Ope pere. History o ope pere. ope pere Russian

Tākirirangi rite i mohiotia patu ki nga iwi maha, a ka whakaturia ki runga i roto i nga whenua ngā. Kei te whakapono te reira e haere mai ratou ara i mua i pū oko. Na, ko te whānui Russian tino, me te hoki he kaipūtaiao K. I. Konstantinov tuhituhi e me ki te tenenga o pū ka haere mai ki te whakamahi, me missiles. E whakamahia ratou wahi katoa i reira i whakamahia i te paura. A tīmata kotahi ratou ki te whakamahi mō ngā take hōia, ka, hoki tenei a hanga ope pere motuhake. E hāngai ana tēnei tuhinga ki runga ki te putanga me te whanaketanga o te momo mea o te patu, i pahū ki te haere wāhi.

Pehea ka anga te reira katoa

E ai ki te hītori e pā ana, mea whakaaro paura i roto i Haina i roto i pā ana ki te rau tau AD 11. Heoi e kore kuware nga Hainamana e haere mai ki runga ki te tetahi pai atu i ki te whakamahi i te reira no te whakakī pahū. Na inaianei, i muri i te rau tau torutoru i hanga "marama" Pākehā he tohutao paura atu kaha, me te kitea tonu te whakamahi hoki reira chic: .. Pū, pōma, me ētahi atu Well, waiho i te reira ki te kōrero o te tauākī o hinengaro. Koe me ahau i roto i China tahito, he aha te mea tetahi mea e kore kia koutou. Na he aha te mahi i nga puna i tuhituhia o te whakamahi tuatahi o missiles i roto i te ope?

Ko te tūtohinga o te ope Russian (1607-1621) rite te taunakitanga pakipūmeka

Ko te take i roto i Russia me i Europa, i ngā mōhiohio i te hōia i runga i te hanga, pūrere, rokiroki, me te tono o te tohu, mumura me ngā tākirirangi hei tahutahu parau tatou "Charter hōia, repo me te tahi atu take e pā ana ki te pūtaiao hōia." Kei te tito te reira o 663 tuhinga me tikanga tīpakohia i tuhinga hōia ke. Ko Ko, tenei tuhinga fakapapau'i te oraraa o missiles i te ope o Europa ko Russia, engari wahi ko whakahua reira o te whakamahi i tika ratou i tetahi whawhai. Otiia, e taea te faaoti i te reira i whakamahia ratou, kotahi eke ratou ki te ringa o te hōia.

I runga i tenei ara tataramoa ...

Ahakoa te pōhēhē me te wehi o te tetahi rangatira hōia hou, riro tonu ope pere Russian tetahi o nga manga ārahi o te taviniraa. He pakeke te ope Modern ki te whakaaro, kahore i te tākirirangi. Heoi, kua te ara o ratou whanaketanga kua tino uaua.

Mana, ka mau te ope Russian te tohu tuatahi (rama) missiles i roto i 1717. I muri tata i te rau tau, i roto i te 1814-1817 gg., Rapu pūtaiao Military AI Kartmazov āhukahuka i aro i te rangatira tākirirangi taikaha me te tahutahu tiketike (2, 2.5 me te 3.6 inihi) o ratou ake mahi. i ratou i te whānuitanga rere o 1.5-3 km. Faaohipa i ratou a kihai i whakaaetia.

I roto i te 1815-1817 gg. invents Russian pū AD Zasyadko ano he kariri ora rite, a ratou, rawa, e kore e mahue i nga rangatira hōia. hanga te ngana muri i roto i 1823-1825 gg. I muri maha tafa Tāhuhu o War, te whakaaro kua hopea i whakaaetia, a ka haere mai te ope Russian tākirirangi hōia tuatahi (2, 2.5, 3 me 4-inihi). Flight tawhiti i 1-2,7 km.

