Pāpori Marxist: te āhuatanga matua o

Ko tiketike rawa te mana o Marxism i te pāpori o te rau tau 20. rapu Karl Marx ki te waihanga i tētahi ariā tino whāinga o te whanaketanga pāpori, i runga i ngā meka hītori. Pono, i muri ia ia.

Sociology o Marxism i Russia he tona hītori ake. Heoi, e kore anake i roto i to tatou whenua, hei whakaako tenei kua piki haere. Marxism Ko tetahi o nga wāhi nui o te pāpori o te rau tau 20. Kua whai wāhi maha mataotao o te ora tūmatanui, me te economists me ētahi atu piri o te mau haapiiraa pai-mohiotia ki reira. I tēnei wā, i reira e whānui rauemi i runga i Marxism. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te tikanga matua o tenei ariā.

He aha te mea te pūtake o Marxism

Hei mahino pai aha te mea he pāpori Marxist, te whakapapa poto tona hītori. Friedrich Engels, collaborator o Karl ko tona hoa, tāutuhia e toru iho e kua tākiekina te whakaako. Tenei kaupapa Tiamana, Wīwī pūtaiao hītori, me te ōhanga tōrangapū Ingarihi. Raina Main, i aru Marx - puāwaitanga rapunga whakaaro Tiamana. Karl faaite tetahi o nga whakaaro matua o Hegel, ngā i roto i te meka e te hapori rite te katoa haere te wāhanga ngā i roto i to ratou whanaketanga. Ako ōhanga tōrangapū English, Karl Tohu (i runga ake) i whakaurua ki roto ki ona mau haapiiraa te ngā o reira. faaite e ia etahi o ana whakaaro o nāianei, i roto i ngā, i te ariā mahi o te uara. Tatou Socialists me hītori i France, tono e ia he ariā pai-mohiotia, kia rite ki te pakanga o te piha haapiiraa.

Ki te whakaae te ariā o enei pūtaiao katoa, Engels ko Marx kounga o ratou tukatuka, hua i roto i te ako katoa hou - Marxism Sociology. Poto kia tautuhi hoki koranu ōhanga, me te oraraa totiare, taumauri me ētahi atu ariā e āta hono me he wāhi, e faaite te hiahia te piha mahi. parau haapiiraa o Marx, āta, ko te tātaritanga o te hapori capitalist me te nāianei. te uiui e Karl tona hanganga, tikanga, huringa mooni. I te wa ano ko te reira meka mâro-e te tātaritanga o te putanga o te moni ko te tātari o te hītori whanaketanga o te hapori , me te tangata.

tikanga Marxist

Ko te tikanga, e whakamahi pāpori Marxist, te tikanga whakaritea rite te materialist mita. hāngai ana tēnei tikanga i runga i te ngā māramatanga o te ao, kia rite ki te mea i raro ki huringa kounga rite te ngakau tangata, a tītohunga o te natura, me te hapori. E faataa ēnei huringa i te pakanga o ngā ā-me kei te honohono te pato'iraa.

Tohe pāpori Marxist e te whakaaro - e kore te kaihanga, e kore te kaihanga. whakaata te reira i te mooni rauemi. Nō reira, i roto i te matauranga, me te ako o te ao me hāngai i runga i mooni ano, a kahore i whakaaro. More āta, te tūhura i te hanganga o te pāpori tangata, tatou me kore tīmata i te ara o te whakaaro tūturu i roto i te hapori i homai, engari i te kaupapa hītori.

Ko te parau tumu o te determinism

Marxism, tetahi o te pāpori matua aro te parau tumu o te determinism, rite ki nei ari pāpori me ngā tukanga, i reira he he hononga causal. kitea Scientists Charles reira uaua ki te tautuhi i te paearu matua e whakatau tahi atu whanaunga pāpori katoa me ari. kihai i kitea e ratou he paearu whāinga mō tenei kōwhiringa. Tohe pāpori Marxist e kia i titiro te ōhanga (production) whanaunga rite taua. Karl Marx whakapono e te whanaketanga o te hapori - te huringa o ngā wāhanga o te hanga.

oranga pāpori whakatau mahara

te ora Social, kia rite ki a Marx, whakaritea te rite te whanaketanga o mua mua o te hapori, me te ture pāpori-hītori. Te mahi whakamutunga, ahakoa o te pai ai, me te mahara o te iwi. e kore e taea e ki te huri i ratou iwi, engari ratou e taea e whakatuwhera ratou, ka urutau ki a ratou. Ko te kupu, ko te ariā whai, e takoto i te whanaketanga o te hapori e te hinaaro o te iwi, e ko whakatau te whawhati i Marxism te mahara. Tokotaha whakatau mahara, a kahore te kore.

