Prokaryotes: hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te ora

I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te hanganga o ngā prokaryotes me eukaryotes. Ēnei rauropi i taumata rawa rerekē o te whakahaere. He take mō tenei - ko te hanganga āhuatanga o ngā mōhiohio ā-ira.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga o ngā pūtau prokaryotic

ka karanga prokaryotes kaiao ora katoa i roto i karihi nei ngā pūtau. Māngai i rima nāianei Hamuera kararehe no ki a ratou kotahi anake te mea - Bacteria. Prokaryotes, te hanganga o nei e whakaaro tatou ano, ngā māngai o te pükohu puru-matomato, me te archaea.

Ahakoa te kore o whakaōkawatia te pūtau matua, te rauemi ira i roto i ratou. Tenei taea ki a koe rokiroki me te tuku mōhiohio iranga, engari tauwhāiti te momo o ara o uri. Te tākaro prokaryotes katoa tupu na roto i te wehewehe ratou ki ngā pūtau e rua. Na roto i te whāū pūira me te whāiti pūira kahore e ahei e ratou.

Ko te hanganga o prokaryotic me eukaryotic

Āhuatanga o te hanganga o ngā prokaryotes me eukaryotes, e he rongonui, tino nui. I tua atu ki te hanganga o te rauemi ira, pā hoki tenei ki organelles maha. Eukaryotes, e ngā tipu, te harore me te kararehe, i roto i cytoplasm pungaraungao, Golgi taputapu, kiriuwhi, he maha plastids. I roto i ngā prokaryotes, e ngaro ratou. Te pakitara pūtau, e te mea ko ratou, me etahi, rerekē hanganga matū. I roto i te huakita, e tito i te reira o te warowaihā matatini, pectin murein ranei, te mea i roto i te tipu e hāngai ai ki runga ki cellulose, me harore - chitin.

History o whakahura

ka mohiotia Āhuatanga o te hanganga me te mahi o ngā prokaryotes ki kaiputaiao anake i roto i te rau tau 17. Na tenei ahakoa te meka e vai enei mea i runga i te ao mai i töna tïmatanga. I te 1676 i te tuatahi te uiui e ratou ki te whārahi optical e tona kaihanga Antoni Van Levenguk. Ka rite ki nga kaiao mōkitokito katoa, ka karanga te pūtaiao ratou "animalikulami". Ko te wā "huakita" Kua puta noa i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19. whakaekea te reira i te taiao o Tiamana pai-mohiotia Christian Ehrenberg. haere mai i muri i te wā "prokaryotes", i roto i te tau o te hanganga o te karu whārahi irahiko. A i te tuatahi, kua takoto aivanaa e te rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga o te taputapu ira o ngā pūtau o mea rerekē. E. Chatton i roto i te tau 1937 e whakaarohia ana ki te hanumi i te pūtake o te rauropi ki e rua ngā rōpū: tei me eukaryotes. vai tenei wehenga ki tenei ra. I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 20 i kitea ai te rerekētanga i roto i ngā prokaryotes ratou: archaea me te huakita.

Āhuatanga o te mata pūrere

ngā prokaryotes Mata taputapu o te membrane me te pūtau he taiepa. Ia o enei wahi kua ona ake āhuatanga. i hanga to ratou membrane e te kahu rua o lipids me pūmua. Prokaryotes, ko tona hanganga, ko te pai i tahito ra, e rua ngā momo o te hanganga taiepa pūtau. Ko te kupu, i roto i te huakita Gram-pai te tito reira te nuinga o te peptidoglycan, te mea he matotoru o 80 nm, me te piri ki te membrane. He āhuatanga āhuatanga o tenei hanganga ko te aroaro o kōputaputa reira i roto i nei ô i te maha o ngā rāpoi ngota. Ko te tino kikokore te taiepa pūtau o huakita Gram - ki te mōrahi o te 3 nm. Ko reira pātata ki te membrane mātotoru. Ētahi māngai o ngā prokaryotes he tonu capsule waho, me te mucous. tiaki te reira i te tinana i whakamaroke, kino aunoa, hanga he atu arai osmotic.

