Tauira o Semiconductors. Types, āhuatanga, tono mahi

Ko te rongonui tino ko te takawai Semiconductor (Si). Otiia motu i ia, i reira e rave rahi atu. Tauira e māori, rauemi Semiconductor pērā i blende (ZnS), cuprite (Cu ₂ E), galena (PbS) me te tini ke atu. Ko te hapu o Semiconductors, tae atu ki ngā Semiconductors rite i roto i te taiwhanga, tohu tetahi o nga akomanga tino kanorau o ngā rauemi mohiotia ki te tangata.

Kiripuaki o Semiconductors

O nga āhuatanga 104 o te taka pūmotu he konganuku 79, 25 - nonmetals i nei te 13 ngā huānga matū riro āhuatanga semiconducting me 12 - uruhanga. āhuatanga Semiconductor Main ngā i roto i e faarahi ratou kawe ia tino ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana. I pāmahana iti, te tikanga ratou rite insulators, me i tiketike - rite conductors. He rerekē i whakarewa enei Semiconductors: faarahi ātete whakarewa proportionally ki te hua i roto i te pāmahana.

Tētahi atu rerekētanga i te whakarewa Semiconductor ko e te parenga o te Semiconductor heke i raro i te mana o te marama, i roto i te whakamutunga e kore e pāngia i te whakarewa. Hoki te kawe ia o Semiconductors rerekē ka whakahaere ki te nui iti o te poke.

E kitea Semiconductors roto pūhui matū ki rerekē ngā hanganga karaihe. ai ēnei hei āhuatanga pērā i silicon me selenium, pūhui rua pērā i gallium arsenide ranei. He maha ngā pūhui matū waro, pērā i polyacetylene, (CH) _n, - rauemi Semiconductor. Ka whakaatu ngā etahi Semiconductors autō (Cd _1-x Mn _x Te) ranei āhuatanga ferroelectric (SbSI). Ētahi atu alloying ki rawaka hei superconductors (GeTe me SrTiO _3). E rave rahi o te superconductors tiketike-pāmahana hou kitea whai wāhanga konganuku semiconducting. Hei tauira, La ₂ CuO ₄ Ko te Semiconductor, engari riro te hanganga o te koranu ki Kaumātua sverhrovodnikom (La _1-x Kaumātua _{x) 2} CuO _4.

pukapuka ahupūngao hoatu whakamāramatanga rite te rauemi Semiconductor ki te resistivity hiko o i 10 ^-4 ki te 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Mahalo he whakamāramatanga kē. Ko te whanui o te ropu tapuí o te Semiconductor - i 0 ki te 3 eV. Konganuku me semimetals - he rauemi ki te kore pūngao āputa, me te taonga i roto i nei nui reira W eV huaina insulators. He okotahi. Hei tauira, he taimana Semiconductor he rohe 6 eV whānui rahuihia, he Kaaha āhua-te tuuraa i - 1,5 eV. Gan, he rauemi mō ngā pūrere optoelectronic i roto i te rohe puru, he whanui ropu tapu o 3.5 eV.

te āputa pūngao

E wehea honohono, orbitals o ngota i roto i te wini whakakahokaho karaihe ki e rua ngā rōpū o ngā taumata pūngao - he rohe noa, takoto ana i te taumata teitei, me whakatau i te kawenga hiko o Semiconductors, me te ropu honohono, i raro. Ēnei taumata, i runga i te hangarite o te karaihe hanganga wini whakakahokaho me ngota rānei taea whakawhiti te mokowā i ia atu ranei. I roto i te take whakamutunga i reira ko te āputa pūngao, ranei i roto i nga kupu atu, i waenganui i nga rohe pēne tapuí.

whakaritea te wāhi me te taumata whakakī e te āhuatanga conductive o te rauemi. E ai ki tenei taonga āhuatanga wehea e te conductors, insulators, me Semiconductors. Ko te whanui o te ropu tapuí o te Semiconductor rerekē 0.01-3 eV, te āputa pūngao o te uruhanga atu i te 3 eV. e kore e konganuku tika ki te īnaki o pūngao āputa taumata.

Semiconductors me insulators, i roto i te rerekē ki konganuku, e ki tonu nga irahiko honohono, taua ope, me te rohe noa tata, te ropu āriponga ranei, taiepa te pūngao honohono, te atu i whaturama - wahi o puai tapui o irahiko.

