Poto haurongo hītori Radischeva Aleksandra o te ora, auahatanga me ngā pukapuka

ka rongonui rite te kaituhi pūmanawa me te rohi pehe Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev, engari ki runga ki te par ki taua, ko ia he philosopho ka puritia i roto i te marae o te tūranga pai. Tenei tuhinga whakarato te poto haurongo Radishcheva (mo te māka 9, e taea e tenei kōrero tino whai hua).

Kōhungahunga. Moving ki Moscow

ko Arehanera, e te tama a te rangatira rawa Nicholas Afanasevicha Radishchev. I whanau ia i roto i Saratov kawanatanga, i roto i te kainga o Upper Oblyazove i 1749. Ko tona papa he tangata o te ahurea, na tamata ia ki te hoatu i tana tama, me te mātauranga pai. Radishcheva whaea ko Thekla Savvichna. ko ia tetahi o te whānau intelligentsia gentry Moscow. Tona ingoa kotiro - Argamakova.

Ko reira taa'eraa i tukinotia tino pai ngā mātua Radishcheva ratou serfs, a whakaakona tana tama. haere Childhood Alexander Nikolayevich i Oblyazove. Kei te mohiotia te reira e ko te taonga, me te nui ratou whare, i reira ko tonu he rota o te iwi. I roto i te Radishchev i wha tuahine me ono teina, nga tamariki i runga i te rite i uru ki te pa, kokiritanga ratou ratou i roto i te kainga. Ko te āhua Educator Radishchev whenua ano tona ingoa - Pita Mamontov. here haamana'o Radishchev pehea Uncle korerotia korero.

A, ia ia 7 tau, ka mau ia ia ona matua ki a Moscow. I reira noho ia i roto i te tiaki o te whanaunga o te whaea. I runga i te par ki ngā tamariki a te ope, ako ia i te orometua whare wānanga me te kaiako Wīwī. i ratou he Wīwī tawhito, i rere nei i to ratou whenua.

Tautuhi i te tamaiti i rerekē. tae ia nga kauwhau o ārahi whakaaro o tautohetohe serfdom, hanga, mātauranga, taero. i te wenewene manuhiri Argamakovyh ki te kāwanatanga o Elizabeth, a i raro i a Pita e kore e te rere Tuatoru tupu, i runga i te anga ke, anake tupu te inoino. I roto i te taiao taua Ros Aleksandr Nikolaevich.

Corps Whārangi

A, ia ia 13 tau, amuamu ia ki te whārangi. Tenei hanga te Empress Catherine II. Hoki iti Radishcheva inoi ana whanaunga Argamakovy.

Tae noa 1764 Catherine ki te kāwanatanga i roto i Moscow, i reira ka mau te koroneihana wahi, a ka ki tana i ngā whārangi, tae atu hoki Radishchev ki St Petersburg.

kihai a Whārangi Corps "raugatira" faanahoraa i roto i aua tau. whakangungua te tamariki katoa i roto i te kotahi anake kaiako - Morembert, nei i titauhia ki te whakaatu ia ratou e founga ki te mahi ki te Empress i te pōro, i roto i te whare tapere, i roto i nga tereina.

kihai i poto koioranga Radishchev, te wahi tino nui i roto i nei e kawea mai e ahau ki a ia te angitu, te whakaahua i te wheako o te tamaiti nei i te ariā kōrero nui, me ngā ngākau nuitanga tūmatanui kawea i roto i te marae Wenerei. O te akoranga, i riro ia kua te mauahara katoa o matawaenga, teka, whakapati, a inaianei kite reira katoa ki toku kanohi ake, a kahore noa ki hea, engari i roto i te kororia katoa o te whare.

Ko roto i tutaki te Corps o whārangi Alexander ki Kutuzov, ko wai e waiho tona hoa pai mō ngā tau e maha. Ahakoa te mutunga mahuetanga o ratou ara, e kore te rangatira i mea te kupu kino kotahi e pā ana ki Radishchev. haurongo Poto o te whakamutunga - i te haamauraa tika.

I roto i Leipzig

E rua tau i muri mai, i muri i neke ki St Petersburg Radischev me rima tamariki i tonoa e ia ki a Germany ki ako i te whare wānanga. hiahia Catherine II ki te riro kaiwhakaako o te ture mātauranga me mahi i roto i te wahi ture.

