"Liberty, tekinolosiá, Takatāpui!" - te tumu motu o te French Republic

Ko te French Republic - ko tetahi o te whenua tuatahi i roto i Europa, kua memeha nei te ahua monarchical tuku iho o te kāwanatanga, me te kupu i hoatu ara ki ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te mahara pāpori o iwi i roto i nga whenua maha.

papamuri Economic o te French Revolution

Na te ahua o te French Republic kawea mai he revolution, e roa i 1789 ki te 1794 tau. Ka taea te i titiro nga take o te revolution rite te raruraru pāpori me te ōhanga hohonu kua patua e France i te kau. Kua predominated te whenua arikitanga tino, a kihai i taea e te reira whakaoti nga raruraru katoa, tiaki i nga ngākau nuitanga anake o te whiriwhiri faingamālie o te hapori. Kua tonu kua History o te kāwanatanga French te hītori o te kāwanatanga kingi, engari e 1789 ko reira mārama e kore e taea e atu tonu. u nui kāhui kingi te whenua, i reira ko he maha nui o peasants, he öhanga ti'aturi i runga i nga rangatira feudal. Na ka timata te whanaketanga o production ahumahi, i hiahiatia kaimahi mo te otaota. Liberty, Takatāpui, matau tekinolosiá French rite ha faingamālie mo te tangata noa ki te mahi e kore e anake i roto i te whenua, engari ano hoki i roto i te pa.

I tua atu, tonu nga peasants ki kia i pakaru, i te arii, me tona tira riringi te afata tao'a mo ratou whakangahau. Tenei meka meinga whakaahunga nui i roto i te iwi.

Ko te papamuri wairua o te French Revolution

I rite te French Revolution i nga mahi o te Māmá o te rau tau tekau ma waru. Philosopho pērā i Voltaire ko La Rochefoucauld, kauwhau i te tino 'ulungaanga o te tangata whakaaro. whakapono ratou e te auraa matua o huringa o te hapori - he haere noa, ongo fakatokoua, taurite tenei. kia whai mana rite iwi katoa, ahakoa o aha piha e ratou, me te mea ratou mana pūtea. Prevention o te faaohiparaa i o tetahi wahi o te iwi o te tahi atu, te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom - enei ko nga parau tumu e tīhokatia te French Māmá.

Ko te ope peia o te revolution

I rite te French Revolution e toru ope nui. Ko te tuatahi o enei e taea te whakaaro rite nga peasants French, i he rawa uaua ki te utu i tika ki feudal, whakaaro te tuarua ko ki hei taupori te pa o - kaimahi, kaimahi, i roto i te whānui, i te iwi e mahi ana. Ka taea te whakaaro kaha Tuatoru rite te bourgeoisie, e te mana i te ahumahi me te whai wāhi i roto i te mahi. piri katoa o ratou te tumu French "Liberty, ongo fakatokoua, taurite."

i piri katoa o enei ope i te meka e kia nekehia atu te kingi i te kaha, me te hoatu i te iwi i te kaupapa ture i roto i nei kua tāutuhia tika tangata, me te ture. Otira i reira i ngā rerekētanga. Ko te kupu, i whakapono nga māngai bourgeoisie e haere noa, teina, he pai ake ki te wāhi taurite, a ka taea e koe te timata ki te arotahi whakapaipai me ngā rauemi i roto i te ringa o te tangata kotahi.

akoranga o te revolution. States General

faaoti Korol Lyudovik XVI e, e tika ana ki te āhuatanga uaua pūtea, me te ōhanga i roto i te whenua, e hiahia ana koe ki te kohikohi i te General States, a tēra i te minita Necker. Mei 5, 1789 i huihui ratou, arahina e Minita o Mirabeau. whakapono ia e kia whakawehi i te pepeha revolution French te nuinga o te iwi, na e hiahia ana koe ki te haere ki te uniana o te kingi, nga minita, me te iwi. Otiia ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua e kore e te kingi hiahia ki te hanga whārangi me ki te kawe i roto i whakahounga. Ano, tamata ia ki titaria te General States, e na taua wa ka tahuri ki te National Assembly. moto French "Liberty, Takatāpui, tekinolosiá" kihai i tika mo te katoa.

Ka rite ki te Minita o Mirabeau i pai ki te tareka te whakaminenga, ka tomo ngā hōia ke Paris, arā, o tangata ake Tiamana, me te Swiss. I tonoa atu te reira i te taha o te minita Necker, a ko te hiringa ki te tīmata i te whakatikanga ake rongonui nui-tauine tenei. "Liberty, ongo fakatokoua, taurite!" - karanga nga Parisians, e hiahia ana ki te turaki i te arii māfimafí.

Bastille

Hōngongoi 14, 1789 whakaaro te ki he rā tino i roto i te hītori o France. I tenei ra, ki te paroro te te whare herehere, e ko, te Bastille, haere waru Parisians ki ko ratou e rua Russian.

Bastille i whakaaro tuatahi ki te waiho i te whare herehere mo nga rangatira, engari ka, i roto i te wa o Louis XVI, i hanga i roto i o reira te whare herehere auau. Ko tōna āhuatanga ko ngā āhuatanga e mama o herehere ana, i reira herehere i te whai wāhi ki te mahi me te tai'o. Fele Bastille whakawateatia - i te wa o te tango i roto i te reira e whitu anake herehere.

