Russian Space Art. Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov: biography, tohi

Ingoa philosopho Russian Nikolai Fedorov kua roa i huna i te iwi whānui, engari e kore kua ia i wareware, no te mea kua faauruhia ana whakaaro pērā aivanaa rite Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, Nikolay Aleksandrovich Naumov.

philosopho Russian o te rau tau 19 me te hawhe tuatahi o te 20 Vladimir Solovyov, Nikolay Berdyaev, Pavel Florensky, Sergei Bulgakov me ētahi atu tino maiohatia whakaaro Fedorov ko Vladimir Nikolaevich ilin i tona tuhinga "Nikolai Fedorov me St. Serafim Sarovsky" e enei iwi e rua i runga i te atamira noa rite te takoha ki te varua tiketike, me te tapu Karaitiana pono Nikolai Fedorovich.

Childhood me te taiohitanga

Kei N. Fedorov haurongo he rota o wahi ma. E kore e taea e tatou te mea mehemea i marenatia e ia, ahakoa i nga tamariki. Kei te anake mohiotia te reira i whanau ia Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov, Mei 26 (7 Pipiri) 1829. e kore e puritia ngā mōhiohio whaiaro tona whaea. Ko ia te tama poriro a Prince Pavel Ivanovich Gagarin. Ka rite ki poriro ranei Nikolay ranei tona teina, me te toru tuahine kihai i whakaaetia ki te titau i te taitara me te ingoa o tona papa. Fedorov ko tona matua wairua. riro e ia tona ingoa Mai i ia. he āhuatanga pēnei i te wa kihai i nohinohi: he rangatira nui taea hinga i roto i te aroha ki te kotiro kaiahuwhenua, engari whakarere me te faaipoiporaa ki te wahine o te piha haapiiraa raro tangohia o haamaitairaa maha rite te hoa faaipoipo, me a ratou tamariki.

Ko te ingoa, i muri i te rere o Yuri Gagarin pāpāho ke kua pahono ki tenei kaupapa i roto i te tuhinga e tika ana "rua Gagarin", tera te ingoa tūturu Nikolai Fedorovich. ko Sergei Korolev i tona tari portrait-cosmist philosopho me, o te akoranga, hanga he whakatau, tetahi o nga eé tuatahi ki te unga ki wāhi, e kore i taea e whakaaro o te tohu pai.

Matua, Prince Gagarin, kihai huna tona take e Awatere i tona teina - Konstantin Ivanovich Gagarin. ka mau ia wahi i roto i o ana irāmutu te whakarau. ka mau ia ki runga i te utu o Nicholas mātauranga. Ētahi atu mōhiohio e pā ana ki te tamariki ki reira. Kī kainga Maori (Tambov Province, i teie nei - Ryazan rohe, Sasovsky District) mahue Nikolay ki tae tau kura - whakangaueuetia ia ki Tambov, wahi whakauru ia i roto i te kura nui.

Richelieu Lyceum

I puta ia i te kura nui i roto i 1849, ka haere Fedorov ki Odessa. I reira whakauru ia i roto i te rongonui Lyceum Richelieu i te Manga Ture. Ko te kura te tino whaimana tenei. Nuinga nui, ko reira ki runga ki te wahi tuarua i muri i te rongonui Tsarskoye selo Lyceum. E ai ki te hanganga o ngā kaupapa, te kounga o te matauranga, a whakaakona nga ture ko ia, kaua, te whare wānanga i te Lyceum. Whakaako arahina e Ahorangi. ako te Richelieu Lyceum tama a te hanahana me mau utuafare momona. ako Nicholas reira hoki nga tau e toru. I muri i te matenga o tona matua keke ki te utu mo tana akoranga,, i akina te tangata taitama i ki te waiho kura, me te tīmata i te ora motuhake. kihai i taea e te tama poriro, ara e hua ana ona taranata nui, me mau viretu tiketike, whakawhirinaki i runga i moni kāwanatanga i roto i tenei institution. Otiia kihai i toru tau o te ako i roto i te noa. mōhiotanga taketake o sciences tūturu me fakaetangatá, whiwhi i roto i te fare haapiiraa teitei, i roto i te heke mai, ko te reira te tino whai hua ki te philosopho heke mai, tohua te timatanga o te cosmism Russian.

