Philosophy: He aha te mea tuatahi - mea te mahara ranei?

Philosophy - he pūtaiao tawhito. Ahu te reira i roto i nga ra o te pūnaha pononga. A taa nui, te hopoia tonu i roto i nga whenua pērā i Haina, India ko Kariki. Ko te hītori o te pūtaiao he neke atu i te 2500 tau. I roto i tenei wā kua whakapumautia matou he rota o mahi rerekē, e whakaata ana i te taumata o te whanaketanga tōrangapū, pāpori, me te ōhanga o te hapori. Te tūhura i te wāhi ngā o rapunga whakaaro, o te akoranga, ngā, me te nui. Ko arahina ratou katoa ki te kokonga - te raruraru o te me te mahara.

formulations rerekē o te raruraru taua

Ko te pātai tuatahi o te rapunga whakaaro, e hāngai ana nei i runga i ngā wāhi katoa, whakatakoto i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. he Us me mahara - he raruraru o te hononga o te wairua, me te āhua, hinengaro, me te tinana, whakaaro, me te he, me ētahi atu ia kura o whakaaro rapu whakautu ki te pātai: he aha te mea tuatahi - mea mahara ranei ..? He aha te whanau i runga i whakaaro ratou me te he? Kua tēnei ōwehenga o te philosopho Tiamana Schelling me Engels kua huaina te uiraa faufaa o te rapunga whakaaro.

Ko te faufaa o tenei raruraru e takoto i roto i te meka e i tona taumira tika tei runga i te hanga o te pūtaiao integrated o wahi o te tangata i roto i te ao. Mind me mea e hia. Otiia i te wa ano te rua o pato'iraa. Kei te maha i huaina mahara te wairua.

E rua ngā taha o te take kotahi

I te pātai matua taumauri: "He aha te mea tuatahi - mea mahara ranei" - i reira he taime - existential me te hinengaro. Te riroraa-i roto i te kupu atu, te taha ontological, takoto i roto i te imiraa i te i te otinga ki te matua raruraru o te rapunga whakaaro. Na te mauri o te taha hinengaro āhuatanga ranei, ko ki te whakatau i te pātai o mehemea kahore ranei te ao knowable knowable.

Tei runga i te raraunga o te taha e rua e wehea ki whā ngā wāhi matua. Ko te tirohanga tinana (nounou tao'a) me idealism, ite (empiricism) me rationalist.

He te wāhanga e whai ake nei Ontology: te nounou tao'a (classic me vulgaris), idealism (whāinga, me te tuakiri), dualism deism.

kanohi taha āhuatanga e rima tohutohu. puta te reira i muri mai Gnosticism me agnosticism. Ko tētahi atu e toru - empiricism, rationalism, sensualism.

Ko te raina o Democritus

I roto i te tuhinga, kei te maha i huaina nounou tao'a te raina o Democritus. Ana kaitautoko whakapono te whakautu tika ki te pātai o te mea mai te tuatahi - mea mahara ranei, faufaa. I roto i runga ki tenei mau marôraa materialist e whai ake nei:

• mea tino vai, a ko reira motuhake o te mahara;
• Mea - ko te taonga motuhake; me te reira iho anake me whanake i raro i ona ture kāinga;
• te mahara - whakaata tenei taonga ano, e no ki te mea tino whakaritenga;
• e kore he mahara he taonga motuhake, he reira - oranga.

I roto i te philosopho materialist, e whakaturia ratou te pātai nui o te mea mai te tuatahi - mea mahara ranei, e taea te tāutuhia:

• Democritus;
• Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes (kura Milesian);
• Epicurus, Bacon, Locke, Spinoza, Diderot;
• Herzen, Chernyshevsky;
• Marx, Engels, Lenin.

manarūtanga tūturu

Wehe tohatoha fakamatelié ino. tohu te reira i Vogt, Moleschott. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ka tīmata korero e pā ana ki te mea he tuatahi - mea mahara ranei, te tūranga mea absolutise.