Pānga Marxism pāpori

Karl Marx ko Friedrich Engels hanga he wāhi nui ki te māramatanga o te aha kia whakaaro rite te kaupapa o te pāpori whānui. Tenei pūtaiao, i roto i to ratou whakaaro, kia tātari te ora tūturu o te iwi, he aha ratou tino e, e kore nei tapaea e ratou ratou. taunaki nga Talafungani o Marxism te tino i ai he kaupapa o te pāpori whānui e waiho he hapori, whakaaro rite te kohinga o ngā whanaunga mahi whakawhanake i waenganui i te tangata, me te e pā ana ki te ngako kano pera-ka karanga o te takitahi. I roto i tenei whakaaro mo te māramatanga tika o tona kaupapa o faufaa taua whakamāramatanga nui i homai e Marx rite te uho o te tangata, te natura, mahi, te hapori. He titiro poto i ia o ratou.

Ko te ngako o te tangata

Marx ko Engels, penei i te takitahi ki te tūranga fakamatelié, e ngana ana ki te whakatau he aha te mea te rerekētanga i te kararehe. hiahia hoki ratou ki te matau te mea ko tona pū rite te oranga whānui. ka mea a Karl taua tangata, ko te kore e anake te oranga tūturu, engari ano hoki te iwi whānui, e whakatinana nga ngā o ratou oraraa pāpori me te tinana, i te tikanga o te hononga kaha ki te ao. Ko te ngako o te tangata, kia rite ki a Marx, ko tona mahi, mahi ahumahi. whakapono ia e tona ora hua ko te ora o te whānui. faaite Carl i e ka timata te iwi ki te whakaputa i te tūemi e hiahia ana ratou, timata ratou ki te horo'a ia ratou i te ao kararehe.

mahi

Na korero pehea ki te tono ki te pāpori mahi Marxism. kite Marx a Engels reira rite te mahi matau o takitahi, e hāngai ana ki te utu o te mea ki te natura. Karl ta e te tangata i roto i te tikanga ki te tautapa i te taonga tūturu i roto i te puka e tika ana mo tona ora, E whakatakotoria ana i roto i te nekehanga i te ope tūturu e no ki tona tinana. Acting i runga i te ao o waho i te tikanga o tenei kaupapa, te huri i te reira, te iwi i te wa ano e taui i tona āhua ake. Reipa, kia rite ki Marxism, kua hanga te takitahi e kore e anake, engari ano hoki hapori. puta te reira i rite ki te hua o te hononga o te iwi, hua i roto i te tukanga mahi.

āhua

Māramatanga o te āhua me ona hononga ki te hapori rite te pāpori mua-Marxist te nuinga pā ana ki tetahi o nga kāwai e whai ake nei:

• idealist (hapori me te āhua e motuhake o ia atu, kahore ki te mahi, kia rite ki te mea te reira ariā qualitatively rerekē);
• nounou tao'a ino (he tukanga pāpori katoa me tītohunga i roto i te natura raro ki te ture anö).

Kua whakahē Philosophy me Sociology o Marxism e rua o enei ariā. kōrero te whakaako whakaarohia o Karl e hapori māori, me te hapori tangata whai te taketake kounga. Otiia, i reira he he hononga i waenganui i a ratou. Hei whakamārama i te hanganga me te whanaketanga o nga ture o te hapori e kore e taea te hāngai anake i runga i ture koiora. I te wa ano e kore e taea e tatou e tino wareware i te āhuatanga koiora, e ko te ki te titiro anake ki te pāpori.

hapori

ka mea a Karl Marx taua tangata rerekē i kararehe mahi mahi pūtake ana. tautuhi ia te kamupene (tango ki pūkete te meka e waenganui i te tangata me te āhua kawea te pākia) rite te huinga o te whanaungatanga o te iwi ki ia atu, me te ki te taiao. Society, kia rite ki a Marx, ko te pūnaha o te ngā i waenganui i takitahi, e hāngai ana nei i runga i whanaunga ōhanga. haere mai te iwi ki a ratou rite tika ana. e kore e whakawhirinaki te reira i runga i to ratou i pai ai.

e kore e taea e tetahi te mea pāpori matau ranei he Marxist. Theory me mahi whakaatu e etahi āhuatanga o te hapori whakaahuatia e Marx, mau tango wahi. Na reira, e kore e tenei ra pirau moni i roto i te whakaaro te whakaaro e Karl.

Base me superstructure

I roto i tetahi hapori tu turanga me te superstructure (rite ki taua whakaako rite Marxism tikanga ā). Ko te āhuatanga matua o enei ariā e rua, ka whakaaro matou i teie nei.

Pūtake ko tētahi wāhi i roto i nei i reira ko te tahi-hanga o te taonga rauemi. E whakarato ana oraraa pāpori, me te takitahi o te tangata. Production Karlom Marksom i titiro rite te taumahi o te natura ki te awhina o ngā mahi e tika ana i roto i te hapori. Kua tāutuhia pūtaiao nga āhuatanga e whai ake (ngā āhuatanga) o production:

• mahi, e he mahi purposive o te takitahi, e hāngai ana ki te hanganga o te hunga atu taonga ranei i roto i te hapori;
• ahanoa o mahi, e ko, te hunga e kua pāngia e te iwi ki o ratou mahi (tenei e taea rānei te i raro ki ngā rauemi tukatuka, ranei te āhua rawa o nga raraunga);
• tikanga o te mahi, i te mea, ki te awhina o e mahi iwi i runga i enei atu ahanoa o mahi ranei.