He kaiako me te pukapuka

I roto i te 1854, ka hoki te kāinga Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov i te kawanatanga Tambov, riro te tiwhikete o te kaiako me te aronga o te pa o Lipetsk kaiako mahi o te hītori me te matawhenua. Tae noa te mutunga o te Heoi i whai wāhi ia i roto i te whakaako i roto i ngā kura rohe Tambov, Moscow, Yaroslavl ko Tula kawanatanga. Mai i 1867 ki te tau 1869, ka haere ia ki a Moscow, te wahi i hoatu e ia mau haapiiraa tūmataiti ki ngā tamariki Michael.

I roto i te tau 1869, i te pae hopea oho Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov ki Moscow, a ka mau te pukapuka kaiāwhina i roto i tuwhera te Chertkov tuatahi i roto i te whare pukapuka tūmatanui.

whakaaro Fedorov e te whare pukapuka - ko te pokapū o te ahurea, e hopoi mai tahi iwi e kore e nei i ana e taamuraa utuafare tenei, engari tata i te attraction ki uara wairua - tuhinga, toi, pūtaiao. Ko reira ki te ture o te mana pupuri, me te kua kaha taunaki ngā momo o te utu pukapuka.

Rumyantsev Museum me ngā ākonga

I roto i te Chertkovsky tutaki Library Fedorov te papa heke mai o astronautics - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. haere mai Tsiolkovsky ki Moscow ki te whakaaro, ki te tiki i te mātauranga i te kura Higher Hangarau (Bauman inaianei), heoi i kore, ka faaoti ki kaiako. whakakapi Nikolai Fedorovich ana ahorangi whare wānanga. I roto i te tau e toru i raro i te ārahitanga o Fedorov Tsiolkovsky taukei ahupūngao, tātai arorangi, matū, pāngarau teitei, a na i runga i. D. Kihai wareware, me nga momo, e, kia rite ki te mea te okiokinga whakatapua ki te ahiahi.

A, no te i piri i te tau torutoru i muri i te whare pukapuka ki te Rumyantsev Museum, hanga Fodorov N. F. whakarārangi tonu pütea pukapuka kotahi. I roto i to ratou wa e manawapa, mahi ia ki te taitamarikitanga. Tona utu tano Nikolai Fedorovich pau i runga i ngā ākonga, ia ora ia, piri ki te ōhanga pakeke ki te whānuitanga e kore e whakamahi i ngā waka tūmatanui, me te haere nga wahi katoa i runga i te waewae.

Ko te ngako o te cosmism ariā

whakaaro Nikolai Fedorov te papa o te cosmism Russian. Philosopho, tohe ia e muri i te whakatuwheratanga o te pūnaha Inikisisio Copernican o kaupapa wharekarakia i ki rethink ratou whakaaro e pā ana ki te raupapa ao. whakatakotoria opuaraa Space i mua i te taata mahi hou. I roto i te mau parau a Tsiolkovsky: "whenua - te pouraka o te tangata, engari kihai i nga wa katoa e ia ora i roto i te pouraka!"

Me kï reira e te auraa i te rapunga whakaaro o te pūtaiao Fedorov rite te whakaaro a tawhio noa. E ai ki a ia, kia wawe ranei i muri mai e arata'i ki wehe i te tumu parau o te ako me te whakakāhoretanga o te matauranga whāinga. kia ariā kia tautoko i te mahi, me tona whāinga ki te mahi ki te ako o te natura, o te ora me te mate mo ratou whakahaere.