Ina e tupu to ratou rōpū iti. Hei tauira, i roto i Leipzig haere mai Fyodor Ushakov, he mua i te wa he kuao rangatira. mahue ia te mahi mo te matauranga whare wānanga. ko te matamua Fedor, a hohoro meinga te rangatira o te rōpū o te tangata taitamariki.

pau Radishchev i roto i te whenua ke mo tata e rima nga tau. tenei wa katoa, mahi ia pakeke, me te tata ka he tohu hauora, engari tonu ngā tuhinga a ia te nuinga. Poto haurongo Radishcheva tohu tona moni i roto i te ahunga predromanticheskomu Tiamana mäharahara ana.

I miharo te whenua i te Tau whitu 'War, i mutu tata, na kua whakawhanakehia hapori te rota o whakaaro wä, ka taea e tatou te mea svobodomyslennyh, ki te kahore hou. Na ko nga ākonga Russian i te pokapū o reira katoa. Fakataha ki a ratou, ako i te University o Goethe, whakarongo ratou ki te kauwhau o philosopho tino Platner, nei ko te tautoko o te liberalism.

I roto i te Germany, e kore nga tangata taitamariki i ora rawa pai, no te mea o ratou rangatira Bocoum, i whakaturia e te Empress, ko he fakaaoao pono, me te apo. ka mau atu ia taitama ka tono tangata ki te ihirangi te moni katoa. Na ka whakaritea e nga ākonga ki te tutu. mahue tenei whakatau ratou tītaha rite i hopukina ratou, ka tonoa ki te tamataraa. Otiia haukotia Russian Ambassador.

pupuhi nui i muri Bocoum, i mua i tika mahue Radishcheva kāinga.

hoki

Poto haurongo Radishcheva faahiti e i roto i 1771 ka haere ia ki a St Petersburg me Kutuzov me Rubanovskii. E ki tonu o te mana'o maitai me te faaotiraa, haurangi ahu whakamua pāpori mana'o iwi Young, e hiahia ana ratou ki te mahi i te hapori.

Te āhua e runga i te tau pau ratou i roto i Germany, tino wareware te Empress e pā ana ki te whakaaro o te tuku i te whārangi noa atu. takoto Radishcheva ki te mahi i roto i te kaumatua, he kaiwhakamahara. Tenei meinga te taitama ngangau tangata moana, me te hohoro mahue ia te mahi.

I te 1773 ka tomo ia ki te tari matua o General Bruce, te wahi i whakaritea e ia i te rōia hāmene hōia. faauruhia tenei mahi hoki Alexander Nikolayevich, engari i ia te putanga. Nā ki tona āhuareka me te mōhiotanga,, ka ia entree ki hapori teitei ruma ora me kaituhi. e kore hoki te kau Alexander wareware e pā ana ki tona anaanatae tuhituhi. e kore Radishcheva taea ki te pupuri i puku e pā ana ki tona mahi Ahakoa he haurongo rawa poto. A ehara i te mea e tika ana.

ara tuhi

Hoki te wā tuatahi ka tahuri Alexander ki te mahi tuhituhi ara i roto i Leipzig. Ko reira he liliu o nga mau buka tōrangapū, me te karakia. Otiia e kore e te tona whārangi taitamariki oti, no te mea whakaputaina te "Gazette" tetahi, irava iti mangeo.

I roto i te St. Petersburg, tutaki ia ki te kaiwhakaputa o te moheni "Painter" Novikov. Hohoro reira puta te tuhinga ui ko e "Ko te wahi o Travel", engari i whakaputaina reira ingoamuna. Poto haurongo Radishchev, te mea tino nui, ko te - tonu i runga i te mata, kitea e te meka e tata kore te kaituhi faahiti tona ake ingoa i runga i te hua.

I roto i te "Kongakonga" i mahino whakaatu reira te ora o te whenua kainga, me ona ngā kaupapa ngali katoa. O te akoranga, i kore rite reira te kāwanatanga runga, a i he nga kaipupuri whenua. Otiia e kore te kaituhi ranei te kaiwhakaputa kore he wehi. Na hohoro, i roto i te buka aamu taua whakaputaina he tuhinga "Ingarihi Walk", e tiaki te putanga o mua. Na ka te hokohoko o "irava".

Mau, ki tenei whakaputanga ka timata te mahi fakamamahi Radishchev.

whai wāhi tokomaha Alexander i huriraa, i whakaputaina hoki Novikov. E ai ki te tikanga o Catherine i iritihia te pukapuka ki a ratou, "Whakaaro e pā ana ki te hītori Kariki" Mably. Otiia i roto i te mutunga i mahue ia etahi o ana tohu, reira tomo ki te totohe ki te kaituhi, me te maha o ngā whakamāramatanga (tae atu i te kupu "arikitanga").