Philosopho matenui ki te ako o te rauemi ki te awhina o nga pūtaiao tangohia: pāngarau, te ahupūngao, te matū. tau'a ore ratou i te ngakau kia rite ki te hinonga me tona kaha ki te whakaawe mea. E ai ki ngā māngai o fakamatelié faufau, hua te roro tangata whakaaro me te mahara ano he te ate, ate. e kore e tenei au ia ite i te rerekētanga kounga i waenganui i te ngakau, me te mea.

E ai ki te rangahau hou, ina te pātai o te mea mai te tuatahi - mea ranei mahara, te nounou tao'a, kaupapa, te ti'aturi i runga i nga tikanga tangohia me te taiao, arorau whakamatau ona mau marôraa. Ko reira te mea he ngoikore - he whakamārama si'isi'i o te ngako o te mahara, te kore o ngā whakamārama o maha ari o te ao a tawhio noa. nuinga nounou tao'a te rapunga whakaaro o Kariki (te wā o te manapori) i roto i te āhua o te Kariki, i Ingarangi i te rau tau XVII, i France, o te rau tau XVIII, i roto i nga whenua-pāpori o te rau tau XX.

raina Plato

Idealism o Plato huaina te raina. Kaiwhakahau o tenei au whakapono e he tuatahi mahara, mea he tuarua ki te whakaoti i te raruraru taumauri matua. titore Idealism e rua ngā wāhi motuhake: whāinga, me te tuakiri.

Māngai o te ahunga tuatahi - Platon, Leibniz, Hegel me etahi atu. te rua nga philosopho tautoko pērā i Berkeley me Hume. whakaaro kaiwhakatū o idealism whāinga o Plato. E huru no te tirohanga o tenei rohe e te faaiteraa: ". anake te whakaaro o tūturu me tuatahi" idealism Whāinga ta:

• te mooni e karapoti ana - he ao o ngā whakaaro, me te ao o mea;
• Eidos poi (whakaaro) te tīariari tuatahi i roto i te hanahana (te ao) whakaaro;
• e kore e te ao o te mau mea materia, me te whai i te oraraa motuhake, me ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā ariā;
• ia mea takitahi - eidoses ahua;
• tūranga tino hira mō te faafariuraa ki te whakaaro tūemi motuhake mawehe atu te Atua-Kaihanga;
• Eidos takitahi te tīariari tautika, takitahi o matou mahara.

Te aau, me te take

idealism tuakiri, ka mea e mahara he tuatahi, mea tuarua, na ô:

• vai katoa anake i roto i te hinengaro o te kaupapa;
• He Ngaahi Fakakaukau i roto i te hinengaro tangata;
• He parare ano whakapakoko o mea tinana anake i roto i te hinengaro i roto i ngā wheako tairongo;
• e kore faufaa e kore Eidos kore e ora motu i mahara tangata.

Ko te ngoikoretanga o tenei ariā ko e kahore whakamārama pono, me te arorau o te huarahi faafariuraa eidoses he tūemi ngā. ka kaha idealism taumauri i nga ra o Plato i Kariki, i roto i nga ake Middle. I teie mahana, he mea noa i roto i te United States, Germany me etahi atu whenua Pākehā Western.

Monism me dualism

Fakamatelié, idealism - pēnei ki monism, arā te mau haapiiraa e pā ana ki te kotahi parau tumu tuatahi ... whakaturia Descartes dualism, te ngako o e takoto i roto i te tuhinga:

• E rua taonga motuhake: tinana, me te wairua;
• He āhuatanga tinana totoro;
• He whakaaro wairua;
• ahu katoa i roto i te ao kei te rānei i tetahi i te taonga tuarua ranei;
• mea tinana mai i mea, me whakaaro - i te taonga i te pae varua;
• mea me te wairua - te pato'iraa kōtuitui o uouangataha te.

I roto i te rapu o te whakahoki ki te pātai tumu o te kaupapa: "He aha te mea tuatahi - mea mahara ranei '- Ka taea te whakarāpopoto: mea, me te mahara e tonu hakari, me te kīnaki tahi i te tahi.