taukei i te ao i roto i te taua nui si'isi'i kōrero e mutunga iho: hanga e te Atua te taua wāhi nui ki te tirohanga ki te tuu i roto i reira te iwi katoa e ora ake, me te hunga e whai kia whanau ki roto i te heke mai. I roto i te ara tetahi, e kore e whakamārama i te reira. I raro i te mana o tenei whakaaroaro ana i whanau i Russian Space Art Fedorov. Whakaaro i te ao hei wāhi nui, he wāhanga mōkitokito anake o e he te taata, hono philosopho tenei tāne i te ngau ke ki te ako Karaitiana o te aranga. wāhi Kaihanga Free rite hoki te whakatakoto i runga taua mea o pirioni o te iwi i ake nei noho i runga i te whenua. Ētahi atu e pā ana ki tenei e taea te kitea i roto i te kohinga o mahi o Nikolai Fedorovich, piri e te ingoa "kaupapa o te take noa." kia whakahaua te whanaketanga o te ao tangata ki te tūhura o waho wāhi, ki te hoki ki te ora tinana o te iwi e noho ana i mua i a tanumia inaianei. I roto i tenei hononga ko reira e tika ana ki te hanga i tētahi matatika hou e taea ai te katoa ki te ora i roto i te rangimarie me te au maite.

matatika hou

ko Nikolai Fedorovich he tangata karakia. uru ia i roto i te ora fakalitūsia o te Ekalesia, te mātakitaki i te nohopuku, whaki auau me te tahitanga. E ai ki a ia, me kia whakawhanakehia te matatika hou i runga i te pūtake o te ako Karaitiana o te Toru tahi o te Atua. Ka rite toru ngako rerekē o te Atua - te Matua, te Tama me te Wairua Tapu, feongoongoi taunekeneke, a me kitea he tangata wehea te ara ki te maungārongo. Atua Tokotoru - te huritua o te whakakorenga mentality rawhiti o te takitahi i roto i te hapori, me te individualism Western.

Ko te turanga pai mo te hanga hononga hou ko te mātauranga rauropi. Te tiaki i ako āhua o ona ture, me te whakahaere kia waiho te pūtake mō te whakakotahi te iwi o Iwi rerekē, ngaio me ngā taumata mātauranga. Mahi pūtaiao me te karakia i te rota i roto i te noa. Me kawea te parau haapiiraa Karaitiana o te aranga e haere mai o te hunga mate i roto i te mahi i te pūtaiao.

Aranga o te hunga mate

He aha te mea te aranga ao, kia rite ki Fedorov - ko te whakaoratanga me te re-whakatūnga o te iwi? Kua tohe philosopho e te mate ko te kino e whai te tangata ki te whakakore. ora ia te tangata e te mate o tona tupuna, reira, ko reira he hara. Me ki te papaki tenei āhua o ngā take. Me utu e te aranga o te hunga mate nama. kia te whakaaro o te aranga he whakakōkī mō te hono o nga kaiputaiao katoa i runga i te ao mo te whakaaro ki o te take noa.

hāngai aranga tikanga kei runga i te ture o te ahupūngao - titoa ia te tinana tinana te o ngā rāpoi ngota me ngota, e kua puritia i muri ki tetahi ki tetahi nga puai o attraction me repulsion. ahanoa katoa emit taua ngaru. Me ako ēnei ari me tirotirohia mo te faaho'iraa mai o te mea tinana, e ko ki te tupu te iwi whakamutunga i roto i te ao o te rauemi koiora ora taua ranei mo te kohinga o pūngao, o nei ngā o te tangata, i roto i te tikanga ki te liliu ratou i roto i tenei ara. kia atu kōwhiringa raa, rite fokotu'u Fedorov.

Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te tauira o te whanaketanga o te hapori ngā te mātauranga o whanaunga hou i waenganui i te iwi. No te mea te paradaiso - ehara i te mea he wāhi Rangitahi, nohoia e nga wairua o te tangata tika, a kahore he rongo mau waitara o te ngakau, haere mai ki ngā ki mooni, ki te huri i taua e ia kahore kaha, me te ao tinana tūturu, he mea e tika ana ki te whakaputa ke, ki te ngā iwi kia kia mawehe ratou ake i ti'aturiraa i runga i ranei .. kohakore, e mohiotia ana ko mauahara, te hae, te apo, pouri, whakapehapeha, karakia whakapakoko, me ētahi atu me hoki koe ki te rave i te reira e kore e tukua e te iwi i whakaohooho tinana, pēnei i: te ma'i, matao, te mahana, te matekai, me ētahi atu. Ko te mahi mō ngā pūtaiao tenei, a mo te minita. kia whakakotahi Pūtaiao me te karakia.

peita Nikolai Fedorovich rua ara taea o te whanaketanga o te ao tangata.

Ko te hononga i waenganui i te tane

kore kua Nikolai Fyodorov Karo te aro me tenei taha o te whanaungatanga tangata. I roto i to tatou ao, i roto i tona whakaaro, kei roto i te fifi o te wahine, me te aroha te kikokiko. E aia e parapara fakasekisualé whanaungatanga. Ētahi atu taikaha me te iti rawa aroha.

kia hononga raua moe tahi kia hanga i runga i te tauira o te Toru tahi te Atua, ka te Union - e kore te mea e kore e te ioka, me te individuality o te tangata he take mo te ngangare. Aroha i waenganui i nga tangata me nga wahine e titiro rite te aroha o ngā tamariki ki ō rātou mātua. Heoi, e kore te reira whakaaetia, e kore hiahia anake, engari ano hoki tona ritenga - pokano rite Kāore te pipiri oti, me te altruism pūmau.

Ka kia kite a fanauraa rite ottsetvorenie, arā te hanga o te iwi ki ao hou. To tatou hiahia taikaha fakasekisualé - tenei mawhiti parapara i te mate, me te whanau, i roto i tenei tirohanga, - te ritenga o mate. Aroha o matua he maminga te wehi o tona mate ake, ka puta ki te hākinakina o te matua.

Ko te ara tuatahi i roto i e te taata e taea te haere

ka mahi pūkenga me pūtaiao huri noa i te ao i runga i hanga ano i te puna ira tangata. Ko te ope patu e kore e mahi mo te riri, take vzaimoistreblyayuschih a ka whakamahia kia ki ātete i te ope timatanga o te natura, arā, waipuke, ngā rū, ngā hū puia, ahi ngahere, me te pera i runga i. D.

ka mutu Ahumahi ki te hanga hua e taea te huaina taonga tākaro mō ngā pakeke. Ka te hanga matua kia whakawhiti ki te whenua. He ka whakawhanake hoki te ora. Stepanov Ko te iwi pa i runga i te hanga, e pängia ana ki te oraraa pirinoa. Life i roto i nga pa Whakakorea ratou wawata hauora, rohe, a kahore e tika hapa, engari pouri.

mātauranga te ao - he tikanga matua mō te whakatinanatanga o te mahere o te aranga.

Ka kawea whakahaere Public i te taha o te ariki e pā ana ki tana hononga iwi e kore Hiha me ona kaupapa, me te e pai kaitoi o te Atua, mo te whakaaro ki o te pai ao.

ara tetahi atu

fokotu'u Nikolai Fyodorov ara tetahi o te whanaketanga o te ao tangata, e e arata'i ia tatou i ki te tahuti ore, me te aranga o te hunga mate, a ka ki te Fakamaau Last me ahi Kehena. Russian Space Art - he ariā tino e kua kahore ki te mahi ki nga ahua utopian o kaituhi pakimaero pūtaiao. titiro Fedorov ao pikitia whakapono mīharo, ahakoa noho ia i roto i te tau i mua i te revolution pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

E te Fakamaau Last ka meinga he tikanga tiaturi o whaiaro tiaki-, e ka taea i runga i te tikanga noa. whakatika te reira rite ki te hua o te withdrawal i te Atua, te mate o te whakapono i roto i tona mahi, e, te aroha me te āwangawanga mō te iwi. I raro i tikanga he tikanga o te iwi haumarutanga he ka timata ki te synthesize āwenewene kai. Ka taea hiahia i runga i te aroha, e puta i te mau faaipoiporaa te ngau ke, kahore te fanauraa. Animals me tipu e tū he riri ki te hauora, ka kia ngaro. Kati ki te whakaputa i rererangi. I te pae hopea e whakangaro iwi tetahi ki tetahi. A reira ka haere mai te reira i te ra o te riri.