Ko te tikanga o te hanga ngā taonga me te tikanga o te mahi. Heoi, ratou e anake mea mate, rite te roa rite iwi e kore e hono ratou ki to ratou mahi. Na reira, ka rite ki Marx tohu atu, he reira te tangata - te take whakatakotoria o te hanga.

Pūtake o te hapori riro nga tikanga me ngā o mahi, iwi me o ratou pūkenga me wheako mahi, me te whanaunga o te hanga. puka superstructure Social atu pāpori ari katoa e puta ina hanga e koe taonga. Ki enei ari ngā nga pūtahi tōrangapū me te ture, me te puka o te mahara pāpori (kaupapa, karakia, toi, pūtaiao, morare, a na i runga i. D.).

pūtake Economic, rite ki te mau haapiiraa o Marx, whakatau te superstructure. Heoi, e kore ngā āhuatanga katoa o te pūtake superstructure whakatau ōrite. Te superstructure i tahuri, kua etahi mana ki runga i te reira. Ka rite ki tohu ahau Engels (hoatu tona whakaahua te runga ake), engari te mutunga e taea te huaina tino mana o te pūtake.

Tuku me ona puka

Tuku - Ko reira te wehenga whāinga o te kaupapa i te mahi tukanga o tona hua ranei. whakaaro Marx tenei raruraru i roto i te nui taipitopito i roto i tona mahi tika "Philosophical Manuscripts", hanga i roto i te 1844, engari whakaputaina anake i roto i te 30raa o te rau tau 20. I roto i tenei pepa, i titiro te raruraru o te mahi i mua te rite te puka taketake o te hoko. E whakaatu ana Karl Marx e te wahi tino nui o te "momo-oranga" (natula tangata) ko te hiahia ki te whai wāhi i roto i auaha, mahi noa. Capitalism, kia rite ki a Carl, pūnahanaha e whakamotitia tenei hiahia o te tangata takitahi. Ko tenei tūranga e puritia e pāpori Marxist.

Ngā momo o tuku, mo Marx, te whai ake:

• nga hua o te mahi;
• i te tukanga mahi;
• e tona āhua (te tangata ko te "momo-oranga" i roto i te tikanga e rite te āhua noa, me te ao, te hanga ia ia (iwi), me te ao);
• i te ao i waho (natura, iwi).

Ki te kore e te kaimahi no ki te hua o tona mahi, i reira me te tahi mea ki e no ia. Oia atoa, ki te kahore te tukanga o te mahi (te mahi) e no ki te kaimahi, ko reira te rangatira. tetahi atu tangata anake, ka karanga he exploiter, pea tenei mea ke, a kahore āhua ranei te Atua. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira he taonga tūmataiti, e tūhura ana hoki i te pāpori o Marxism.

Momo o te tuku (Marx), i runga, e taea te whakakorea e te hanga i te hapori hou, e pai kia wetekina i pahua, i te pipiri. I te iti rawa, kia mea nga Socialists, e whakapono ana e kore e taea te mutu te whanaketanga ōhanga. E mohiotia Karla Marksa whakaaro ki kua i whakamahia mō ngā take hou. Kua kairau a pāpori Marxist he wāhi nui i roto i te pūtaiao e kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te aamu. E kore te mea i mohiotia e founga ki te whakawhanake i to tatou whenua i roto i te rau tau 20, ki te kahore i tangohia e te mua enei whakaaro. Rua kawea pānga pai me te kino ki te ora o te iwi Soviet te pāpori o Marxism, me te hakari e kore rawa kia whakakahoretia o ratou.

E te ara, e kore e anake e whakamahia nga Socialists nga whakaaro fokotu'u e Karl. E mōhio ki te aronga pērā i Marxism ture koutou? Kei raro ko nga taipitopito matua.

Marxism ture

I roto i te aamu o te whakaaro oraraa totiare Russian o te mutunga o te 19 - wawe senituli hono 20, he wahi tino nui nohoia e te pāpori o Marxism ture. Poto e taea te whakaahuatia reira rite te akoranga wä, me te ariā. Ko reira te faaiteraa o te whakaaro ohaoha bourgeois. Marxism Ture i roto i te pāpori e hāngai ana i runga i ngā whakaaro Marxist. I te nuinga e pā ana ratou ki te ariā ohaoha ki te whakatika i te meka e te whanaketanga o te moni i roto i to tatou whenua, ko te mua mooni. whakahe ona piri te Māoritanga o populism. Ko te māngai tino rongonui o te Marxism ture: M. Tugan-Baranowski, Struve ko Bulgakov ko Berdyaev. Sociology o Marxism muri tipu ki te rapunga whakaaro karakia, me te whai,.

O te akoranga, matou korero anake poto e pā ana ki te ako, i hanga e Charles. Sociology o Marxism me tona uara - he kaupapa whanui, ko ona ariā taketake kua whakakitea i roto i tenei tuhinga.