Reo Rusyn: āhuatanga me whakarōpū o ngā mita

Rusyn reo - he rōpū katoa o ngā mita rerekē me kīwaha, noa i roto i Rusyns iwi, e noho i roto i te Ukraine i te Carpathians, i roto i te rāwhiti Slovakia me i tonga-rawhiti Poland. Hoki, ngā māngai o iwi e noho ana i roto i te tahi mau wāhanga o Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, a tae noa i roto i Canada me te United States.

I roto i to tatou wa, kia rite ki tatauranga, te maha o Rusyns he e pā ana ki tetahi, me te hawhe miriona iwi he. reo Rusyn rite ki Russian, Ukrainian me Belarusian, mai pā ai ki te rōpū reo kotahi.

whakaaro o wetereo

Tenei reo ko tetahi o nga reo e pā ana o Vojvodina - kawanatanga motuhake o Serbia i te raki o te Tanupi. Heoi tawhiti i reira he kore whakaaro e pā ana ki ahakoa taea amo tatou i te reo Rusyn motuhake. wetereo Ukrainian, Heoi, rite kore e te kāwanatanga ia ite Rusyns rite te rōpū mātāwaka motuhake, whakaaro ratou rite rōpū taketake o Ukrainians me ratou reo - he mita o Ukrainian. Heoi, e kore e pera i mua, i roto i 2012, ka tangohia taua mea he taumira, kia rite ki nei riro te Ruthenian te reo o nga iwi iti o Ukraine.

O te akoranga, te reo e hāngai ana e rua e te tīariari i roto i te rohe o tetahi whenua, ka kia rite. Ko te noa tenei. E kore te mea te okotahi, me te reo Ruthenian. Papakupu o reira, Heoi, ki te whānuitanga nui nui atu i te Iukereiniana, tserkovnoslavyanizmy tonu. He āhuatanga motuhake o reira ko te aroaro o Polonism, slovakizmov, Germanism me madyarizmov. oho maha ngā āhuatanga wetereo o te Hungarian ki te reo Ruthenian.

Ko te hītori o pakanga

I roto i te 19 ki te waenganui-20 rautau i roto i te hapori ahurea Ruthenian nuinga e toru ngā. Ka rite ki i whakaarohia he reo tuhituhi ki te whakamōhio Russian Russophile, Ukrainophiles, aua, Ukrainian. tū te tuatoru rōpū ngana tuhituhi mātauranga reo Rusin.

I roto i te tau whawhai ko Podkarpacie raro mahi Hungarian, a Subcarpathian Society o Sciences kua kairau a he wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga ahurea o te rohe. I te tuatahi o nga tau o te whawhai i whakaputaina ai "Grammar o te reo Ruthenian", ko tona kaituhi ko Dr. Ivan Garayda - he kaiako, liliu, kaiwhakaputa, kaiwetereo me te kaiako. Ko ia te tangata e hanga te Ruthenian Subcarpathian tuhituhi. I roto i tenei reo, i roto i te tau e haere mai ana i roto i te rohe whakaputaina makasini, nūpepa me ngā pukapuka.

reo o te ture

Ahakoa te meka e i roto i te wā pou-pakanga i roto i Podkarpacie reo Ukrainian tuhituhi kaha ngakia, kihai i hopu ki runga ki roto Rusyns. Ano, kua meinga te whanaketanga o Ukrainian tuhituhi ā mō te iwi maha i roto i te raruraru nui, i roto i te hononga ki i reira he tonu e kore e maha Rusyns Transcarpathian e whakaaro ratou ki te kia Ukrainians.

Ahakoa tenei katoa, i muri i te whawhai i roto i Transcarpathia kātipa ko reira Ukrainian anake, ahakoa i whakaaetia Vojvodina Ruthenian tuhituhi hoki i roto i nga uofulu, ka tukua te wetereo tuatahi i roto i 1923.