E mea maere i tuhituhia tenei katoa i roto i te rau tau XIX - mate Nikolai Fyodorov Hakihea 28, 1903.

Pūtaiao, whanau o nga mau haapiiraa Fedorova

Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov, kahore i matau i te reira, faauruhia Konstantina Tsiolkovskogo lī'oa tona ora ki te hanga o te peka hou o te pūtaiao me te hangarau - hōpara ātea.

Ko te tikanga o te raupapa ao, whakatakoto e Nikolai Fedorovich, patua nga hinengaro o maha o ana to'utangatá. E hoatu ara ki te whakaaro Fedorov pūtaiao pērā i wāhi me te geliobilogiya, aeroionifikatsiya, elektrogemodinamika me pera i runga i. E ai ki te pūtaiao whai wāhi i roto i te kainga tupu i mahue e kua "Moskovskiy Sokrat", rite tapaina a hoa Fedorov me tauira, vector tohua, ka hoatu whanaketanga ki te whanaketanga o te matauranga ao mo ki maha tenetere mai. Ki te tona take i whanau i te tirohanga hou i runga i te whanaketanga o te tangata, kia rite ki te tukanga mātātoa, whakaputaina e te iwi ratou, nga kaimahi i runga i te hanganga o te pai o te noosphere.

Te nuinga o nga pūkete e meatia hoki ana akonga, Fodorov N. F. ora. kihai i Nikolai Fedorovich whai wāhi i roto i te whakaputanga o tona whakaaro. Kua puritia ana mahi maha ngā ākonga. Nikolay Pavlovich Peterson ko Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kozhevnikov ratou systematized ka whakaputaina i roto i te 1906. i tohaina kape katoa ki whare pukapuka, me te tohaina noa i roto i nga tangata hiahia.

I roto i te ora o Nikolai Fedorovich kore whakaahuatia a kihai i tukua ki a ia peita. Heoi, Leonid Pasternak tonu hanga puku kotahi portrait. hoatu matou i te reira i roto i te timatanga o tenei tuhinga.

mutunga

I roto i nga tau o te mana Soviet i roto i te USSR, ina kua hanga te ahumahi wāhi me te pūtaiao i mohiotia rawa nui tohu o Nikolai Fedorov ki te porowhita rawa kuiti anake.

kau taki Top o te Pāti Communist o te whakaako te Soviet Union o Fedorov ka kite rawa herea ki te whakaaro Karaitiana o te ao rite te mahi auaha o te whakaaro hanahana o te Tokotoru Tapu - ko te Matua, te Tama me te Wairua Tapu. Tona tirohanga hohonu fakalotu o te raupapa ao kei i te aroaro ki te mau parau tumu o whanaunga ki te raupapa ao o te hapori Soviet, i hāngai ana me te utu o te rauemi anake. Ko te pepeha matua o te hapori: "Mai ia - rite ki tona kaha, ki ia - rite ki tona mahi", me te pepeha matua o Communism: ". Mai i ia - rite ki tona kaha, ki ia - rite ki tona hiahia" I raro i nga whakaritenga auraa hiahia pono whaiaroaro, no te mea i whakakahore te oraraa o te wairua te pāpori Soviet, ahakoa te whakaaro o te whakaako i te tangata hou, kia kua i tono ai i a ia.

I tēnei wā, kei tatou tonu tawhiti i te wā o te aranga whānui ahakoa mo take rerekē - kiritaki huru ki te ora, me te tawhiti i te Atua ke, engari e kore te mea rawa i roto i kua oti whānui nui huringa.