Tenei rau tau he ngangau 19

I roto i te 1826 tīmata production papatipu o te patu ka mea. Ki te mahi i tenei i roto i St Petersburg hanga te tuatahi institution tākirirangi. I roto i April o te tau e whai ake nei i hanga te kamupene tākirirangi tuatahi (i roto i te 1831 i whakaingoatia ai ki te pūhiko). Tenei wae whawhai tikanga hoki mahi tahi ki te eke hoiho, me te hoia. Otiia ki tenei hui, me te hītori e pā ana o ope pere o to tatou whenua.

iriiringa o te ahi

Hoki te wā tuatahi ope pere Russian i whakamahia i roto i August 1827 i roto i te Caucasus i roto i te whawhai Russian-Iranian (1826-1828.). He tau i muri mai, i roto i te whawhai ki a Turkey, te whakawā ratou i hanga whakahau i te whakapaenga o Varna. Ko te kupu, i roto i te pakanga o 1828, i whakarewahia 1191 he tākirirangi, o nei 380 811 taikaha hei tahutahu, me te tiketike. Mai reira, te tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i tetahi whawhai hōia nga ope pere.

kaipūkaha Military K. A. Shilder

Tenei tangata pūmanawa i roto i 1834 whakawhanakehia te hoahoa i kawea mai missiles ki te wāhanga hou o te whanaketanga. Tona pūrere tikanga mō te whakarewanga pere raro, kua reira kua tahuri momo aratohu ngongo. Heoi, e kore kua mutu te ahunga whakamua Schilder. whakawhanakehia e ia missiles ki pānga taikaha whakarei. I tua atu, ko ia te tuatahi i roto i te ao elektrozapaly tono ki whakakā te wahie totoka. Hoki i roto i 1834, te tau hangaia Schilder me ara whakamatau te mamaoa pere-e mau ana tuatahi, me te submarine i roto i te ao. whakapumautia ia i runga i kaipuke ki pere tāutanga whakarewatanga ki mata, me te āhuatanga raro. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, āhuatanga te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 19 e te whanaketanga me te whakamahi whānui o tenei momo o te patu.

Rūtene Tianara K. I. Konstantinov

I roto i te 1840-1860 gg. he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o patu pere, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te ariā o tona whakamahi whawhai hanga māngai o te kura puhipuhi Russian, ihi me te pūtaiao K. I. Konstantinov. Tona mahi pūtaiao, revolutionized ia te tākirirangi, kia e tangohia machinery Russian kua he wahi ārahi i roto i te ao. whakawhanakehia e ia nga taketake o akiaki whakamātautau, tikanga pūtaiao o te hoahoa tenei ahua o patu. He maha o ngā pūrere me whakatangi hoki te whakatau mahi ballistic. hanga e te pūtaiao hei hou i roto i te mara o hokohoko tākirirangi, ki papatipu-hua. Kua hanga e ia he rerekētanga nui i roto i te taonga i roto i te haumaru o te tukanga hangarau o te whakangao o patu.

whakawhanakehia Konstantinov he launchers tākirirangi atu kaha, me te mīhini ratou. Ka rite ki te hua, te whānuitanga mōrahi o 5.3 km. Kua riro mihini tīmata atu kawe, e watea, me te tino, whakarato ratou tika tiketike, me te tere o te ahi, ina koa i roto i nga whenua maunga. I te tau 1856, i hangaia he tipu pere e Konstantinov i Nikolaev.

Kua mahi te Moor tona mahi

I roto i te rau tau 19, hanga nga hoia pere me pū te tupeke rahi mua i roto i tona whanaketanga me te tohatoha. Hei tauira, i hoatu missiles hōia ki mahi i roto i nga takiwa hōia katoa. kihai i reira he manuao kotahi me te turanga manuao, te wahi i reira whakamahia ki ngā hōia pere. I whai wāhi ratou tika i roto i te whawhai parae, me i te whakapaenga, me te ekea e o te pa, a na i runga i. D. Heoi, i te mutunga o te rau tau 19 missiles i nui hoki iho ki te pū repo whakamua, rawa i muri i te ahua o te roa-whānui pahuatia pu. Na ka haere mai 1890. Ko ia te mutunga mo nga ope pere: ka mawehe atu tenei momo o patu i te mākete te ao.

Jet Propulsion: rite te phoenix ...

