Pūhui hauota. āhuatanga o te hauota

Me te whanau ki te pākawa - rite whakamaoritia i te kupu Latin Nitrogenium. Tenei taitara hauota - huānga matū ki te tau ngota o te 7, te upoko 15 rōpū th i roto i te putanga roa o te ripanga pūmotu. I roto i te puka o te taonga ohie titoa o te whenua tohaina putea rangi - huru. kitea te momo o pūhui hauota i kirinuku o te whenua, a ka e whānui kaiao ora whakamahia i roto i ngā ahumahi, hōia, ahuwhenua me te rongoā.

He aha te hauota i huaina "rāoa" me "oa"

Ka rite ki hītori o matū e faaite ka tuatahi tenei taonga ohie Henry Cavendish (1777). Scientific haere hau i runga i nga waro ratarata mō te absorption o nga hua tauhohe te whakamahi i alkali. Ka rite ki te hua o te wheako kairangahau kitea hau te huitahi me koreami, waro unreacted. huaina Cavendish reira "rangi ta'ota'o" mo te ngoikore ki te mau tonu manawa, me te ngingiha.

kia faataa Modern Chemical e tali hāora te ki waro, i hanga te hauhā te. Ko te toe "tāmi" o te rangi i hoki te wahi tino o te rāpoi ngota N _2. e kore te Cavendish me ētahi atu pūtaiao i te wa e pā ana ki tenei mea mohiotia ano, ahakoa hauota me te pākawa pūhui ka i whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te ōhanga. korerotia te pūtaiao e pā ana ki te hau rerekē ki te hoa ki te whakahaere rite ngā - Hohepa Priestley.

I te wa ano ka whakatata Carl Scheele whakarongo ki te wāhanga unknown o te rangi, engari i rahua ki te whakamārama tika i tona takenga. Daniel Rutherford i roto i 1772 anake ua ite e te ngā hakari "ta'ota'o" "pahuatia" hau - hauota ko. Ētahi pūtaiao whakapono tona Kaikitetuatahi - reira tonu he tautohetohe kōrero o pūtaiao.

15 nga tau i muri i ngā a Rutherford whakaarohia kēmihi rongonui Antuan Lavuaze ki te whakakapi i te rangi wā "pahuatia" e pā ana ki te hauota, i runga i te tahi atu - Nitrogenium. E te wa i whakamatauria ai e kore e tenei taonga tahu, e kore e tautoko i manawa. Na i reira nga te Russian ingoa "hauota", tikanga nei i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. E mea pinepine te mea e te tikanga te wā "oa". Kua whawhati i rangahau muri te whakapono whānui e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o ngā matū. pūhui hauota - pūmua - te macromolecules nui i roto i te hanganga o kaiao ora. I roto i te tikanga ki te hanga otaota mimiti i te oneone kohuke kai tōtika huānga tika - ^2- katote KORE ₃ me NH ^4+.

Hauota - he āhuatanga matū

Hei mahino te hanganga ngota, me ngā āhuatanga āwhina te pūnaha wā (PS). Ko te tūnga o te pūmotu matū i roto i te ripanga pūmotu taea tautuhi tiaki karihi, maha o ngā iraoho me ngā iramoe (tau papatipu). Ko reira e tika ana ki te whakarongo ki te uara o te papatipu ngota - ko tetahi o nga āhuatanga matua o te huānga tenei. wā, hāngai te tokomaha ki te maha o ngā taumata pūngao. Ko te putanga poto o te tau Rōpū taka pūmotu hāngai ki te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i te taumata energaticheskom waho. Whakarāpopoto i te raraunga i roto i te āhuatanga whānui o te hauota i tona tūranga i roto i te pūnaha wā:

• Ko tenei ko te huānga kore-konganuku i roto i te kokonga matau o runga o te SS.
• tohu matū: N.
• tau Āhuatanga: 7.
• papatipu ngota: 14,0067.
• Tātai pūhui hauwai ahua: NH ₃ (haukini).
• Puka he teitei waikura N ₂ E _5, i te mea e rite ana ki te valency o te hauota V.