prokaryotes organelles

He rerekētanga nui, e te nuinga ngā i roto i te aroaro o etahi organelles hanganga pūtau o prokaryotes me eukaryotes. Ēnei ngā hanganga pūmau whakatau te taumata o ngā kaiao rite te katoa. I roto i ngā prokaryotes, kei te ngaro te nuinga o ratou. Kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i enei pūtau e ribosomes wahi. I roto i ngā prokaryotes rōwai roto i aerosomy. Tenei kōwhao hau e whakarato puāwai me te whakarite i te tohu o kaiao rumaki. Anake i roto i ngā pūtau prokaryotic roto i mesosoma. Enei hipi membrane cytoplasmic puta anake i roto i te whakamahi o ngā tikanga warea matū i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā pūtau prokaryotic i Microscopy. Organelle huakita nekehanga me te archaea he makawe iti flagella ranei. Na te tāpiritanga ki te tïpako kawe inu. Ēnei ngā hanganga i hanga e te engine pūmua-rango hoki, ka karanga Villi me fimbriae.

He aha te mea te nucleoid

Ko te rerekētanga tino nui ko te hanganga o te ira prokaryotic me eukaryotic. mōhiohio iranga nohoia e enei rauropi katoa. I roto i te eukaryotes, kua whakapaipai reira i roto i te karihi. Tenei organelle dvumembrannaya he ona ake kopu, e kiia nei ko nucleoplasm, pūpūira me te kiri. He te kawea i roto i te rokiroki e kore anake o mōhiohio ā-ira, engari ano hoki te ariā o ngā rāpoi ngota RNA. Kei te muri nga nucleoli i hanga subunits o ribosomes - te organelles kawenga mō te kōtuitanga pūmua.

Ko te hanganga o ira prokaryotic māmā. te aroaro o ratou rauemi ira te mara nucleoid karihi ranei. kahore e DNA i roto i ngā prokaryotes tākai ki pūira me te whai i te hanganga annular kuiti. Ko te hanganga ano ngā rāpoi RNA nucleoid me te pūmua. Āhuahira Tata rite histones eukaryotic. whai wāhi ratou i roto i te tuaruatia ai o te DNA, RNA te kōtuitanga, hanganga matū me discontinuities fakafoki mai waikawa karihi.

Āhuatanga o te ora

Prokaryotes, ko tona hanganga, ko te matatini rerekē, te mahi tukanga tika matatini o te ora. Tenei kai, manawa, uri o ratou ake ahua, kaupapa, pākia ... ka ko ahei o tetahi anake pūtau mōkitokito ngā i 250 mm nei āhuatanga tenei katoa! Na anake e taea e te mea e pā ana ki te primitiveness whanaunga.

meinga me huarahi o ratou whaiaroaro Āhuatanga o te hanganga o ngā prokaryotes. Hei tauira, e taea ana ki te whakaputa i te pūngao i roto i ngā huarahi e toru ratou. Ko te tuatahi ko te FERMENTATION. Kei te kawea te reira i roto i na etahi huakita. Ko te pūtake o tenei tukanga he tauhohenga pitihāoratanga i roto i nei synthesized ATP te rāpoi ngota. Tenei pūhui matū, i roto i nei tukua wāwāhi ki te maha ngā wāhanga pūngao te. Na reira, kei te maha huaina ana a reira "pūhiko pūtau". Kei te kupukupu te tikanga atu. Ko te ngako o tenei tukanga takoto i roto i te piti hāora o ngā matū waro. E nehenehe o te ahotakakame ētahi prokaryotes. ona tauira he pükohu puru-matomato me te huakita papura e roto i plastids i roto i ngā pūtau. Ko e ahei o te chlorophyll-kore ahotakakame Archaea. I roto i tenei tukanga, i reira he kahore warea o te hauhā, me te rāpoi ngota ATP ano e hanga e. Na reira, i roto i te meka, he phosphorylation tēnei wā.

momo o te kai

Bacteria me archaea - he whātāmi, he hanganga i taea ki a ratou faaohipa i te mana me te huarahi rerekē. Etahi o ratou he autotrophs. Ēnei rauropi synthesize ratou matū i roto i te ahotakakame. I roto i taua pūtau prokaryotic he chlorophyll. Ētahi huakita whiwhi pūngao mā te wāwāhi i etahi ngā pūhui matū waro. Ratou momo o te kai i huaina chemotrophic. Māngai o tenei rōpū he rino - me te whanariki huakita. Etahi mimiti anake te pūhui oti. Ko ratou i huaina heterotrophs. Te nuinga o ratou arahi i te ora Parasitic me ora anake i roto i te pūtau o te tahi atu mea. He saprotrophs hoki te rerekētanga o tenei rōpū. whangaia ratou i runga i ngā hua ururua pirau mea organic ranei. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, he tino kanorau tikanga prokaryotes mana. whai wāhi ana tēnei meka ki to ratou tohatoha whānui i roto i noho katoa.