Reira e kore tonu e hanga e he reo Ruthenian tuhituhi noa. Translator mō te mahara ki reo rerekē e kore ai e hiahiatia - Ka taea te mohio ki te ngako noa o te kuputuhi kore noa te korero i te reo (i raro ki te matauranga o te tahi atu Slavic Eastern, Russian hei tauira), engari e kore te mea nui hoki te perception tonu o te mahi tuhituhi tenei.

Ko te reo matua

I roto i te rohe Transcarpathian o Ukraine, me i te wahi o te rohe Prešov i te raki-rāwhiti Slovakia, te pera-ka karanga mita Subcarpathian Rusyn noa, e, i roto i te tahuri, kua wehewehea ki Verkhovynsky me dolinyanskie. Dolinyansky mongamonga i te uru (lematsky) me te tonga (lishatsky maramoroshsky ranei). reo Lematsky noa i roto i te uru o te Slovakia raki-rawhiti. I te reo lishatskom korero Rusyns noho i roto i te rohe o te raorao Teresva i te rawhiti ki te hauauru o te awaawa Rica.

I roto i Transcarpathia i Volovets me ngā wāhi Mizhgirya tohaina Verkhovyna reo, i te tahi mea i roto i waenganui i a dolinyanskim boykovskim.

reo Lemko reira he inaianei i roto i Slovakia i te taha ki te tonga o nga Carpathians. Ētahi Lemko whakaaro ratou Ukrainians me ratou reo - reo Ukrainian. tāutu tētahi atu wahi iho rite te iwi motuhake.

āhuatanga

reo Ruthenian, te hītori o te mea na rerekē i roto i te ahua, riro he rota o onäianei, āhuatanga o mita noa i roto i ngā wāhi rohe.
E rua ngā momo o oropuare me te e, i kitea i roto i te reo tahito, a i roto i te nuinga o te reo te raki. I roto i te podkarpatorusinskom korerotia "e" te te ara ano e rite ana i roto i Russian, ki te muri reira i reira ko te orokati pakeke (Nepo, Salo, derevo), engari ki te kei te anga tamărûhia te oropuare taua huringa pūāhua tangi orokati. Reo i roto i tona whakahua he tata ki te mua te rangi, a ka totoro ona ngutu, ano te reo o "me". I reira te ngaohiko wahapū reo, me te oro "e" e i runga i te tangi katoa rerekē, he raru, kuiti te haruru, e rite ana i roto i te kupu Tiamana kite.

Hoki e taea te whai e rua rerekē o whakahua te reo o "o". I roto i te putanga noa, he mea kahore rerekē i te Russian Czech ranei "o", engari i te aroaro o orokati ngohengohe korerotia te ki nga ngutu whānui, tahuri te ripeka i waenganui i "o" me "u".
orokati Labial "p", "b", "c", "m" i roto i te podkarpatorusinskom i korerotia te mitigation, ki te hiahia koe ki te ngohengohe whakaahuatia ana i runga i muri ia ratou "i runga i". Niho oropuare "t", "d", "n" i roto i te mua o te oro te kore tino whakaitia, engari he āhua-ngohengohe, engari te "c" me "z" e ngohengohe.

atu oro

Mai te mea ngohengohe te labial "i roto i" te whakahua, he mea āta, ka ngaro rawa. reo Carpathian katoa te kupu "tapu" i korerotia "syaty" i roto i te wahi te uru, me te rite "syaty" i roto i te rōpū rawhiti o ngā mita.

Ko e te te tangi "s" rongoa wehe i te "me". Mai i ngā mita podkarpatorusinsky Ukrainian whakahua rerekē o kupu mutu ki "ayu", hei tauira: "Dawa" hei utu o "hoatu" me "znav" hei utu o "mohio" i roto i te ture vahine toru tangata tonu te (Davut, znavut).