Hanganga ngota hauota:

• tiaki karihi +7.
• Ko te maha o ngā iraoho: 7; te maha o ngā iramoe: 7.
• Tau o Energy Taumata: 2.
• Ko te katoa maha o irahiko: 7; e tātai: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^3.

ako Taipitopito kanoirite pūmau № huānga 7, ratou tau papatipu - 14 me 15. Ko te ihirangi o te ngota marama o i te 99,64%. Ko te karihi o te kanoirite iraruke poto-ora hoki 7 iraoho, me te maha o ngā iramoe nui rerekē: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Nitrogen i roto i te āhua

Hei wāhanga o te rāpoi ngota rangi he taonga hakari takotoranga whenua ohie, nei tātai - N _2. Ko te ihirangi o te hau hauota i roto i te huru ko e pā ana ki 78,1 rōrahi%. pūhui pararopi o te huānga matū i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua - ngā tai haukinia me pūhau (houra). Pūhui o te tātai me te ingoa o etahi o nga matū tino nui:

• NH _3, haukini.
• KORE _2, te hauota hāora.
• Nano ₃ Konutai pākawa.
• (NH _{4) 2} SO _4, te haukini pākawa ngāwhā.

Ko te honohono, o te hauota i roto i te pūhui whakamutunga e rua - IV. Kei roto hoki Coal, te oneone, e noho rauropi ngota N roto i te puka here. Nitrogen Ko te wāhanga o te amino waikawa macromolecules, DNA me nucleotides RNA, hormones me pūtoto. Ko te ihirangi katoa o te huānga matū i roto i te tinana tangata tae 2.5%.

taonga ohie

Nitrogen i roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota diatomic - te rōrahi nui me te taimaha o te rangi kōhauhau. Taonga, tona tātai ko N _2, e kore kakara, te tae, me te reka. Tenei hau ko te neke atu i 2/3 takotoranga rangi whenua. Ko te hauota wai ko te taonga te huitahi, Ahakoa wai. Whewhe i te pāmahana o -195,8 ° C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g / mol. taonga moka Simple māmā hāora, hauota, te hau, he tata ki te 1 tona kiato.

Ko te ngota i roto i te here rāpoi ngota mau 3 ngā irahiko takirua. Te pūhui whakaaturia te ātete matū tiketike, e titore reira i hāora me ētahi atu matū haurehu waihā. Ki te rāpoi ngota hauota e wahia ki ona ngota wāhanga e tika ana ki te whakapau pūngao 942,9 kJ / mol. Ko te tino kaha Whakapā o te toru o nga irahiko takirua, tīmata ki te wahia iho ka tahu i runga 2000 ° C.

whakaritea e kore e puta i raro i tikanga noa, te dissociation o ngā rāpoi ngota ki ngota. Kei te hoki meinga matū inertness i te hauota ngaro oti o te wehenga tawhiti i roto i tona rāpoi ngota. taunekeneke rawa ngonge ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi, reira mahi i te āhua haurehu waihā o te mea i te pēhanga noa, me te i te pāmahana tata ki te pāmahana rūma. whakamahia mahi matū iti o te hauota rāpoi te i roto i ngā tukanga rerekē me ngā pūrere wahi ko reira e tika ana ki te hanga i tētahi taiao e mangere.

Dissociation o ngā rāpoi ngota N ₂ kia puta i raro i te mana o te radiation solar i roto i te huru o runga. Kei te hanga e hauota ngota, e tauhohe me etahi konganuku me nonmetals i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa (ūkuikui, he whanariki, te ateneke). Ko te hua ko te ariā o te tikanga whenua matū te whiwhi autaki.

valency hauota

Ko te waho anga irahiko o te ngota hanga he 2 s 3 me te p irahiko. Ka taea e ēnei hauota kino hoatu matūriki ia rātou e taunekeneke ana ki ētahi atu āhuatanga e hāngai ki ona āhuatanga whakaiti. Hei te octet ngaro ki 3 irahiko ngota whakaaturia oxidative kaha. Electronegativity hauota i raro ona āhuatanga konganuku e iti korerotia atu e o köwhai, te hāora, me te māota. A, no te pāhekoheko ki enei āhuatanga matū hauota homai irahiko (oxidize). Whakaitinga ki ngā katote kino aru i te tauhohenga ki ētahi atu konganuku me nonmetals.

