + 35 = 58 g / mol.

Tau NaCl, i roto i roto i te otinga:

ν (NaCl) = m / M = 10/58 = 0,17 kamiriona.

I roto i tenei take, he wai te whakarewa:

100 karamu o te wai = 100/1000 = 0.1 kg H ₂ E i roto i te otinga.

ka hei kukū Molal o te otinga rite ki:

Cm (NaCl) = v (NaCl) / m (wai) = 0.17 / 0.1 = 1.7 mol / kg.

tūmahi №5

Te whakatau i te kukū molal o te 15% otinga alkali NaOH.

whakamāramatanga

15% otinga alkali tikanga e nga 100 karamu o te otinga kei roto 15 karamu o NaOH me 85 karamu wai. Ranei e i roto i nga 100 manokaramu o otinga kua 15 kg NaOH, me 85 kg te wai. I roto i te tikanga ki te taka i taua mea, he mea tika i roto i te 85 karamu (kirokaramu) H ₂ E rewa 15 karamu (kg) o alkali.

papatipu titiwha he konutai waihā:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / mol.

Na kitea tatou te nui o te konutai waihā i roto i te otinga:

ν = m / M = 15/40 = 0.375 mol.

whakarewa Taumaha (wai) i roto i te kg:

85 karamu o H ₂ E = 85/1000 = 0.085 kg H ₂ E i roto i te otinga.

Muri whakaritea kukū molal:

Cm = (ν / m) = 0.375 / 0.085 = 4,41 mol / kg.

I roto i runga ki enei raruraru angamaheni e taea te whakatika, a te nuinga o te tahi atu ki te whakatau i te molality me molarity.