Ētahi atu ngā i roto i te rapunga whakaaro

Pluralism mau e te ao he rota o ngā āhuatanga, pera i roto i te ariā o monads Leibniz.

whakaae Deism te aroaro o te te Atua nana nei i kotahi i hanga te ao me kihai i whai wāhi i roto i tona whanaketanga atu, e kore e pā reira te whanonga me oraraa o te iwi. Teisi He philosopho French o te Māmá o te rau tau XVIII - Voltaire me Rousseau. kihai ratou i whakahē mahara mama a whakaaro spiritualized reira.

hanumi tūmōmō ariā o idealism me nounou tao'a.

Kaiwhakatū o empiricism ko Francis Bacon. I roto i te rerekē ki te tauākī whai,: "Ko tuatahi i roto i te pā ana ki te mea mahara" - ta ariā hōhonu e te niu o te matauranga e taea anake e ngā wheako me mau mana'o. I roto i te whakaaro (whakaaro) kahore he mea kihai i i i hua experimentally.

whakakāhoretanga o te matauranga

Agnosticism - aronga, tino whakakahore te pea o te ahiahi he māramatanga wāhanga te ao i roto i te wheako tuakiri. I whakaurua tenei ariā e T. G. Geksli me te māngai nui o te agnosticism ko Kant, e tohe e he pūmanawa nui te whakaaro tangata, engari he iti ratou. I tenei kaupapa, hangaia e te hinengaro tangata ngaro me ketanga e whai kahore tupono o taumira. enei ngā whakahēnga katoa i roto i te tirohanga o Kant, i reira he he wha. Ko tētahi o ratou: i reira ko te Atua - e kore e te Atua te tīariari. E ai ki Kant, ara te mea no ki te ngā tautōhito o te ngakau o te tangata, e taea e kore e mohiotia ai, no te mea mahara e taea anake ki te whakaatu nga mea i roto i te sensations, otiia e kore ia e taea ki te mohio te faufaa i roto.

I teie mahana, kaitautoko o te whakaaro o "He tuatahi Mahu'inga - ahu te i te mahara o te mea" e taea te kitea rawa uaua. Kua riro te ao faaroo hāngai, ahakoa te rerekētanga rahi o te whakaaro. Otiia i roto i te noa'tu o te rapu tenetere-tawhito mo nga whakaaro, e kore te ahurei whakaritea te pātai taketake o te rapunga whakaaro. kihai i taea e te reira whakahoki tetahi o nga kaitautoko o Gnosticism, e kore nga tangata piri ki a te ontology. Tenei raruraru mau tonu kāore anō mō ngā whakaaro. I roto i te rau tau rua tekau, rapunga whakaaro Western, whakaaturanga kura whakaiti au i roto i te aro ki te pātai taumauri taketake tuku iho. Ia āta mona tona hāngaitanga.

au o nāianei

Pērā aivanaa rite Jaspers, Camus, Heidegger, mea e i roto i te heke mai kia hāngai raruraru taumauri hou - existentialism. Ko reira te pātai o te tangata me tona oraraa, whakahaere ao wairua whaiaro, ā-whanaunga tūmatanui, haere noa o whiriwhiri, te tikanga o te ora, tona wahi i roto i te hapori, me te tikanga o te oaoa.

Mai i te tirohanga o te tangata existentialism - he mooni tino ahurei. Hoki e kore e taea ki te tono ati inenga causality. Kahore waho e kore mana mo te iwi, ko te ratou take ratou. Na reira, i roto i te existentialism korero e pā ana ki te mana motuhake o te iwi. Oraraa - Ko tenei te mauanga o haere noa, te turanga o nei - te tangata kua hanga ia me i te kawenga mō te katoa e ia. Ko reira ngā e i roto i tenei rohe i reira ko te hononga o te ta'e fakalotu.

Mai nga wa onamata iwi e ngana ana ki te mohio ratou, ka kitea e ratou wahi i roto i te ao. He tonu tenei take philosopho hiahia. I roto i te rapu mō whakautu ētahi wā i mahue te ora katoa o te tangata tohe. E āta hono ana te kaupapa o te tikanga o te ora ki te raruraru o te natura taata. He noa'i enei ariā me he maha nga taua rite ki pā ana ki te ari teitei o te ao rauemi - te tangata. Ko ara tenei ra, e kore e taea e te rapunga whakaaro te hoatu anake te whakahoki mārama, me te tika ki ēnei pātai.