momo o te uri

Prokaryotes, māngai te hanganga o nei i tetahi pūtau, whakanuia e ona wehenga kia rua nga wahi ranei pihi. Tēnei āhuatanga, ko te tika ki to ratou hanganga ira, me te taputapu. mua tukanga whakangotangota pūtakerua e, i tuaruatia, ranei pītauira. I roto i tenei take i te rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi he tūtū'í tuatahi, a ka tārite whenu ia i runga i te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga. Ko te pūira hua te mahuetanga ki te amo. Ko te pūtau ake i roto i te rahi, i hanga i waenganui i constriction me atu puta ratou wehenga whakamutunga. E nehenehe o te hanga pūtau o tōkai uri hoki ētahi huakita - pua.

Bacteria me Archaea: āhuatanga

Hoki te wa roa, me te huakita archaea he māngai o te huakite Basileia. Oia mau, i ratou tokomaha rite hanganga āhuatanga. Ko matua tenei te rahi me te āhua o ratou pūtau. Heoi, kua whakaaturia ngā matüora e whai ratou he maha o ngā āhuatanga rite ki eukaryotes. Ko tēnei āhua o te whākōkī i raro i te mahi o nei te tukanga o te ariā o ngā rāpoi ngota RNA me te pūmua.

Na roto i te ara o te kai i te nuinga o ratou he chemotroph. Ano, matū e piri i roto i te tukanga o te whiwhi archaea pūngao e atu kanorau. Tenei warowaihā matatini me te haukini, me pūhui whakarewa. E i roto i archaea me autotrophs. Tino maha tomo ratou ki roto ki te hononga taupuhipuhi. Pirinoa roto kahore archaea. Nuinga o ngā wā i kitea i roto i te āhua me te commensals Mutualists. I roto i te take tuatahi, e whangai archaea i te rauemi ope, ko ia e kore e kawea mai tetahi kino. Rerekē tenei momo o te hononga taupuhipuhi ki painga taupuhipuhi whiwhi rauropi e rua. E metagenami etahi o ratou. Taua archaea noho pūnaha kūnatu o te tangata, me kararehe ruminant, meinga hanganga hau nui i roto i te piro. Ēnei rauropi tini whakangotangota-rua, pihi i te wehewehenga ranei.

Kua taukei Archaea tata katoa noho. He rawa kanorau i roto i te köurarangi ratou. I te tīmatanga, no archaea katoa ki te rōpū o extremophiles no te mea e taea e ki te noho i roto i puna wera ratou, a i roto i Faarii ki salinity tiketike, me te hohonu ki nui pēhanga.

Ko te uara o te prokaryotic i roto i te natura, me te ora te tangata

He tino te tūranga o ngā prokaryotes i te natura. Tuatahi o te katoa, he ratou nga kaiao ora tuatahi e ahu i runga i te ao. Kua kitea Scientists e puta huakita me te archaea e pā ana ki 3.5 piriona tau ki muri. fokotu'u Symbiogenesis ariā e heke i ratou me etahi organelles o ngā pūtau eukaryotic. I roto i ngā, e korero tatou e pā ana ki te plastids me pungaraungao.

E whakamahia maha prokaryotes i roto i te hangarau koiora ki te whakaputa rongoa, paturopi, whākōkī, hormones, maniua me waipatutaru. Kua roa te tangata i te whakamahi i nga āhuatanga painga o huakita waikawa lactic mo te hanga o te tīhi, miraka pē, miraka pē, hua rewena. Ki enei rauropi i roto i roto horoi me te tauiraa oneone o konganuku rerekē. Bacteria hanga te intestinal microflora tangata, me te maha kararehe. Āpiti atu ki archaea faaohipa ratou huringa maha matū: hauota, rino, he whanariki, me te hauwai.

I te tahi atu te ringa, he maha huakita ko nga āpiha fakatupu o mate kino mā te ture i te tau o maha ngā momo o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe. Ko ratou he whiu, pakewakewa, korara, Anthrax, diphtheria.

Na ka karanga prokaryotes kaiao hapa karihi tukuna nei ngā pūtau. kei to ratou rauemi ira te nucleoid arā o te rāpoi ngota pītauira porohita. Mai i kaiao hou ki prokaryotes ngā huakita me te archaea.