Rakau Family o reo Indo-Pākehā: tauira, ngā rōpū reo, rawa

peka Indo-Pākehā o reo ko tetahi o te nui rawa i roto i te Eurasian mau utuafare reo. Kua horahia e te reira i roto i te 5 tenetere whakamutunga i roto i Te Tai Tokerau me Amerika ki te Tonga, Ahitereiria me ngā wāhanga o Africa. reo Indo-Pākehā ki te Age o Discovery nohoia rohe o Te Tai Rāwhiti Turkistan, kei nei i roto i te rawhiti, ki te hauauru o Ireland, i Inia i roto i te tonga ki te raki o Scandinavie. Ko te te mau melo o te utuafare ngā pā ana ki 140 reo. Mea rawa e korero ratou e pā ana ki 2 piriona iwi (2007 tata). e English te wahi ārahi i roto ia ratou, te maha o kawe.

Ko te uara o nga reo Indo-Pākehā i roto i te mātauranga wetereo whakatairite-hītori

I roto i te whanaketanga o te linvistiki mua wāhi nui whakatairite e ko te ako o ngā reo Indo-Pākehā. Ko te take i ko ratou hapu tetahi o nga pūtaiao tuatahi nei i tāutuhia ki te hohonu nui pae tino. Ka rite ki te tikanga, i roto i te pūtaiao whakaritea atu mau utuafare, arotahi hangatonu pe ta'efakahangatonu i te wheako riro i roto i te ako i te reo Indo-Pākehā.

Methods o rite o reo

Ka taea te whakaritea Reo i roto i ngā huarahi. Ko te typology Ko tetahi o te noa tino o ratou. momo tenei ako o te tītohu wetereo, me te te rapunga i te pūtake o te ture ao e te tīariari i ngā taumata rerekē. Heoi, e kore e taea e tenei tikanga e ira. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te whakamahi i kore e taea te ako i te reira reo i roto i ngā o ratou take. kia tākaro i te tūranga matua mō te rangahau whakatairite he ariā o te whanaungatanga, me te te tikanga o tona whakatū.

whakarōpū ira o ngā reo Indo-Pākehā

Ko reira te orotahi o koiora ki runga ki e kua tohaina ngā momo rōpū rerekē. Ngā mihi ki a ia, ka taea e tatou te whakarite i te momo o reo, o nei i reira e pā ana ki ono mano. Te tāutu tauira, ka taea e tatou te whakaiti katoa o tenei huinga ki te maha āhua iti o te mau utuafare reo. He tino taonga nga hua hua whakarōpū ira mō wetereo kore anake, engari ano hoki mo te maha o te tahi atu pekanga hāngai ana. He nui rawa hoki ka hia kē rite te putanga me te whanaketanga o ngā reo rerekē e pā ana tata ki ethnogenesis (te putanga me te whanaketanga o ngā rōpū matawaka) ratou.

rakau Family o reo Indo-Pākehā kōrero e e whakarei te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou i runga i te wā. Ka taea te faaite i tēnei i roto i te tikanga taua e te tawhiti therebetween piki, whanganga nei rite te roa o te manga rakau pere ranei.

Ko te manga o te whānau Indo-Pākehā

He maha manga rākau Family o reo Indo-Pākehā. I roto i te reira tu i roto i rite te rōpū nui, me te arā, o tetahi anake reo. Tenei e ratou. Tenei Modern Kariki, reo Indo-Iranian, Itari (tae atu Latin), Roma, Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Paratiki, Albanian, Armenian, Anatolian (Hiti-Lubian) me Tocharian. Kei roto i tēnei, i roto i te tua, he maha o ngaro, e kua mohiotia ki tatou i te puna kino iho, te nuinga i runga i te mōhinuhinu torutoru, inscriptions me ingoa wāhi antroponimii nga kaituhi Byzantine me Kariki. Tenei Thracian, Pirikia, messapsky, Illyrian, drevnemakedonsky, reo Venetic. Ka taea e kore ki te tino e pēnei ratou ki tetahi ranei tetahi rōpū (peka). Pea kia ratou kia tohaina i roto i ngā rōpū motuhake (manga), whakaaro, mo te rakau whakapapa o ngā reo Indo-Pākehā. E wehea Scientists i runga i tenei take.

Ko e mo'oni, i reira i te tahi atu atu i te hunga kua whakarārangitia i runga ake, me ētahi atu reo Indo-Pākehā. i rerekē ratou whakarau. He tino ngaro etahi o ratou, kua mahue etahi ki muri torutoru tohu i roto i te papakupu o te tïpako me toponomastike. i hanga whakamātau ki te whakahoki mai te tahi mau reo Indo-Pākehā ki enei ara rawakore. ngā te reconstructions tino rongonui o tenei ahua te reo Cimmerian. mahue te whakapae e ia ngā tohu i roto i te Baltic me Slavic. Hoki tuhipoka o ko te Pelagie, korerotia e taupori o Kariki tawhito mua-Kariki.