I roto i te dielectrics kore he nui ki te hanga i te peke i roto i tenei āputa pūngao waiariki mara hiko iti ranei, e kore e ngohengohe ki te ropu kawenga nga irahiko. e taea ki te neke i roto i te wini whakakahokaho karaihe ratou me riro kawe o te nāianei hiko.

Hei haapuairaa i te kawe ia hiko, kia hoatu he irahiko i roto i te taumata honohono, te pūngao, i pai kia nui ki te hinga i te āputa pūngao. Anake, no te he e kore e iti ake i te uara o te āputa pūngao te nui o absorption pūngao, ka pahemo i te honohono, te taumata irahiko i runga i te taumata kawenga.

I roto i taua take, ki te nui te whanui o te āputa pūngao 4 eV, kawe ia Semiconductor excitation irradiation whakawera ranei he tata e taea - e kore te mea ranea ki te peke i te āputa pūngao i roto i te rohe i te pūngao excitation o te irahiko i te pāmahana rewa. A, no te tahu, rewa ana te karaihe i mua i te kawe ia hiko. Taua matū ngā kiripaka (DE = 5.2 eV), taimana (DE = 5,1 eV), he maha Mariao.

Semiconductor kawe ia, ēhara, me te tūturu

tioata Semiconductor Net i kawe ia tūturu. Taua Semiconductors ingoa tika. Kei Semiconductor tūturu te maha rite o rua me ngā irahiko noa. A, no te whakawera kawe tūturu o piki Semiconductors. I tamau pāmahana, i reira te mea he huru o te nui taurite hihiri o hangaia takirua irahiko-rua, me te maha o ōna hanganga irahiko me rua, e noho tonu i raro i enei tikanga.

Ko te aroaro o poke tino pānga te kawenga hiko o Semiconductors. Tāpiri ratou taea nui te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā irahiko noa i te maha iti o rua, me te whakanui ake i te maha o rua ki te maha iti o irahiko i roto i te taumata kawenga. Semiconductors poke - te whakahiko he te kawe ia poke.

E ngāwari e huaina poke koha irahiko kaituku. kia poke kaituku āhuatanga matū ki te ngota, te taumata honohono, e roto i atu irahiko atu nga ngota o te rauemi turanga. Hei tauira, ūkuikui me te bismuth - he poke silicon kaituku.

huaina te pūngao e hiahiatia ana mo te peke o te irahiko i roto i te rohe āriponga, te whakahohenga pūngao. Me he rota iti o reira i te te rauemi turanga poke Semiconductor. Ki te whakawera iti marama ranei te nuinga wetekina irahiko o ngā ngota o te Semiconductors poke. A tuu i mahue e te ngota he poka irahiko. Otiia e kore e te tauhono irahiko rua tango wahi. he hokiate kaituku rua kawe ia. Ko tenei no te mea he nui iti o ngota poke kore e tukua irahiko noa maha ofi ki te poka, a kia mau te reira. Irahiko e te tahi mau rua, engari e kore e taea ki te whakaki i aua tika ki te taumata pūngao iti.

He iti tāpiri kaituku poke e rave rahi whakahau faarahi te maha o ngā irahiko kawenga i roto i te rite ki te maha o ngā irahiko noa i roto i te Semiconductor tūturu. Irahiko konei - te kawe matua o utu ngota o Semiconductors poke. no enei matū ki te Semiconductors n-momo.

Poke e herea irahiko o te Semiconductor, te whakanui ake i te maha o rua i roto i reira, ka karanga acceptor. poke Acceptor He āhuatanga matū ki te maha iti o irahiko i roto i te taumata atu te turanga o te Semiconductor honohono. Pūtiwha, gallium, indium - acceptor poke i roto i te takawai.

e ti'aturi i runga i ona hē hanganga karaihe nga āhuatanga o te Semiconductor. ai tenei te akiaki o te whakatipu tioata tino parakore. Ko te tawhā o te kawenga Semiconductor whakahaeretia e te tua o dopants. tioata Silicon doped ki ūkuikui (V huānga Huingaiti) i te mea he kaituku ki te waihanga karaihe silicon n-momo. Hoki karaihe ki te acceptor boron p-momo takawai whakahaerea. Semiconductors utua Fermi taumata ki te neke i te reira ki te waenganui o te āputa ropu hanga i roto i tenei tikanga.

