Rosalind Franklin: Biography, tau o te ora, takoha ki te pūtaiao. Wareware DNA Lady

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - kēmihi Ingarangi ngingila kua whakaratohia huarahi matua ki te hanganga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic me te ine nui whakapumautia te tauira o Watson nei X-ray ttara rangahau - Crick. Ia kitea ano e rāpoi ngota DNA te tīariari i roto i neke atu i te kotahi te ahua.

Rosalind Franklin: poto biography, whakaahua

whanau Rosalind i roto i London i runga i Hōngongoi 25, 1920, te tuarua o rima tama a te whānau Anglo-Hurai pai-mohiotia. Tona papa, Ellis Franklin i he hoa i roto i te "Keizer" pareparenga, tetahi o nga kamupene whānau-fatuhia nui (te tahi atu i whakaputa "Routledge me Kegan Paora"). Kua whai wāhi mātātoa ia ko Muriel tana wahine i roto i mau ohipa aroha, me te tahi atu tūmatanui. Rosalind Franklin (whakaahua i roto i te tuhinga i homai i raro) ako i te kura Girls St Paora o, e whakarite i ngā raukura mō mahi heke mai, a kore noa no te faaipoiporaa. Ia noa i pāngarau me te pūtaiao, me reo ke (i roto i te oma roa te reira pükenga puritia e te Wīwī, Ītariana, me te Tiamana). Rerekē polyglots maha, i tangohia e ia o te taringa mo waiata. Gustav Holst, kaiwhakahaere waiata o te St. Paora te kura., Kia kite e kua pai ake Rosalind waiata tata taka ki te reo. Franklin whānau maha faafaaearaa i roto i ngā haerenga hīkoi, me te tāpoi ko tetahi o ona hihiritanga oraraa taatoa, me ki haere ke.

Ako i roto i Cambridge

E ai ki tona whaea, i mohio toku ora katoa Rosalind i haere rite te wahi ia, a i ono whiriwhiria ia pūtaiao rite tona kaupapa. Kaua e hiahia tetahi tau ki te faaineine no te te kāreti i roto i 1938, i mahue ia kura ki te haere ki Newnham, tetahi o kareti nga wahine o rua i University Cambridge. kihai i tona papa, kia rite ki titau te tahi mau puna ki te whakahē i te reira i roto i taua, ahakoa i taea e whai ia te tiki ia ia i te akoranga atu tuku iho. I Cambridge, tino Franklin i matū tinana. Ona tau ākonga, tetahi wahi puta i roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. He maha ngā kaiako ka i whai wāhi i roto i te rangahau hōia. Ētahi manene (hei tauira, biochemist Maks Peruts) e whakawarea ana i nga tangata ke. I roto i te reta kotahi, tuhia Franklin e "tata kua ngaro katoa Cavendish; mataora tata lau e nga Tiamana, me te kore i taea e ora. "

te mua

I roto i te 1941, riro Rosalind Franklin tohu o te bachelor, he karahipi mō te kotahi tau o te karaati, me te Tari o Scientific me Industrial Research. pau ia te wa i roto i te taiwhanga Norrish, he pionie rongonui o photochemistry. I roto i te 1942, i te ano e haere i te pakanga i runga i, i Franklin ki te whakatau mehemea e tangohia ai te mahi hōia tuku iho ranei te whakahaere rangahau i roto i hāngai ki te hiahia o te whawhai ki te 'amanaki o te tākutatanga te mara. whiriwhiria ia te whakamutunga, ka tīmata te raumati ki te mahi tahi ki te rōpū hou whakapumautia waro Ingarangi rangahau (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: He Haurongo o te kaipūtaiao

Neke atu i te nga tau e wha i muri mai, mahi Franklin i haamaramaramaraa i te microstructure o ngā waro rerekē me waiwaro, ki te whakamārama he aha he wai atu permeable, haurehu me whakarewa etahi o ratou, me te pānga ki te whakawera, me te carbonization. I roto i to ratou ako, whakakitea ana e ia e whai nga kōputaputa waro i te taumata rāpoi constrictions kikokore e whakanui i ki whakawera me tēnā i runga i te ihirangi waro. mahi ratou rite "sieves rāpoi", ä ārai te kătahi o matū, i runga i te rahi rāpoi rānei. ko Rosalind Franklin te tuatahi ki te tautuhi me te ine i te microstructure o enei. Ko tōna mahi taketake tukua ki te whakarōpū me te waro ki te tika tiketike ki te matapae ratou mahi. Tahi Franklin BCURA whakarato tona tuhinga täkutatanga. riro ia ia tohu täkutatanga i Cambridge i 1945, ka tuhituhi pepa pūtaiao e rima.