Ahakoa te kore o nga ope pere ope, tonu pūtaiao ratou mahi i runga i tenei momo o te patu. Na, whakaarohia MM Pomortsev rongoā hou mo te hua o te tawhiti rere, me te tika. whakawhanakehia I. V. Volovsky tākirirangi tītaka momo rererangi maha-tupara me launchers hāngai whenua-. hangaia NV Gerasimov whawhai antiaircraft ritenga mārō.

Ko te fakafaingata'a'ia'anga matua ki te whanaketanga o tenei tikanga ko te kore o te anga pāngarau. Hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru, tū te rōpū o pūtaiao Russian i roto i te mutunga o 19, me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 i te mahi Titanic, a hanga he wāhi nui ki te ariā o te kōpana toko. Heoi, ka te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā kotahi o akiakinga tākirirangi me wāhi K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Tenei kaiputaiao tairanga mai 1883, a tae noa ki nga ra whakamutunga o tana ora mahi i runga i te otinga ki te raruraru i roto i te tākirirangi me wāhi rere. i whakatau ratou nga take nui o te ariā o te kōpana toko.

Ko te mahi ta'esiokita o maha pūtaiao Russian hoatu he hiringa hou ki te whanaketanga o enei patu, a, no reira, he ora hou ki tenei ope tawhito. Ahakoa tenei ra i roto i to tatou ropu wāhi whenua e pā ana ki te ingoa o tau rongonui - Tsiolkovsky ko Kuini.

Soviet Russia

I muri i te revolution, mutu te mahi i runga i te kore i nga missiles, pera i roto i 1933, i ara whakaturia Jet Research Institute ake i roto i Moscow. Kua hangaia te reira e te pūtaiao Soviet ballistic me missiles ipu me raketoplanery whakamātau. I tua atu, i te whakawhanakehia missiles tino matatau me launchers ki a ratou. Kei roto i tēnei i muri mai ka te waka whawhai rongonui BM-13 "Katyusha". I roto i te RNII hanga reira he maha o ngā āhuatanga. He matatini kaupapa wae, pūrere, me ngā pūnaha e riro muri whakamahia i roto i te tākirirangi engineering.

War Great Patriotic

"Katyusha" Kua riro pūnaha whakarewatanga tākirirangi maha tuatahi o te ao. Na tino nui, whai wāhi te hanga o tenei mīhini ki te hë o te ope pere motuhake. Na roto i te timatanga o te Pakanga II o te Ao whawhai waka BM-13 i hoatu ki te mahi. āhuatanga uaua, i taea ana i roto i 1941, ka ui te urunga ohorere o te pere hou. Kua hanganga ahumahi kua kawea atu i roto i te wa ka taea poto. A i August, i te hanga o tenei momo o patu i wāhi i roto i te 214 wheketere. Ka rite mea i runga matou, kua anō-hangaia i roto i te ope patu ope pere, engari i roto i te whawhai i huaina ratou moata wae tiaki, me, muri, ki te ra hakari - puhipuhi urupare.

Fighting waka BM-13 "Katyusha"

Tuatahi GMCH wehea ki awhi me wehenga. Ko te kupu, ko te pākahiko pere tuatahi, i ngā o 7 tipu whakamätau me iti o te paura, i raro i te whakahau a Kāpene Flerov i hanga i roto i nga ra e toru, ka arotahi 2 Hūrae i te mua Western. Na kua Hōngongoi 14 "Katyusha" pupuhi tona salvo tuatahi i te teihana Battle o Orsha tereina (whawhai waka BM-13 whakaaturia te i roto i te whakaahua).

hōia pere i roto i tona tuatahi patua he patu kaha i te wa taua pupuhi 112 anga. Ka rite ki te hua, ki runga ki te teihana ahi mura: piti kariri, tereina tahu. Uaina ngaro me te hoariri hōpuni me taputapu hōia. hipa te tōtika whawhai o missiles tūmanako katoa. I roto i nga tau o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i reira ko he tupeke nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau kōpana, i arahina ki te nui horapa o GMCH. Na roto i te mutunga o nga ope whawhai pere ngā o 40 wehenga takitahi, 115 Tuhinga, 40 Pirikēti motuhake, me te 7 wehenga - i roto i wehenga katoa 519.