Semiconductors kotahi-huānga

Ko te Semiconductor tino noa ko, o te akoranga, silicon. Fakataha ki Tiamana, ko ia te tauira o te piha haapiiraa nui o Semiconductors e whai hanganga karaihe rite.

Hanganga karaihe Hei ko Ge ko te taua rite taua o taimana me te α-tine. karapotia te reira i ia ngota 4 ngota tata e hanga i te matawhārite. huaina taua ruruku ko wha ngā wā. Tioata tetradricheskoy parahi turanga here mo te ahumahi te hikohiko me te whai wāhi nui i roto i te hangarau hou. He Semiconductors ano etahi o te V ngā huānga me VI o te rōpū ripanga pūmotu. Tauira o tenei momo o Semiconductors - ūkuikui (P), he whanariki (S), selenium (Se), me te tellurium (Te). kia ēnei Semiconductors ngota takitoru (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) ranei te ruruku wha-puninga. Ka rite ki te hua e taea taua huānga tīariari i roto i te maha ngā hanganga tioata rerekē, ka kia rite hoki i roto i te puka o te karaihe. Hei tauira, Se tupu i roto i ngā hanganga karaihe monoclinic me trigonal rite te matapihi (taea hoki e te i titiro rite te waerau) ranei.

- Diamond he kawe ia waiariki pai, pai āhuatanga pūkaha me te optical, kaha aunoa tiketike. Ko te whanui o te āputa pūngao - De = 5,47 eV.

- Silicon - Semiconductor whakamahia i roto i ngā pūtau solar, me ahua amorphous, - i roto i te kikokore-kiriata pūtau solar. Ko te reira i te tino whakamahia i roto i te Semiconductor pūtau solar, ngāwari ki te hanga, he āhuatanga hiko, me te hangarau e pai. De = 1,12 eV.

- Germanium - Semiconductor whakamahia i roto i te hihinga kama-ray, mahi nui pūtau solar. Whakamahia i roto i te te p tuatahi me transistors. E titau te reira iti horoi i te takawai. De = 0,67 eV.

- selenium - he Semiconductor, whakamahia nei i roto i te rectifiers selenium he ātete radiation tiketike, me te kaha ki te whakaora ake.

pūhui e rua-huānga

Āhuatanga o Semiconductors i hanga huānga 3 me 4 o nga rōpū taka pūmotu rite nga āhuatanga o ngā pūhui 4 ngā rōpū. Ko te whakawhiti i te rōpū 4 o ngā huānga ki mea pena; 3-4 gr. Na te reira e kōrero tetahi wahi no te mea ki te katote ngā irahiko tiaki waka i te ngota ngota 3 Rōpū 4 Group. Taui Ionicity nga āhuatanga o Semiconductors. ai te reira i te hua i roto i te Coulomb pūngao me te katote-katote taunekeneke pūngao āputa hanganga irahiko ropu. TAUIRA pūhui ā-rua o tenei momo - indium antimonide, InSb, Kaaha gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide InP, konumohe antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide āputa.

Ionicity piki me tupu tona uara atu rōpū i roto i pūhui 2-6 pūhui, pērā i cadmium selenide, konutea pūngāwhā, cadmium pūngāwhā, cadmium telluride, konutea selenide. Ka rite ki te hua, te nuinga o ngā pūhui 2-6 rōpū tapui ropu whānui atu i te 1 eV, anake pūhui mēkuri. Mercury Telluride - kahore pūngao āputa Semiconductor, āhua-whakarewa, rite α-tine.