Moving ki France

I muri i te whawhai, ka anga Rosalind Franklin rapu mō tetahi atu mahi. riro ia he pou i roto i te taiwhanga Paris Jacques Mering. I reira ua haapii ia ki te tātari waro te whakamahi i te tātari X-ray, a hoki tata mohio ki te tikanga. e kore e tona mahi ki te whakamārama taipitopito o te hanganga graphitized ka awhinatia ngā waro graphitized hanga te pūtake mo te whanaketanga o te muka waro me ngā rauemi wera-ātete hou a kawea tona rongo te ao Utaina waro i roto. Ua ite ia te pai o te ahurea ngaio Collegiate o te Central Laboratory, a kitea te rota o hoa i reira.

Hoki ki Ingarangi

Ahakoa ko ia te tino hari i roto i France, i te 1949, ka timata Rosalind Franklin ki te titiro mo te mahi i te kāinga. Tona hoa Charlz Kolson, he kēmihi ariā, fokotu'u e tamata ia ki "tikanga X-ray ttara o tūhuratanga" o rāpoi nui koiora. I te tau 1950 ka whakawhiwhia ia he karahipi-tau e toru Turner me Newell ki te mahi i roto i te Tari o Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla i College London o Kingi. whakaritea Randall e ka mātauranga tioata Franklin ka tātari mua pūmua. Heoi, i te mana'o tauturu o te Kaiāwhina tino o te taiwhanga o Maurice Wilkins, ka ui Randall ia ki te mahi i te rangahau DNA. kua tika Wilkins tīmata ki te mahi ki te ttara X-ray o te tahi mau tauira rerekē pai o ngā rāpoi ngota o te waehere ira. tūmanakohia ia e ka mahi ratou ki a Franklin, engari kihai i mea i tenei ia.

pikitia DNA

whai wāhi rangahau waikawa deoxyribonucleic ia me anake paetahi ākonga Raymond Gosling. Tona hononga ki Wilkins i tukua i te kore o te māramatanga (a pea o inoino Franklin ahurea whare wānanga Collegiate). Mahi ki Gosling, kei te hoko Rosalind atu motuhake DNA X-ray pikitia, a hohoro kitea e nga puka mākū me te maroke o te hoatu i te pikitia tino rerekē. whakakitea te puka mākū he hanganga tōrino, ki te taha ki waho o e he phosphates mekameka ribose. Ko tōna tātaritanga pāngarau o te ttara i roto i te āhua maroke, Heoi, kihai i whakakitea i te hanganga i taua, a kua pau te reira, nui atu i te tau i roto i te ngana ki te whakatau i ngā rerekētanga. Na roto i te timatanga o 1953 ia ka haere ki te mutunga e te puka e rua i rua koropetau.

laureates wareware

Na, i te Cavendish Laboratory i Cambridge, Frensis Krik ko Dzheyms Uotson mahi i runga i te tauira ariā o te DNA. Ehara i te i roto i te whakapā tata ki Franklin, i Hānuere 1953, kua ako ratou i te mau haapiiraa faufaa e pā ana ki te hanganga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic runga tetahi o te X-hihi, i whakakitea a ratou Wilkins, me te he whakarāpopototanga o ona pepa kāore anō kōrero ki te Kaunihera Rangahau Medical. Watson ko Crick kihai hoki i korerotia e ia i kite ia ia rauemi a whakaae ona whai wāhitanga i roto i to ratou mahi ki te whakaputanga o tona karere rongonui i roto i te Paenga-whāwhā. I muri mai i uru Creek e i roto i te puna o 1953, ko Franklin te taunga kamaka i te mōhiotanga o te hanganga tika o te DNA.

