Tauhohenga: tauira me te tātai

utu tauhohe, whakauru, e kōrero pūhui whāwehe i roto i te marautanga akoranga. tātari tatou āhuatanga o ia momo tauira reira taunekeneke.

Ko te whakamāramatanga

He aha te mea te tauhohe o te pūhui, tauira o nei e i roto i ngā pūtahi mātauranga whakaaro te te taahiraa matamua o te whakangungu? Hei timata, mōhio tatou e whakaaro te wā "tauhohenga matū" i roto i te matū ko te tuarua tino nui.

I roto i to tatou ao, e te tauhohenga hononga tuu nga miniti, e he mōhio ki a matou whārite, engari ko tatou o ratou e kore e ara whakaaro.

Hei tauira, te faaineineraa o inu koropupū, te ngingiha o te wahie - tauira angamaheni o te tauhohe pūhui.

Tenei tukanga tā whiwhi hua ki te tetahi hanganga kounga, me te ine o te matū tīmata.

Tohu o hohenga matū

Tetahi tukanga, tae atu ki te tauhohe matū o te pūhui tahi e etahi tohu:

• paheke o te marama wera ranei;
• huri i roto i te tae o te otinga;
• kōwhiringa o te taonga haurehu waihā;
• ahua kakara moku,;
• whakakorenga rerenga ranei.

Here tauhohenga

Tei runga i te āhuatanga o te hanganga kounga, me te ine o te pūhui matū o te tauhohe e taea puta i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.

Hei tauira, te momo pāhekoheko 2CA + e ₂ = 2CaO (quicklime) puta kahore whakawera, aru i te tuku o te nui nui o te pūngao wera.

Me pēhea te ki te tauhohe hononga wae? Whārite taua tukanga whai wāhi tuhituhi i te maui o te rauemi tīmata, me te taha ki matau i tito o te hua tauhohenga te.

4NA + e ₂ = 2Na ₂ e

He tūturu ki ngā matū pararopi peheé tukanga. Ko te kupu, ko te whakautu kounga ki te unsaturation (te aroaro o maha here) ko te rauemi tīmatanga o piti hāora tauhohe o te pāhare pāporo.

Ko te ngingiha o te rakau

e tenei tukanga wahi kia rite ki te whārite:

C + e ₂ = CO ₂

Ko te tauhohenga angamaheni o pūhui, tauira o nei kua oti hoatu i runga ake tenei. He aha te mea te mauri o tenei tukanga? Na roto i te tauhohe i te rakau ki te hāora i roto i te rangi, te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota hauhā. tahi ana te tukanga e te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota hou o te hononga kōrero matatini ko te tauhohenga putawera.

E taea te hononga i waenganui i ngā matū matatini ariu? Tauira o ngā ki matū ohie kua kōrerotia i runga ake, ko tenei momo o te huru o matū matatini. Ka taea te i titiro te whakatinanatanga angamaheni o tenei pāhekoheko rite te tauhohe slaking.

Cao + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

Kei te hoki tahi tenei tukanga e te nui nui o te pūngao ngāwhā. I roto i te āhuatanga motuhake o tenei tukanga, mōhio tatou tona māhorahora.

whakarōpū

E ai ki te hanganga o te rauemi tīmata me nga hua tauhohe o pūhui tukua tauhohenga, whāwehe, utu whakauru. A feruri i tauira ona, me te whakamāramatanga o taua tukanga.

Whakauru o - te whakakapinga wahi ngota taonga ohie pūhui matatini.

Hononga - he tukanga o te whakakotahi i te maha matū ohie matatini ranei ki tetahi atu matatini. Tauira o ēnei tukanga taea hua i te matū pararopi, me te waro.

2H ₂ + e 2 = 2H ₂ E

puta ana tēnei tukanga ki te tuku o te nui nui o te wera, ka pena he taea te pahūtanga.

C ₂ H ₄ + H ₂ = C ₂ H ₆

I haere ethylene roto i te hauwai, i reira te mea he whaturama o te here rua, te hanganga o te rohe (kukū) pūwaro.

Whāwehe - ko te hunga tauhohe matū e hua atu matū he hanganga kounga, me te ine ohie o te pūhui matatini.

Tauhohenga katote utu me - he tukanga puta matatini i waenganui i ngā matū e hua i te utu o ngā wāhanga wāhanga enei.

E toru tikanga rere o te tukanga: hau kukuwhatanga, rerenga, hanganga taonga malodissotsiiruemogo.

huaina ana tēnei tauhohenga ko hākawatanga, rite te hua tauhohe whakamutunga ko te hākawa. tikanga tukanga i roto i te aronga whakamua, ko te whakataki ki te ranunga tauhohe te waikawa pungatara kukū.

Ko te wehenga o te kāwanatanga o te whakawhāititanga o matū pāhekoheko

te katoa ngā tukanga matū e whakarōpūtia i runga i te pūtake i runga i te mahitahi ōrite, me te heterogeneous. I roto i te take o mua ko nga rauemi tīmata me ngā hua tauhohenga i roto i te āhua o te whakawhāititanga, ka whakaaetia hoki te huru rerekē momo heterogeneous.