Melanisiá

I roto i te roha o te reo ngā Indo-Pākehā e kua puta i runga i te rau tau whakamutunga, i roto i te Romana me Tiamana i hanga e hāngai ana i runga i pinepine o hou - Melanisiá. E āhuatanga ratou i te papakupu radically haapotohia (1.5 th. kupu ranei iti) me te wetereo māmā. I muri, creolized etahi o ratou, me ētahi atu maitai nui-kōeke i roto i mahi, me te grammatically. He Bislama, Tok Pisin, Krio i Sierra Leone, enei Equatorial Guinea me te Gambia; seshelva i roto i nga Seychelles; Mauritius, a Haiti Réunionnaise et al.

Ka rite ki te tauira, he whakamārama poto o te whānau e rua Indo-Pākehā o reo. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - Tajik.

Tajik

No te reira ki te whānau Indo-Pākehā, ki te peka Indo-Iranian me te rōpū Iranian. Ko ia he āhua i Tajikistan, whānui i roto i Central Asia. Fakataha ki te reo kīwaha Mai tuhituhinga Tajiks te Afghanistan, pā ana te reira ki te rohe ki te rawhiti New Pahi mita ihinga. Ka taea te whakaaro i tēnei reo rite te kē o te Pahia (raki). Tonu māramatanga taea i waenganui i te hunga e whakamahi i te reo Tajik, ko Pahi-korero noho o Iran.

Ossetian

No te reira ki te reo Indo-Pākehā ki te peka Indo-Iranian o te rōpū Iranian me Huingaiti rawhiti. He noa te reo Ossetian i roto i te Tonga ko Te Tai Tokerau Ossetia. Ko a tawhio noa 450-500 mano te katoa maha o kaikōrero. tangata. He nga tohu o hoapā onamata ki Slavic, Turkey me Finno-Ugric. E rua mita reo Ossetian: rino, me Digor.

Ko te tiango o te turanga arero

No muri i te wha o nga BC mano tau. e. i reira ko te tiango o te turanga Indo-Pākehā kotahi. arahina tenei kaupapa ki te putanga o maha mea hou. Whakarite e korero ana, a ka timata te uri ki te tupu rakau whakapapa o ngā reo Indo-Pākehā. Käore e kore e wehea te reo Hiti-Luwian tuatahi. tohatoha Time peka Tocharian o te tautohenga tino no te mea o te matekai o raraunga.

Whakamātau ki te whakakotahi i te manga rerekē

Na roto i te Indo-Pākehā whānau reo ngā maha manga. Ehara i ngana katoa ki te ngā ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi kua hanga. Hei tauira, hypothesize tatou e te reo Slavic me Baltic ngā tata. Kei te riro te reira ki te whakapai kanohi ki te to Itari me Celtic. Na roto i te tawhiti te tino e whakaaro ki te hei i te uniana o reo Iranian me Indo-Aryan mohio, ko Nuristani ko Tau faka- i roto i te amaa Indo-Iranian. I roto i ētahi wā, tae noa te whakahaere ki te whakahoki āhuatanga tātai kōrero Proto Indo-Iranian.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e no te Silaví ki te whānau reo Indo-Pākehā. Otiia e kore e tonu takoto ïa ahakoa kahore ranei ki te tohatoha o ratou reo i roto i te peka motuhake. Ko te taua pā ki te iwi Paratiki. Balto-Slavic kotahitanga ai te rota o te tautohe i roto i tenei rōpū rite te whānau reo Indo-Pākehā. taea e kore te tapitapi ore pēnei te iwi ki te peka ngā.

Ko te tahi atu whakapae, paopao ana ratou katoa i roto i te pūtaiao hou. kia āhuatanga rerekē te hanga i te pūtake mō te wehenga o te poka wai nui rite te whānau reo Indo-Pākehā. People Ko te kawe o etahi e maha o ona reo. Na reira, e kore te mea pera ohie ki te whakarōpū ratou. kua Redprinyaty ngā whakamātau ki te waihanga i tētahi pūnaha pipiri. Hei tauira, kia rite ki nga hua o te ngao ngohe orokati Indo-Pākehā i wehea nga reo katoa o tenei rōpū ki rau pauna me te satem. E huaina ēnei rōpū i runga i te whakaata o te kupu "kotahi rau". I roto i te reo satemnyh kitea te tangi tuatahi o te kupu porowhita kei roto i te puka o "sh", "c", me pera i runga i. N. I kentumnyh, e te āhuatanga reira e "x", "ki" me pera i runga i. N.

comparativists tuatahi

Ko te putanga o tika wetereo hītori whakatairite pā ki te timatanga o te rau tau 19, me te te e pā ana ki te ingoa o Franz Bopp. I roto i tona mahi, ia tuatahi whakamatauria te hononga pūtaiao o reo Indo-Pākehā.

ko Tiamana comparativists Tuatahi iwi. Reira F. Bopp, J. Zeiss, J. Grimm me ētahi atu. Ratou te tuatahi ka whakatata whakarongo ki te meka e Sanskrit (he reo Indian tahito) he tino rite ki German. whakamatauria ratou e te tahi mau reo Iranian, Indian, me te Pākehā i te takenga mai noa. Na, ngā ratou nga kairangahau ki "Indo-Germanic" utuafare. I muri i te ia i kitea ai e mo te hangaia anō o Proto he o faufaa rahi rite te Slavic me Paratiki. Na, he wā hou - te "reo Indo-European."