Semiconductors 2-6 ngā rōpū ki te nui whakamahi kitea pūngao āputa i roto i te hanga o lasers me ngā whakaaturanga. rōpū ā-rua 6 2- pūhui ki te pūngao āputa whāiti e tika ana mō ngā farii pōkākā. pūhui-rua o ngā āhuatanga o ngā rōpū 1-7 (CuBr cuprous pūkeha, agi konutawa hiriwa, parahi pūhaumāota CuCl) e tika ana ki te ionicity tiketike i whānui bandgap W eV. mahi ratou e kore e tino Semiconductors, me insulators. Crystal tupu fakamau pūngao e tika ana ki Coulomb ngā interionic whakahaere ngota te hanga tote ki te ono o tikanga, hei utu o te pūrua taunga. Pūhui 4-6 rōpū - pūngāwhā, telluride mata, he tine sulfide - rite Semiconductors. whakatairanga hoki Ionicity o enei matū te hanganga sixfold ruruku. Nui e kore ionicity ekore te aroaro to ratou he āputa ropu rawa kuiti, e taea te whakamahi e ratou mo te fariiraa i radiation pōkākā. Gallium nitride - he rōpū pūhui 3-5 ki te āputa pūngao whanui, kitea tono i roto i lasers Semiconductor me te p marama-emitting mahi i roto i te wahi puru o te hihinga.

- Kaaha, gallium arsenide - i runga i te hiahia i muri i te rua o te Semiconductor silicon kei te whakamahia rite te tïpako mo ētahi atu conductors, hei tauira, GaInNAs ko InGaAs, i roto i setodiodah pōkākā, transistors auau tiketike me ICS, tino tōtika ngā pūtau solar, te p taiaho, pūhohe o rongoa karihi. De = 1,43 eV, e whakapiki i te whakaaro mana rite whakaritea ki silicon. He pakarukaru, kei atu poke uaua ki te hanga.

- ZnS, konutea sulfide - konutea tote o te hauwai pūngāwhā ki te rohe pēne tapu, me te 3.54 3.91 eV, whakamahia i roto i lasers me rite te phosphor.

- SNS, he tine sulfide - Semiconductor whakamahia i roto i photoresistors me photodiodes, De = 1.3 me te 10 eV.

waikura

Ko te waikura konganuku pai he insulators pai, engari i reira he okotahi. Tauira o tenei momo o Semiconductors - waikura nika, parahi waikura, konukurahina waikura, parahi hāorarua, waikura rino, europium waikura, konutea waikura. Mai vai parahi hāorarua rite te cuprite kohuke, i ako ona āhuatanga hakune. E kore te mea te tukanga mō te maara o tenei momo o te Semiconductor ano katoa mārama, na ratou te whakamahi ko tonu iti. He okotahi he waikura konutea (ZnO), ngā rōpū pūhui 2-6, kei te whakamahia rite te transducer me i te hanga o rïpene piripiri me plasters.

ke te āhuatanga tino i muri kitea wharetīoke i roto i maha pūhui o parahi ki te hāora. Ko te pūkawekawe nui pāmahana tuatahi whakatuwhera Bednorz ko Muller, i Semiconductor pūhui e hāngai ana i runga i La ₂ CuO _4, te āputa pūngao o 2 eV. Whakakapi divalent trivalent lanthanum, konu strontium ranei, whakaurua ki roto ki te kawe tiaki Semiconductor o rua. Whakatutuki i te kukū poka tika hanga La ₂ CuO ₄ pūkawekawe. I tenei wa, ko te pāmahana teitei o whakawhitinga ki te āhua superconducting no pūhui HgBaCa ₂ Cu ₃ E _8. I pēhanga teitei, tona uara ko 134 K.

ZnO, Kei te whakamahia konutea waikura varistor, te p puru marama-emitting, pūoko hau, pūoko koiora, coatings matapihi ki te whakaata marama pōkākā, rite te kaiwhakahaere i roto i ngā whakaaturanga LCD me pūhiko solar. De = 3.37 eV.

tioata paparanga

pūhui Double ano he mata diiodide, gallium selenide me molybdenum disulphide rerekē hanganga karaihe paparanga. Ko te paparanga e kotuari here o nui kaha, nui kaha atu i te van der Waal here i waenganui i te papa ratou. Semiconductors taua momo e ngā no te tikanga nga irahiko i roto i te papa o te Manatü-rua-ahu. ke Ngā pāhekoheko o paparanga e whakauru ngota waho - intercalation.

Mos _2, whakamahia molybdenum disulfide te i roto i pūhohe auau tiketike, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. De = 1,23 me 1.8 eV.