I roto i 1789 ka haere mai te whakaputanga o te pukapuka "Te Life Ushakov", kua whakaarahia nei e te rota o te haruru. Ia ano i whakaputaina ingoamuna, engari i ruarua kahore tetahi te Kaituhitanga o Radishchev. kite katoa e te pukapuka maha faaiteraa mōrearea me whakaaro. Heoi, kua waiho te mana tona ara i roto i, i ko te tohu mo te kaituhi mō te mahi anō.

e kore te mea rite whai kiko ana Radishcheva haurongo poto mō te kōeke 9, engari tuhia te reira i wenewene te mahi o tenei tangata te mana kore anake, engari ano hoki nga mema o o te Russian Academy, a he tokomaha rangatira.

kihai i Radishchev ata iho. hiahia e ia te tahi mau mahi tuwhena. Na reira ahau ka anga ki puta i roto i te Society o hoa o te philology, i ngā maha kaituhi, me te kaipuke, me te rangatira. Na ka e ia tona ara: rongo ia ki te korero.

kua meinga Society he moheni "Tumuaki o te tangata", i whakaputaina mahi, î Radishchevskaya whakaaro. He te hoki te tuhinga i te philosopho ia, atu rite te kupu whakatö- ( "Ko te kōrero e ko te tama a te fatherland). I te ara, i ia ki te tamata rawa nui ki i tonoa ia ki te tā. Mahino Ahakoa ana kaitautoko pehea e taea e te reira mōrearea.

Writer, au ra reira, i kore kite, rite nga kapua e kohikohi ki runga ia. Ko reira mārama whakaahua ana te haurongo. Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich, nei mahi i mahi mahi ta'e'ofa ia, ka haere mai i raro i te kanohi o te mana. Fuel ki te ahi ringihia tona whakaputanga muri.

"Journey i St Petersburg ki Moscow"

kei poto haurongo Radishcheva kotahi meka maere. Tona mahi matua, haere te whakamātautau te aukatinga, kahore raruraru. e mea he e kore e taea tenei, engari ko te reira. Ko te mea, ko te e ki te karakia tino o Tūmatanui Pirihimana tika mangere rawa tai'o i te reira. Tona kitenga i te taitara me te tepu o tirotiro, kua whakaritea e te reira e ko te aratohu tika tenei. tāngia te pukapuka i roto i te tā kāinga o te kaituhi, na ona tirotiro, i matau kahore tetahi.

Ko te tino ohie te wahi. He tangata haere e haere i te kainga tetahi ki tetahi, me, e haere atu ana nga kainga, whakaahua ana te mea i kite ia. Ko te pukapuka, ko te fakaangá rawa waiata o te mana Ngātuere,, mau a'oraa e pā ana ki te peasants tukinotia me kaiwhakarēti Te faatiaraa i.

I roto i te katoa, i tāngia e ono rau kape, engari hokona anake ka rua tekau-rima. haere roa ki te kaipānui kaihoko e hiahia ana ki te tango i roto i nga ringa o te putanga hou.

O te akoranga, e kore i kitea i te hua taua tetahi whakautu i ngā kaipānui, e kore te whiriwhiri pule. Ko te Empress o te kaituhi whakaritea ki Pugachev, a riro te whakarite ko te tutu.

He i roto i tua ki nga mana, a e kore e te tahi atu tangata mauruuru i te mahi o Radishchev. Hei tauira, ka mea a Pushkin e pā ana ki te mea te tino makariri te pukapuka, te tuhituhi e ko te reira "pukapuka kāre" tuhituhia "haupū whakarihariha."

Te hopu me te whakarau

I runga i nga whakahau o Catherine II Radishchev i hopukina ia. Ko Pipiri 30, 1790. E ai ki ngā tuhinga e pā ana, ko te take mo te herehere anake te kaituhi o "Travel". Ko, pera te Empress i mohiotia roa e pā ana ki te āhua o te whakaaro me ngā mahi o te tangata, ki te take kua wa me ana mahi tuhituhi atu.