Ki te hiahia koe te rangimarie - ia faaineine no te whawhai

I muri i te whawhai, tonu tākirirangi pū ki te tupu - nui haere ngā, tika o salvo ahi me te mana. Kua whakatupuranga katoa i hanga e te Soviet hōia matatini 40-oko MLRS 122-mm "Grad" me "aupuru", 16-tupara 220-mm MLRS "Hurricane" ki te whakarite i te mate o ngā taumata i te tawhiti o te 35 km. I roto i te 1987, i hangaia ai i te 12-oko 300-mm MLRS roa-whānui "Twister," e ki tenei ra e kore analogues i roto i te ao. te whakaaro o tenei tāutanga ko 70 km atu Range o mate. I tua atu, i te Army riro rauhanga, rauhanga, me te anti-tank pūnaha.

patu New

I roto i te 50s o te rau tau whakamutunga i reira ko tetahi wehenga o ngā hōia pere i ngā tohutohu. Otiia tonu tākirirangi pū tona tūranga me te i ēnei rā. i hanga ngā momo hou - tenei anti-pere ope me ope rautaki. E u ēnei wae ki runga ki te whenua, i te moana, i raro i te wai, me te i roto i te rangi. Ko te kupu, e māngai nga hoia pere anti-rererangi rite te ahua motuhake o ngā hōia i roto i te korero, engari taua wae te tīariari i roto i te Navy. Ki te hanga o patu karihi whakatika te pātai matua: me pehea ki te whakaora i te tiaki ki te ūnga? I roto i te USSR, hanga te whiriwhiri i roto i manakohia o te pere, kia rite ki te hua i reira ko nga Forces Rocket rautaki.

Ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga o te rautaki pere Forces

1. 1959-1965 ,. - te hanga, whakamahinga, atamira i runga i mataara fakavaha'akonitinēnití missiles ballistic, ahei o whakaoti te raruraru o te āhua rautaki i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā wāhi hōia, me te matawhenua. I roto i te 1962, ka mau te Rautaki pere Forces wahi i roto i te "Anadyr" mahi hōia, hua i roto i Cuba i whakanohoia puku missiles reo-whānui.
2. 1965-1973 gg. - te whakamahinga o ICBMs whakatupuranga tuarua. Ko te huringa o te Rautaki pere Forces i roto i te wāhanga matua o te ope karihi o te USSR.
3. 1973-1985 gg. - taputapu RVSN toru o whakatupuranga missiles ki warhead te wehewehe ki poraka o te arata'iraa takitahi.
4. I roto i te 1985-1991. - te whakakorenga o missiles takawaenga-whānui me patu RVNS pūnaha whakatupuranga tuawha.
5. I roto i te 1992-1995. - te mutunga o ICBMs i Ukraine, Peraruhia me Kazakhstan. I hanga Russian rautaki pere Forces.
6. O 1996-2000. - te whakataki o te rima o-whakatupuranga pere "Topol-M". Paheko te Military Space Forces, Rautaki pere Forces ko pere me Space Defence.
7. tahuri RVSN ki 2 o te Forces Armed - - 2001 te Rautaki pere Forces me nga Forces Space.

mutunga

Ko te tukanga o te whanaketanga me te whakatū o te ope pere kaua heterogeneous. He ona piki me ngā heke, a tae noa te whakakorenga oti o "pere" i roto i te ope o te ao i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 19. Heoi, tākirirangi, rite te Phoenix aranga i te pungarehu o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao me te mau whakaritea i roto i te matatini hōia.

A ahakoa te meka e runga i te 70 tau kua hipa, kua pehia nga hōia pere nui huringa i roto i te anga whakahaere, puka, tikanga o ratou te whakamahi whawhai, pupuri tonu ratou i te tūranga e taea te whakaahuatia i roto i te tika i te kupu torutoru: ki te waiho he haamăta'ui ki fakaaoao ki to tatou whenua. I roto i Russia, whakaaro 19 Whiringa-te ki te waiho i te ra ngaio o ngā hōia pere me pū. I whakaaetia tenei ra i te tau ta peresideniraa 549 o 31.05.2006 tau. Matau i roto i te whakaahua whakaatu te tohu o te ope pere Russian.