Hei tauira, ka hei tukanga ōrite te tauhohenga e whai ake nei:

H ₂ (g) + Cl ₂ (g) = 2HCl (hau)

Ka rite ki te tauhohenga heterogeneous taea whakaaro te tauira e whai ake nei:

Cao (tv) + H ₂ E (g) = Ca (OH) _{2 (aq)}

Mai i te huringa i roto i te āhua piti hāora

Tauhohenga o te pūhui nei tātai i hoatu i runga (hanganga wai i matū ohie) ko he tukanga pitihāoratanga. Ko te ngako o te tukanga takoto i roto i te meka i reira he whakaaetanga me te hoki o irahiko.

I roto i te pūhui o te tauhohe i reira e ano tukanga kahore e i haere tahi e te huringa i roto i te kāwanatanga piti hāora, i.e. e kore TUHIR:

Cao + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

Na roto i te āhua o te rere

Runga anō i ranei e taea te haere tonu te tukanga i roto i te ahunga whakamua e te tauhohenga wahi i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga, i roto i te matū mavahe pāhekoheko tina heke, me te reversible ranei.

Hei tauira, tauhohenga kounga i runga i ngā pūhui matū waro he tina heke, mai i arata'i te reira ki te hanganga o te taonga rewa haurehu waihā ranei. He tauira o te tauhohenga taua ko te kounga pāhekoheko o te "whakaata hiriwa", i te mea he tikanga kounga o te whakatau i roto i te ranunga o aldehydes.

Atu taatou hi'oraa maitai o tauhohe reversible e taea puta i roto i rua tohutohu tahi ritenga, mōhio te tauhohenga hākawatanga:

CO ₂ + H ₂ E = H ₂ CO ₃

I runga i te whakamahi o te whakakōkī

I roto i ētahi wā, kia whakamahia he whakatere (whakakōkī) i roto i te tikanga ki te haere tukanga matū. He tauira ko te pāhekoheko o te tukanga whāwehe catalytic o te hauwai.

Āhuatanga pāhi TUHIR

I roto i te take e tino maha arahi ki fifi i roto i te tamariki kura ko te whakanohonga o whakarea i roto i te tauhohe te whakamahi i te tikanga toenga hiko. Hei timata ki, i reira e etahi ture kia rite ki e taea tatou te whakatau i te tohu o te hāora i roto i te āhuatanga takitahi i roto i ia taonga.

Ahakoa o ahakoa taonga ohie uaua ranei ki kia tukinotia, te nui e kia ona kore.

Ko te mahi i muri mai, ko te ki te tīpako i te matū matū takitahi ranei āhuatanga e kua puta ke te uara o te tohu o te piti hāora. E tukua ratou motuhake, e whakaatu ana i te tohu "me" ranei te maha "haunga" o riro koha ranei irahiko.

I waenganui i enei whika ko te tokomaha iti, e ka wehea e te maha o ngā irahiko riro, a ka maka e rite tau tōpu.

Enei tau he tau whakarea stereochemical, whakarite i roto i te tukanga whakaarohia whārite. He wāhanga nui i roto i pāhi i te tauhohenga pitihāoratanga e whakatau he kaipitihāora me te hāora, me te tuhi o te tukanga. Ka rite ki tīpakohia te kaihoko whakaiti te aua ngota ranei ngā katote, i roto i te akoranga o tona ngā nui haere tohu o piti hāora, te āpitihāora, i roto i te rerekē, whakaiti o te tawhā āhuatanga.

Ētahi E tenei hātepe papatono, etahi huringa Organic Matū? Tauhohenga o te whakauru rere whāwehe pūhui ki te huri i ngā āhua hāora, whakaaro te he hātepe rite.

He etahi āhuatanga i roto i te whakaritenga o nga nekehanga o piti hāora o ngā pūhui matū waro, engari me hoki ratou moni e kore.

Runga anō i te āhua o taui te reira i te piti hāora, te tautuhi e rave rahi ngā momo o tauhohe matū:

• disproportionation - e tika ana ki te huringa i roto i āhua piti hāora o tetahi, me te huānga ano i roto i te taha nui me te iti;
• kontrproportsionirovanie - ngā tauhohe i te kaihoko whakaiti me kaihoko oxidizing, i roto i nei hanganga te huānga taua, engari i rerekē ngā taumata hāora.

mutunga

Ka rite ki te mutunga iti, mōhio tatou e te ngā o matū ki tetahi ki tetahi puta ratou e taui, panoni. Ko te tauhohenga matū ko te faafariuraa o tetahi atu ranei matū hohe ki ngā hua he rerekē hanganga kounga, me te ine.

Ki te kite panoni karihi huringa i roto i te hanganga o te karihi ngota, i roto i te take o te tauhohe matū e kore anake i reira te mea he Tuhinga o karihi me ngā irahiko, ārahi ki te ahua o pūhui hou.

kia haere tahi te tukanga i te tuku o te marama, wera, takanga o kakara, rerenga, hanganga o ngā matū haurehu waihā.

He maha ngā kōwhiringa mō te whakarōpū o taunekeneke waro, me te pararopi i runga i whenua rerekē. I roto i te tino noa mō tenei huringa kia whakahuatia hāora, āhua whakawhāititanga, te ànui o te rere, te huarahi o te tukanga, te whakamahi o te whakakōkī (inhibitor).

tauhohe matū Ko te pūtake e kore o production ahumahi anake, engari ano hoki te turanga o te ora. Te kore tukanga pūkoro e tango i te wahi i roto i kaiao ora nei oraraa e kia taea.