Pēwaro: poinanaha me nomenclature

I mua i whakaaro nga tātai taketake o te poinanaha o pēwaro, ki te tautuhi i te piha haapiiraa o matū waro no ki te pūhui. I tua atu, ki te whakatau he aha ngā āhuatanga hanganga he te taonga, he aha e te mara matua o te tono.

āhuatanga General

poinanaha pēwaro e whakaaro tatou ki te riro ki te piha haapiiraa o kukū (rohe) waiwaro. E ratou te tātai CnH2n + 2, sp3 hybridization ngā ngota waro, here kotahi. I roto i te āhuatanga motuhake mō ngā māngai o tenei piha haapiiraa, tae atu pēwaro, poinanaha e no hoki ki te piha haapiiraa o ngā waiwaro tutakina whakauru tuwhena (kōnakonakotanga).

Ko te nomenclature o te pūhui

whakawhanakehia te reira i te tukanga motuhake rite ki e tetahi e taea te hoatu te ingoa o tetahi waiwaro kukū. Torotika kōhiwi waro ano he pēwaro, ona poinanaha kitea e te Radicals (manga) i te mekameka matua.

Tuatahi, e hiahia ana koe ki te whiriwhiri i te mekameka waro roa. Hoki te taua o ngota waro o te wahi tīpakohia i roto i nei e kei ofi ange ki nga Radicals runga. I roto i te aroaro o manga i runga i ngā taha e rua o te ara iahiko matua ki pūkete (te whakamahi i te tātai reta Russian) te maha o Radicals, me te ratou hanganga.

Ki te mea i reira e maha Radicals pūwaro ōrite i roto i te tau tohu ratou wāhi te whakamahi i ngā kuhimua haamaramaramaraa: di-, tauro, Tetra.

Anake i muri i te katoa o nga matūriki kaha, e hoatu e kia whakarārangitia te ingoa o te tapahanga waro.

te hanganga o te pēwaro

ngā te reira i te tātai hanganga poinanaha pēwaro matua te whakamahi i te hātepe tikanga. Hei tīmata whakarite ngota waro i roto i te mekameka kotahi, whiwhi pēwaro tātai noa hanganga: CH3- (CH2) 3-CH3.

Ki te mahue i roto i te mekameka matua o wha ngota waro me te toenga ka kia te aroaro i roto i te puka o te tuwhena CH3. I roto i te take i taua, e taea te hanga i te reira e rua ngā tātai hanganga o matū rere ke i ia atu whakaritenga o ngā rōpū methyl: 2-mewaropūwaro, 3-mewaropūwaro.

Pehea atu e taea te titiro pēwaro? kia kia te aroaro o nga poinanaha o tātai S5N12 me 2,2-dimetilpropanom.

enei rauemi katoa te whakatau kotahi tātai whānui CnH2n + 2, Na, no ki te piha o waiwaro kukū (waiwaro tahi) he poinanaha hanganga.

Te faataa ra te āhuatanga te oraraa o te poinanahatanga atu pūhui he tātai noa, engari rere i roto i te whakaritenga o ngā ngota o te rāpoi ngota. poinanaha hanganga i te tahi mau rerekētanga i roto i te te tauhohenga, ahakoa no ki te piha haapiiraa kotahi o waiwaro.

mutunga

Pēwaro, poinanaha o nei i whakaaro matou, ko te māngai angamaheni o paraffins. Hoki tenei piha o ngā matū waro e āhuatanga e here maha poinanahatanga. e kore e poinanaha interclass waiwaro kukū. I roto i te ahumahi nui te wahi tono pēwaro me ona poinanaha hanganga, tīpako ahumahi matū.

A, no te te isomerization o pēwaro, 2-mewaropūwaro, e hua i te dehydrogenation o te pūwaro hamanga, no ki te maha o te tātai whānui CnH2n-2. Polymerization o CxHy hamanga ko he tukanga ahumahi mō te whakaputa i te waerau waihanga whakamahia i roto i te rapa.

I roto i te ngā wāhi maha o te whakamahi o ngā hopi kukū, typified e pēwaro noa, tohatoha me te whakamahi o tenei pūhui rite te hinu anga pōhatu. I roto i te mutunga, mo nga māngai o te rohe o te maha o waiwaro, he āhuatanga o te ara iahiko matua poinanahatanga. Nā ki te meka i te rāpoi ngota he kahore here rua, mo te parawini poinanaha āhuahanga kore angamaheni, arā i reira he kahore cis me poinanaha trans.