Parahi - he hanganga parahi koranu o te parahi ...

He rite ki te koura tenei koranu, engari ko reira nui ngawari te. Mohiotia i roto i Roma i tahito, engari anō-whakatuwheratia i roto i te rau tau XVIII. e rua ngā āhuatanga pai o ngā āhuatanga matū whakakotahi, kua kitea te parahi he mara tono whānui.

hanganga

Ahakoa te tae pai, me te ahua, te parahi - he koranu parahi-konutea, te koura ranei te tahi atu konganuku utu nui ki reira. I tua atu ki enei wae e rua, ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga physicochemical me e whakamahia ētahi atu matū: .. Konupora, he tine, he rino, silicon, nika, mata, me ētahi atu tikanga, e kore te mea te rahi o enei poke neke atu i te 10%. Ko te toenga o te hanganga parahi atu ranei iti iho tamau, ahakoa kia rerekē te ōwehenga o ngā wāhanga. Ko te tikanga e kore e nui ake te ihirangi konutea 30-35%, engari ka taea e tona wahi alloys hangarau tae ake ki te 50%.

āhuatanga

Mai te parahi - ko te koranu o te parahi ki te konutea me ona āhuatanga i roto i te noa ki o ratou huru maitatai. Tei runga i te ōwehenga wae, rerekē tona kara i whero ki te kowhai marama. Ko tōna kiato Ko 8500 kg / m ^3, me te pāmahana rewa ko 880-950 degrees. pai i whawha atu te parahi rite te pēhanga i roto i te wera, me te i roto i te āhua makariri, He āhuatanga aunoa pai, pakeke te te taiao o waho, engari i waho te paninga tahuri mangu i runga i te wā. e kore te mea tonu ngāwari ki te wehewehe i ia atu e te mātanga-kore parahi, me te parahi, ahakoa te mea he pakeke tuatahi, kakahu resistance, he reira iti whakangutungutu, engari atu ngohengohe me te Kaore, a reira māmā ki te tukatuka. Tei runga i te ihirangi turanga whakarewa, rerekē kawe ia waiariki, me te hiko o te parahi - atu i te mea teitei tona rahi, te atu korerotia enei āhuatanga.

Ko te uara i roto i te hītori

Ahakoa te meka e te koranu tino rongonui, me te tino nui ki te parahi - he parahi, te parahi takaro hoki te wāhi i roto i te aamu. Ahakoa te meka e tona wāhanga matua tuarua - konutea - i tuwhera noa i roto i te rau tau XVI, i mohiotia ai i roto i nga wa onamata. kongatia Romans parahi galmeem - ore, engari he tawhitotia tenei tikanga. whakatuwheratia te parahi Tuarua i roto i Ingarangi i roto i te rau tau XVIII, me te hohoro riro rongonui no te mea he reira rawa haamana'oraa o te koura, e hoki nei maha tukua reira. I roto i Russia, kei te maha i huaina tenei koranu te "parahi kōwhai". Ahakoa inaianei, i roto i te tahi mau wāhi ka taea e kitea e koe i te ingoa.

I muri i te "whanau tuarua" mō crucibles parahi whakamahia i roto i nei te pāmahana te whakawhanake ki te 1000 degrees. I kukū Konutea parahi tokorua, a ki te kahore he poke, na te putanga ko te hua e hiahiatia ana. Products hanga o tenei koranu kua whakamahia whānuitia no o tona utu iti, ka whakaaetia ngā āhuatanga te. E te ara, ahakoa i te meka e mo te wa roa i roto i te pukapuka hītori tuhituhi e te pou ki Minin me Pozharsky i Moscow, maka i roto i te parahi, ka mea restorers e i roto i te meka e hanga ana e ia o te koranu rerekē o te parahi - parahi. I teie mahana, Ko tonu tenei rauemi he rota o tono, na e tika o te urutanga, me te whakakapinga ao i reira, pea hohoro.

fariiraa

Ka rite ki meinga, kua mārama, parahi - ko te koranu o te parahi ki te konutea me te (ki te tika) etahi atu wāhanga, engari i reira he kotahi raruraru iti. Rawa tenei raruraru uaua i roto i te production arumoni. Ko te take i te ira whakakoero o te rerekē rawa nui konutea motuhake, me te parahi, na ki te noho i te raruraru o te whiwhi te tāpiri ki te motu te koranu - he nui iti o te hanganga oti.

Tei tukatuka atu i runga i te hua e hiahiatia ana. Ko te koranu e tapiritia ki te tahi atu wāhanga, kua doped, weropepahia, āhua, me pera i runga i. D. Ahakoa nga mau fifi katoa, hanga te ao me te kai o tonu tenei hua i te taumata tiketike.

Momo me paerewa

Tuatahi o te katoa, te wehewehe i waenganui i te mahi me te maka parahi. GOST whakarato ruma tūmataiti mo ratou: 15527-07 me 17711-93 aua. I roto i Russia tohu koranu rite te "Ihowa" ki te maha, e tohu te rahi o te parahi. Ki te, Heoi, he rota o ngā wāhanga, te hua kei te tohu kia titiro te tahi mea rite tenei: LAZhMts66-6-3-2. Tenei ka tikanga e, i roto i te tua ki te 66% parahi, tenei tohu ngā 6% konumohe, 3% rino, me te 2% konupora. tatau te rahi o te konutea te rite te rerekētanga i waenganui i te 100%, me te nui o te tahi atu āhuatanga. I roto i tenei take 23%. Na roto i te ingoa faaauraa me ētahi atu parahi waitohu. Enei tāpiritanga tukua te koranu ki te whiwhi i ngā āhuatanga hou, me te whakapai ake te hunga ngā. Tei runga i te tāuru o te parahi o ngā matū, kōrero nuitia ki rite tona konumohe, silicon, me zhelezomargantsovistoy m. P.