Bastille i nga wahi katoa Rere rite te whakamanamana o haere noa, me te tika. Tokomaha i whakapono i taua haere noa, teina, taurite, i muri i te whakangaromanga o te whare herehere kua pae hopea mai pono.

whakamanamana o te käwanatanga

I tenei wa, i whakakorea te municipality o Paris, a ka te pa te municipality ture, i puritia e kaimahi ki te National Assembly anake. I raro i te pēhanga o te tini i roto i August, whakarerea e te mau melo o te minita, me te rangatira ratou mana faingamālie. August 26 haere mai te Whakapuakanga rongonui o nga Tika o te tangata, me o te Citizen. , Ka Liberty, ongo fakatokoua taurite ona ariā matua. mohio te reira i te pai ai noa o ia takitahi, ratou tika ki te faaotiraa-whaiaro. i whakakorea maha takoha, a whakahangia ana noa kaimahi. whakatekau Whakakahoretia me utu mātua o ariki tāke.

ka Korol Lyudovik XVI te purutia o nga mana hou, a ka heke tona teina, me te tahi atu mau melo o te rangatira French. Pipiri 20, 1791 te uri kingi tamata ki te rere noa atu mo te kaiako, engari i rahua, a ka whakahokia mai te reira.

Ko te hurihanga o te arikitanga me te rironga o te Republic

I roto i August 1792 ka mau wahi te pōtitanga i roto i te Kawenata National, a raru te āhuatanga. Mahuru 20 Ko tona hui tuatahi, a ka whakakahoretia te ture taua tuatahi te arikitanga.

I maoro i mahi i Korol Lyudovik, me te whawhai i roto i France me ētahi atu whenua. "Liberty, taurite, ongo fakatokoua" - counter ki enei inscriptions rite ki te kite i nga tangata o ētahi atu whenua. I runga i te tuatahi o Hui-tanguru, ka haere France ki te whawhai ki a Ingarangi. Minita Ingarangi Pitt Uilyam te Si'í tīmata pā ōhanga o France, a pānga tenei te āhua o te whenua. I roto i France, te matekai me te whakatikanga ake ki te roopu hōia. Katahi ka anga ia ki te totohe ki ia atu Jacobins me te Girondins, te rōpū e rua i roto i te Kawenata. Ko tētahi o nga tahae ārahi hanga Danton he Komiti o Safety Public, ko wai hoki te maha o nga tau ki te tōtika te whakatutuki i ngā take ōhanga, me te tōrangapū.

whakahou kaiahuwhenua

I roto i te 1792, kua tīmataria te Convention te tohatoha anō nui-tauine o whakahou whenua i roto i te manakohia o te peasants. Kua riro Farmers me ētahi atu haamaitairaa. mohio ratou e te tumu matua o te French Republic - ko ki te āwhina i te iwi mahi o te pa, me te kaimahi ahuwhenua. i Whakakahoretia mau ohipa feudal katoa, i wehea whenua o ratere rangatira ki whakaaro iti me hokona, i kore ai ratou i taea te hoko noa i te kaimahi ona taonga. Kei te mau hono ana tēnei whakahou ki te takanga o nga peasants, a ratou e kore moemoea o te faaho'iraa mai o te arikitanga.

ko te ātete tino i roto i te hītori French ripeneta Whenua, me te wehenga whakahaere hou o France noho te wa roa, i te pokapū poutū o te mana i iu.

Atu huringa i roto i te hanganga o te kaha i roto i France

I te 1794 ka kingi te whenua e Robespierre me te Komiti o Safety Public. mahi i Robespierre Hebert me ētahi atu tahae. i liquidated tikanga Hōngongoi 27 Robespierre o, a ka tonoa e ia ki te pororere.

I pakaru te tairururaa ake i roto i 1795, ka timata nga tāngata heke Cavaliers ki te titiro mō ngā huarahi ki te hoki ki to ratou fenua. Liberty, Takatāpui, tekinolosiá French ratou i matau ko ha faingamālie ki toe wahi o tona kaha mua.

Oketopa 28, ka haere mai 1795 ki oraraa te Republic French hou. I tona matenga tu Directory. I taua wa, aroraa France pakanga o raupatu i roto i Europe, a ka tamata i te kaiwhakahaere ki te kitea te tikanga ki te haere tonu i te whawhai.

I te mutunga o 1795 Barras kauwhata unu mo te pehanga o te whakatikanga ake i roto i Paris, i te taitamariki General Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte whakapono e "Liberty, Takatāpui, tekinolosiá" - ko te pepeha o te iwi Wīwī, ki kia kapi. Tona teina - Lyusen Bonapart - ko te kaitōrangapū tupato, me te tawhiti-atarua nei i āwhina Napoleon ki te hopu i te mana.

Oketopa 16, tae hōia Napoleon i Paris, a ka whakaaro ai e nga tohu o te French Revolution. Na reira, i oha ia ki te ngākau. I roto i te rangatiratanga o te whaiaronga Bonaparte hanga huri noa te raupapa o āhua amiorangi French, i tautoko te kingi i roto i tona tikanga. ka te whenua ake, ka arahina ia he rangatira kaha hou - Napoleon Bonaparte.

Ko te tikanga o te French Revolution i ai reira pae hopea hurihanga i te pūnaha feudal ka awhinatia kingitanga o te moni. Ko te ru kaha o te rau tau tekau ma waru, a ki reira kua tutuki te huringa tuwhena o te pūnaha pāpori o te whenua.