Ko te ako o wheori

E te wa kua whakaae Franklin ki te whakawhiti tona Laboratory karahipi o Birkbeck College mātauranga tioata Bernal o, i reira ka tahuri ia tona aro ki te hanganga o wheori tipu (hei tauira, tupeka mosaic). hanga Rosalind ratou tika whakapakoko X-ray, mahi ki te rōpū o pūtaiao, i ngā Laureate Nobel heke mai a Arona Klug. whakakitea tona tātaritanga ttara, tua atu i ëtahi, e i whakaurua te rauemi ira (tuipūmua) huaketo ki tona ā-anga proteinaceous paruru. Tenei ngā mahi tahi ki maha kairangahau, rawa i roto i te US. hanga Franklin e rua ngā haerenga roa i roto i te 1954 me te 1956, me te kua whakapumautia te whatunga o hoapā puta noa te whenua, tae atu Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom ko Uendellom Stenli. Tona wheako i roto i tenei mara i mohio kua e te Royal Institute i 1956, ka ui tona kaiwhakahaere ia ki te hanga i te tauira tauine o te tokotoko-āhua me te porohita huaketo mo te Exhibition World Science 1958 i roto i Brussels.

Ma'i, te mate me te taonga tuku

I roto i te hinga o 1956, i pāngia Franklin ki - mate pukupuku ovarian. Neke atu i te te 18 marama i muri, Nōna ia pokanga, ka i waiho i raro ki ētahi atu maimoatanga. i ia he torutoru wā o te murunga, i roto i nei ki te mahi i roto i tona taiwhanga tonu ia, a ka rapu pūtea mō te rōpū tona rangahau. Rosalind Franklin, DNA wareware Lady, mate i roto i London i runga i April 16, 1958.

Puta noa i tona mahi-tau 16 kua whakaputaina e ia 19 pepa pūtaiao i runga waro me te waro-5 i runga i DNA me 21 huaketo. I roto i nga tau tata nei, kua riro te reira e rave rahi fakaafe ki te korero i hui huri noa i te ao. Ko reira pea e hopea i taea e te mahi i runga i wheori kawea utu pai-tika ana, me te āhukahuka ngaio o Rosalind Franklin, te mate me te mate i te ārai i te reira.

Tūnga i roto i te kitea o te hanganga DNA

nga maitai pūtaiao o Franklin i waro matū me te hanganga o huaketo i roto i te ako nui. mohio ona to'utangata tenei i roto i tona ora, me te i muri i te mate ia. Otiia meinga te whakarongo tino tūmatanui tona tūranga i roto i te kitea o te hanganga DNA. Crick, Watson ko Wilkins ngā te Nobel i roto i 1962 mo Physiology Medicine ranei mo tona mahi i runga i te hanganga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic. Na ka whakaaro tangata o Rosalind.

Tona mahi i runga i DNA, pea pena e kua haere hia ki te kore te Watson taunu reira i roto i ana pukapuka i roto i te 1968, whakaputaina i raro i te taitara "Te Helix Double". I reira whakaurua ia "meka ngahau" e pā ana ki Rosalind Franklin, whakaaturia i raro i te ingoa Rose. whakaahuatia e ia te reira rite taratara, wahine whakakake - "bluestocking", e hae tiakina ratou raraunga i hoa, ara ki te kore ia i taea te whakamārama ratou. Ko tino paingia tona pukapuka, ahakoa he tokomaha e whakaaturia ana i roto i reira, tae atu Crick, Wilkins ko Laynus toko, kauwhau tenei tikanga, kia rite ki te nuinga o ngā kaiarotake.

I te tau 1975, whakaputaina he hoa o Rosalind enn Seyr he haurongo kei roto te teka riri tauākī a Watson, me te wāhi o Franklin i te kitea o te hanganga o DNA kua riro atu mohiotia. Kua tamata tuhinga maha, me pakipūmeka ki te whakatau i te whānuitanga o tona whai wāhitanga i roto i te "iwi mo te helix rua", maha whakaata ia rite te kaiwhakaatu patanga, tangohia o te hoa Nobel-misogynous me tona mate wawe. Heoi, tuhia tona piokālafi tuarua Brenda Maddox e ko te reira ano hoki he Caricature, e te mea tano ki te huna iho Rosalind Franklin, te takoha ki te pūtaiao o te kēmihi rongonui me tona mahi pūtaiao ngingila.