I roto i Europe me te United States whāngai atu rama ingoa pērā i CuZn37 S27200 ranei. hoki rerekē te ōwehenga o poke paku engari i whānui te hanganga o te parahi i kamupene rerekē makona kākahu.

I tua atu, i runga i te ihirangi konutea i roto i te koranu rānei he hoki tombak taiea (10%) me te polutompaki (i te 10% ki te 20%). Heoi i ētahi wā etahi rama whiwhi taitara, i runga i te hōkai o te whakamahi taketake. Heoi whakanuia he "moana", "haora" me etahi atu te parahi.

tono

Ngā wāhanga o te whakamahi o tenei koranu e kore e tatau. Ko te cheapness whanaunga me noho pai o te tukatuka, me te ona āhuatanga e faati'a ai riro tata te ao te parahi. unuhia ia ki waea me rakau, weropepahia i ngā rau o hanga reira ara te konumohe thinnest.

Paipa, wahi iti, me te nui, whare, vaolo - kua whakamahia te reira i roto i te automotive ahumahi, mea, matū, me te whakamahia te reira i roto i te hanga o ngā āhuatanga whakapaipai, Tohu Hei, me ētahi atu e enei anake te rārangi poto ... Ko reira katoa a tawhio noa tatou, a i roto i te meka te parahi - he koranu parahi ki te konutea - he āhuatanga tika noa. Na, pea, tona ma'á me urutanga o katoa tika i te ringa.

I roto i te mahi whakapaipai

Kei te nuinga o te wā riro te reira e kia hanga te whakapaipai o konganuku utu nui: koura, he hiriwa, konukawata. Engari te whakaahua ke ratou ake ture, a kua kua hoki etahi wa i roto i te ra, he maha nga wahine pai te whakapaipai mihio. Parahi, te tae o te mea tata ki te koura, i roto i tenei take, he mahuinga ia. I tua atu, ohaoha reira iho tino oro, kia e te hanganga tika, me te taranata rei whakapaipai, i hanga o koranu, taea titiro tino ataahua, me te utu. Na e kore e ara whakapae Reimana e ko reira kore koura, me te parahi. Photos te tikanga tika e kore e kawe i te ataahua o ngā hua miro rawe, na he pai ki te whiriwhiri i taua whakapaipai tangata i roto i.

tupu te reira i e kotiro mamae tika ki mate pāwera, me irritations. I mawhiti tuatahi kia mea he e te whakahenga katoa he parahi. Engari kia rite ki te tikanga, e kore te mea te reira. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, he tauhohenga pathological he nika, e hanga te tae me te ahua whānui o te koranu ko nui ahua ataahua atu. Ki te kahore he he huru ki te mate pāwera ki konganuku he pai ki te whiriwhiri whakapaipai, he wahi o e kore e whai i tēnei wae. Tikanga, whakapūtā kaiwhakanao tenei motuhake.

analogs

Mai te parahi - ko te koranu o te parahi, me te konutea, ai reira e nui ake i te tuatahi, kia puta ai e konganuku parakore (wehe ia) i ngā āhuatanga pai, engari whakamahia taua matatini te ki te whakaiti i te utu o te rauemi. I roto i te meka e kore ko reira pera. Parahi i roto i te puka parakore he huakore pērā i tapepe ki te waikura, kōngohe raro whakaritea ki alloys o te konutea me te tino he pakarukaru. Parahi pararopi fakatahai te āhuatanga pai o huakore e rua wāhanga vzavimokompensiruya.

Ētahi atu koranu parahi - parahi, cupronickel, me ētahi atu - .. He taea ki tino i huaina analogues hoki. Ko te tuatahi iti kirihou me te ake matotoru, i te mea kei te tino whakangutungutu tuarua te rauemi, me te mea o te ihirangi konukoreko taea meinga ritenga kiri. I tua atu, e here ana ano nga āhuatanga waho mō te parahi wahi tuatahi. Tae rite ki te koura, E whakatakotoria ana e motu ke ano i te kore rawa ataahua parahi parauri me te hiriwa konukoreko hiriwa.

mākete ao

timata tata tonu hanga Industrial o parahi i muri i tona re-whakatuwheratanga. Maioha ona āhuatanga ahurei, ka anga metallurgists ki te whakawhanake i te au hou i roto i te ahumahi. I teie mahana, te hanga me te kohi o te parahi tei te nuinga i runga i te āhua o te mākete parahi ao. Ko tōna tupu on homai take ki te whakapono e te tono mō alloys tae noa hinga. Ano, matapae e pā ana ki te heke mai o enei ahumahi nui atu i pai, ahakoa raruraru pērā i te whakaiti i roto i te kounga ore, te kore o te hanganga, pāpori me te raruraru tōrangapū i roto i te kaituku nui o parahi - Chile me rave rahi whenua i roto i Africa.

Ko te kiritaki matua o parahi, parahi, me te kupu e ōhanga whakawhanakehia whenua o Europa me te United States, China, Japan, me ētahi atu. I roto i nga tau tata nei, kei te anake tipu te hiahia mo enei rauemi, matua e tika ana ki te Ahia. Ka hanga he tupeke nui i roto i te waenganui-2000, noho te utu o Cu i te taua katoa-wā tiketike. Heoi, i roto i te 2016 e tūmanakohia reira ki tihi e horo'a, e te mea pea ki te tīmata i te heke i roto i utu.