Tenei ko ētahi āhuatanga motuhake ki te Ruthenian: i tuhituhia i roto i ngā pitopito kōrero, me te (olayiti, doyiti), te aroaro o te zvuga T ', he huinga ahurei o reta "ln" (runga, tuatoru). tūpou Vovratnye i roto i tenei reo e hangaia mā te whakamahi i matūriki "Xia", tāpiri nei te i muri i te tūpou (nai Id tatou ataata hoki). Ko nga āhuatanga matua e wehewehe te reo Ruthenian enei.

History o āhukahuka

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, i nohoia Subcarpathia i nga a Hungali, a i roto i 1939 tautokona te reo Ruthenian e te kāwanatanga mahi. whakapono ratou madyaronov Ruthenian Russified a Hungali. Ka taea te huaina i tēnei wa ki te tetahi whānuitanga te pua o te reo Ruthenian: Tānga "Te Grammar o te reo Ruthenian", whakaputaina ngā pukapuka, tāngia nūpepa me makasini. Heoi, i roto i te 1944 i reira he he hononga Pidkarpatiya SSR me opani te kāwanatanga Soviet nga mahi ahurea me te mātauranga e nga Rusyns. Ratou mohio anake te rōpū iti iwi i roto i Ukraine, me o ratou reo - he reo, ahakoa te meka e i roto i Yugoslavia i mana mohio nga Rusyns rite te iwi motuhake.

Whenua o te Sovietí

Anake i roto i te 1991, i muri i te hinga o te Communism, whenua e he wahi o te USSR, āta mohio nga Rusyns rite te iwi. I roto i Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, te Czech Republic, Romania me Russia Ruthenian tautoko i roto i te mara ahurea me te mātauranga, ka mohio neke atu i rua tekau nga tau o Rusyns Ukraine.

Ko reira ngā e mohiotia te kupu "Ruthenian" te mo te wa roa. Ahakoa i roto i te Chronicle i huaina tenei ethnonym te iwi e noho ana i roto i Russia. Ko te kupu e whitu nga wa i roto i te kawenata ta taua Oleg me nga Kariki, teití 911g. Mai i te 13 ki te rau tau 18 na ka karanga Ukrainians me Belarusians. I roto i te Lithuania ko Poland, i Rusyns karanga tetahi noho nei whakaaetia ana 'Ofotokisií, ka korero i runga i etahi reo Te Tai Rāwhiti Slavic reo ranei (te amo me Lithuanians i te nuinga Katolika).

Tae noa 1945 i reira ko kahore adjectival "rusinsky", hei utu mo whakamahia "Ruska" (konei te ingoa o te pukapuka "Te Grammar o te reo Ruthenian"). I muri i te whawhai, riro te kupu "Ruska" te tikanga "Russian", i kitea i roto i te Ruthenian korerotia me tuhituhi.

Ko te ako o te Ruthenian

Tenei tawhito a ngā tino e kukume reira whakarongo. He maha waiata e kua waiatatia tonu Rusyns i reo ratou whaea, kia e, hoki kamata, ka taea e koe te whakatere ki a ratou. reo Tetahi reo Te Tai Rāwhiti Slavic kore he uaua ki te ako i te reo Ruthenian. Ka taea te kitea Āwhina whaiaro i runga i te rauemi mōhiohio e hāngai ana, engari neke atu i te tauturu i te hapori i roto i whatunga pāpori i oti rawa ki Ruthenian, e kōrero hāngai ki te kaikōrero Māori, a ako i a ratou.

I tua atu, ka mau i te haerenga, ka taea e koe te noho i etahi wa i roto i te wahi i reira korero ratou Rusyn. Tenei ka hoatu he tīmatanga tere i roto i te ako i te reo, ka taea ngaungau āhuatanga ā. Otiia i mua i tatou tangohia ake te whakangungu, he mea e tika ana ki te whakatau i te reo rite te Ruthenian tuhituhi noa tonu e kore e tīariari.