Ko te kaiaka o Avgusta Shleyhera

August Schleicher (i runga whakaatu reira whakaahua) i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 19, whakarāpopoto nga matua whakatutukitanga comparativists. whakaahuatia e ia ia Huingaiti o te whānau Indo-Pākehā, i roto i ngā, tona huru apī. te whakaaro te pūtaiao te whakamahi o te mau parau tumu o te hangaia anō proto-reo noa. Ko te tika o ona ake anō, i ia kahore feaa. Schleicher noa tuhituhi te kuputuhi i runga i te reo Proto-Indo-Pākehā, anō ratou. Tenei fabula "te hipi, me te hoiho."

wetereo whakataurite i hanga kia rite ki te hua o ngā rangahau e pā ana reo, me te tikanga tukatuka whakamatau ratou hunaonga me te hanga hou o te kāwanatanga he pūtake prayazykovogo. whakairia August Schleicher te ki te tukanga schematic o ratou whanaketanga rite te rakau utuafare. rōpū Indo-Pākehā o reo puta i te wa ano i roto i te puka e whai ake nei: te oko - he tipuna reo noa, he rōpū o ngā reo e hāngai ana ko nga manga. rakau Family ko te whakapakoko mārama o te hononga tawhiti, me te tata. I tua atu, tohu reira te aroaro o tata Proto whānui (Paratiki-Slavic - nga tupuna Baltic ko Slavic, Tiamana, me te Slavic - nga tupuna Baltic, Germanic ko Slavic, aha ...).

rangahau Modern Quentin Atkinson

More tata, i kitea he rōpū ao o ōmataora me wetereo e ahu te rōpū o ngā reo Indo-Pākehā i Anatolia (Turkey).

Ko ia te tangata e, i roto i to ratou tirohanga, ko te wāhi o tenei rōpū. Rangahau arahina e Quentin Atkinson, he kaikoiora kei roto i Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau o Aotearoa. whakamahia Scientists ki te tātari i te tikanga rerekē o Indo-Pākehā reo, e kua whakamahia ki te ako i te kukuwhatanga o ngā momo. tātarihia ratou he take o ngā kupu 103 reo. I tua atu, te uiui e ratou raraunga i runga i to ratou whanaketanga o mua, me te tohatoha matawhenua. I tenei kaupapa, i hanga te kairangahau i tēnei mutunga.

whakaaro o cognates

Pehea i ako i enei pūtaiao he rōpū o Indo-Pākehā whānau reo? whakaaro ratou cognates. Ko te kupu pakiaka taua, e whai he tangi rite me te takenga noa i roto i rua, neke atu rānei ngā reo tenei. Ko te tikanga ratou kupu e iti wāhi ki huringa i roto i te akoranga o te kunenga (tohu te auraa utuafare, te ingoa o nga wahi tinana me tūpou). whakaritea Scientists te maha o cognates i ngā reo. I tenei kaupapa, whakaritea e ratou te whānuitanga o ratou hononga. Ko te kupu, i rite cognates ki ira, me irakētanga - rerekētanga cognates.

Ko te whakamahi o te raraunga hītori, me te raraunga matawhenua

Na haere nga pūtaiao ki raraunga hītori runga i te wa ka liliu te kiia reo hahiraa. Hei tauira, kua tata te reira i e i roto i te tau 270 i Latin timata ki te wehe reo Romance. Ko reira i tenei wa, faaoti Hiha Aurelian ki te unu i i te kawanatanga o Pākehā Dacia Roma. I tua atu, i te kairangahau whakamahia raraunga i runga i te tohanga matawhenua nāianei o ngā reo rerekē.

hua o te ako

I muri te whakakotahi i te mōhiohio whiwhi i whakapumautia rakau whanaketanga e hāngai ana i runga i te whakapae e rua e whai ake nei: Barrow me Anatolian. whakaritea kairangahau te rakau e rua hua, i kitea e "Anatolian" i roto i ngā o tatauranga ko te pea te nuinga.

Ko hoa Tino rangirua te tauhohenga ki te hua whiwhi e te rōpū o Atkinson. Kua tohu maha kau mataotao i e te rite ki te kukuwhatanga koiora o te reo he Kāore i, no te mea ratou ngā tikanga. Heoi, kua kitea atu kaiputaiao whakatikaia reira te whakamahi o taua tikanga. Heoi, i whakahē te rōpū mo te meka e kore i tirohia e ia te toru o nga whakapae, Balkan.

Me kï reira e ki te rā, te whakapae matua o te take mai o ngā reo Indo-European ko te Anatolian me te puranga. E ai ki te tuatahi, te rongonui tino i roto i hītori me wetereo, te kāinga matua o ratou - te steppes Moana Black. Ētahi atu whakapae, Anatolian ko Balkan whakaaro e ngā reo Indo-Pākehā horahia i Anatolia (i roto i te take tuatahi) o ranei te Balkan Peninsula (i roto i te tuarua).