No te mea o te hononga ki te tawainga, i marara ai i te Society o hoa. whakaakona Investigation te matenga o Stepan Sheshkovsky pirihimana ngaro, i ko te kaitiaki whaiaro Empress. Tenei ako te hopoia Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. haurongo poto (9-graders whakaaro tenei kaupapa i roto i te marautanga kura) tohu ki te meka i ngaro te toe kape o te pukapuka i te kaituhi, i te mea tino wehi.

i herea Radishchev i te Pita me Paora pourewa. mawhiti ia te whakamamae fakalilifu noa no te mea kawea tuahine o tona wahine kua katoa tona whakapaipai kaitiaki. A, no te te "tutu" kitenga pehea kino he kēmu i roto i nei i whai wāhi ai ia, i hinga ia te wehi. Runga ake ia i roto i te ati o te mate i runga i tona whānau - tinihanga parani. Na ka anga Radishchev ki te tuhituhi pukapuka o te tatarahapa, ahakoa kahore rawa fakamātoato.

Mai i te kaituhi rapu ki ia ingoa ingoa o hoa me hoa. Otiia kihai i Radishchev puaki te ingoa kotahi. E ai ki nga hua o te marae, i runga i Hūrae 24, i whiua ia ki te mate. Otiia i rite ko te kaituhi he rangatira nui, i hiahiatia ai ki te whakaaetia ngā pokapū kāwanatanga katoa. Radishchev tatari reira tae noa ki 19 August. Ko mo etahi take i hiki te mahia, a ka whakakapi Mahuru 4 Ekaterina iri whakaraua i Siberia.

Mōhiohio e pā ana te tau kotahi tekau pau ia i roto i te whare herehere Ilmen, i taea e kapi tona haurongo poto. Alexander Radishchev, kaituhi, hoa kua tahuri atu nei i te whakarau, noho ana i reira hoki nga tau e ono anake. I roto i te 1796, Emperor Paora, mohiotia hoki tona tautohetohe ki tona whaea, wetekina te kaituhi. A i roto i te 1801 i te hara ia.

tau tata nei

Alexander huaina e ahau te kaituhi ki St Petersburg, ka whakaritea ia ki te tūranga o te Komihana i runga i te waihanga o ture.

I muri i te whakahekenga atu i tuhituhia Radishchev he torutoru ngā ruri, heoi kihai ia i i riro pai i literatorstva. Ko reira uaua ki tineia te haere noa o te whakaaro. Ano, te tino takahi ora i roto i Siberia tona hauora, ko ia kore taitamariki, me te aue. Mahalo katoa o enei ngā, a akina atu te kaituhi ki te mawhiti i te ora.

kei poto haurongo Radishcheva mōhiohio e reira e rua putanga o tona mate. hono ana te tuatahi kei te ki te mahi. Ko tōna tikanga whakaarohia ia ki te whakauru ture e whakaōrite nga tika o tangata, a ka riria te tiamana a ia, whakawehi ki Siberia. tenei ka mau a Alexander ki ngakau, me te kawa.

Ko te putanga tuarua he e ia hape inu he karaihe o aqua regia , a mate i mua o tana tama. Ko tuhinga tangihanga, whakarārangitia mate maori te rite te take o te mate.

Ki tenei ra e kore kua ora urupa o te kaituhituhi.

Ko te whakarau o te tupu tuhituhi

Tae noa kihai i kitea te kaituhi rautau rua tekau o ngā pukapuka. I mohiotia e ia anake rite te noho ( "teina") Penza rohe - Radishchev. Writer, Biography (poto i roto i te whakaaturanga, engari taua rahi) i he rawa fakamamahi, kihai i mauruuru e hono to'utangatá. i tahuna ana pukapuka katoa. Anake i roto i te 1888, tukua he putanga iti i roto i Russia "Travel". Na kua i roto i te 1907 - he kohinga o mahi o kaituhi me te rohi pehe.

whānau

Kua te kaituhi kua marenatia rua. Ki te tana wahine tuatahi Anna Rubanovskii i ia wha tamariki. Otiia ka mate te wahine i roto i te whanau te tama whakamutunga a Paora. Titiro i muri i nga tamariki i waiho i waho whakaae whaea tuahine Anne Catherine.

Ko ia nei ko te wahine tuarua o Radishchev, aru ia ia ki te whakarau. i whanau E toru atu tamariki i roto i to ratou faaipoiporaa. I te ara hoki ki St Petersburg Catherine hinga mate a mate. Tenei pouri te matenga o nga tamariki katoa a Radishchev.

haurongo poto me mahi o te kaituhi pono whakaari. Ahakoa nga ngā katoa o tona ora, kihai i whakarere ia ratou whakaaro, a aru ana ratou taea noatia te manawa whakamutunga. Tenei whakakitea te kaha o te wairua o te tangata!