Semiconductors organic

Tauira o Semiconductors i runga i te pūtake o ngā pūhui matū waro - naphthalene, polyacetylene (CH _{2) n,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. Semiconductors Organic i te painga i runga i kore-organic: he ngāwari ki te hoatu i te kounga hiahiatia ratou. Matū ki here haumi hanga riro -C = C-C = nui optical linearity-kore, me te, e tika ana ki tenei, i roto i optoelectronics tono. Ano, te pūngao pēne āputa Semiconductor organic pūhui o te tātai rerekē huringa e nui māmā ake i taua o Semiconductors tikanga. ngā pū-, tioata o fullerenes waro, Graphene, nanotubes - hoki Semiconductors.

- Fullerene he hanganga i roto i te puka o te kati matarau ugleoroda ohu nei ara maha o ngota. He doping fullerene C ₆₀ ki te whakarewa alkali liliu reira ki te pūkawekawe.

- apa graphite waro monoatomic i hanga te, te hono i roto i te mea ripekapeka hexagonal e rua-ahu. Tuhia he kawe ia me te nekeneke irahiko, rigidity tiketike

- Kei te hurihia Nanotubes ki te rihi ngongo graphite he diameter o te maha nanometers. Enei momo o te waro i te kupu whakaari nui i roto i nanoelectronics. Tei runga i te hononga kia kounga konganuku Semiconductor ranei.

Semiconductors autō

Pūhui ki katote autō o te europium me konupora i pākiki āhuatanga autō, me te semiconducting. Tauira o tenei momo o Semiconductors - pūngāwhā europium, selenide europium me rongoā mārō, pērā Cd _1-x Mn _x Te. Ko te ihirangi o te katote autō pā whakaatu matū e rua āhuatanga autō pērā i ferromagnetism me antiferromagnetism. Semiconductors Semimagnetic - ko te pakeke Semiconductors otinga autō e roto i ngā katote autō i roto i te kukū iti. Taua rongoā mārō kukume te aro o to koutou amanaki me te pūmanawa nui o ngā tono taea. Hei tauira, i roto i te rerekē ki te Semiconductors kore-autō, ka taea e ratou tae miriona nga wa i te nui Faraday tītaka.

Kaha pānga magnetooptical o Semiconductors autō tukua ratou whakamahi mō te puoro whatu. Perovskites, rite Mn _0.7 Ca _0,3 e _3, e pai ki te konganuku-Semiconductor whakawhiti, e ti'aturiraa tika i runga i te hua papa autō i roto i te āhuatanga o Rapa Magneto-resistivity ona āhuatanga. E whakamahia ratou i roto i te reo irirangi, ngā pūrere optical, e kua whakahaeretia e te papa autō, he whakaaro ngaruiti waveguide.

ferroelectrics Semiconductor

Tenei tioata momo āhuatanga e te aroaro i roto i to ratou taime hiko, me te takanga o te vahiraa māhorahora. Hei tauira, pera āhuatanga he Semiconductors arahi titanate PbTiO _3, konu titanate BaTiO _3, telluride germanium, GeTe, tine telluride SnTe, e i pāmahana iti i ngā āhuatanga ferroelectric. E whakamahia ana ēnei rauemi i roto i nonlinear optical, pūoko piezoelectric me ngā pūrere mahara.

He momo o ngā rauemi Semiconductor

I tua atu ki ngā rauemi Semiconductor whakahuatia i runga ake, i reira e rave rahi atu e kore e e hinga ki raro i tetahi o enei momo. Pūhui o tātai 1-3-5 huānga ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ me 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ te hanga i te hanganga karaihe chalcopyrite. Whakapā pūhui tetrahedral Semiconductors e ngákaunuitia 3-5 me 2-6 ngā rōpū ki te konutea hanganga karaihe blende. Pūhui e hanga huānga Semiconductor 5 me 6 ngā rōpū (rite ki rite ₂ Se _3), - te Semiconductor i te puka o te karaihe karaihe ranei. Chalcogenides o bismuth me kakano e whakamahia i roto i generators Semiconductor thermoelectric. Ko te āhuatanga o tenei momo o te Semiconductor ko tino ngā, engari kihai i riro ratou rongonui tika ki te iti tono. Heoi, ko te meka e tīari ratou, haapapu te aroaro o kahore ano tino whakawakia te mara o te Semiconductor ahupūngao.