honohono, hauota Angamaheni - III. I roto i tenei take, nga here matū e hanga e e te waho p-attraction o irahiko me te hanga o te noa (here) e rua. Ko te ahei o te hanga here kaituku-acceptor Nitrogen tika ki tona rua ana'e o ngā irahiko, ko te haukini katote NH ^{4+ rite.}

Whiwhi i roto i te taiwhanga me te ahumahi

tikanga kotahi taiwhanga e hāngai ana i runga i ngā āhuatanga oxidative o parahi waikura. Whakamahia pūhui hauota ki hauwai - haukini NH _3. Tenei hongi vzaimoddeystvuet hau kino ki te paura pango parahi waikura. Ko te tauhohenga hua hua hauota, me te puta parahi konganuku (paura whero). Whakatakotoria i runga i nga taiepa ngongo waterdrops - tetahi hua tauhohenga.

Ko tētahi atu tikanga taiwhanga e whakamahi ana i te pūhui hauota ki ngā konganuku - azide, hei tauira Nan _3. Whiwhi e te hau e kore nei e hiahia ana ki te kia horoia i te täoke.

kawea te taiwhanga te whāwehe o haukinia nitrite ki te hauota, me te wai. Hei tīmata i te tauhohenga, e hiahiatia whakawera te, ka puta te tukanga ki te kukuwhatanga o te wera (putawera). poke hauota te ki poke, na kua horoia reira, ka maroke.

Te faaineineraa o te hauota i roto i te ahumahi:

• iheu hautanga o te rangi wai - he tikanga, e whakamahi ana i te ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hauota, me te hāora (rerekē ira e koropupu);
• tauhohenga matū o te rangi ki te waro wera;
• wehenga hau adsorptive.

Ngā pāhekoheko ki konganuku me te hauwai - āhuatanga oxidizing

e kore e tūpuku rāpoi roa tukua etahi kōtuitui tika o pūhui hauota. Hei whakahohe i te ngota e tika ana ki te whakawera kaha irradiation taonga ranei. Ka taea e Nitrogen ariu ki konukōhatu i te pāmahana rūma, ki te konupora, konupūmā me te konutai, te tauhohenga puta anake i te whakawera. E hanga e hāngai nitrides maitai.

Ko te pāhekoheko o te hauota ki te hauwai e wahi i tiketike pāmahana me te pēhanga. Hoki titau tenei tukanga te whakakōkī. Haukini whiwhi - tetahi o te kōtuitui tino nui matū. Hauota, hei oxidizer, faaite i roto i to ratou āhua piti hāora tri kino:

• 3 (haukini me ētahi atu hauota pūhui, hauwai - nitrides);
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine NH ₂ OH).

Ko te tino nui nitride - Haukini - rite i roto i te nui i roto i te ahumahi. Ko te raruraru nui mō te wa roa i noho te inertness matū o te hauota. i pākawa ona puna o ngā rauemi mata, engari anga rāhui kohuke ki peka ke tere ki te tupu o te te hanga.

Ko te paetae nui o te pūtaiao matū me te mahi kua i te hanganga o te haukini hauota warea technique i runga i te tauine ahumahi. I roto i te tīwae motuhake ko i te kōtuitanga tika - he tukanga reversible i waenganui i te hauota whiwhi i te rangi, me te hauwai. A, no te te hanga āhuatanga tino pai, te hünuku te taurite o tenei tauhohe ki te taha hua, te whakamahi i te tukua whakakōkī haukini te 97%.

āhuatanga whakaiti - Ngā pāhekoheko ki te hāora

I roto i te tikanga ki te tīmata i te tauhohe o te hauota, me te hāora, me kia whakawera kaha. Riro rawaka pūngao pewa hiko me te rere uira ki te kōhauhau. Ko te pūhui pararopi tino nui i roto i te mea te hauota i roto i ona āhua hāora pai:

• 1 (hauota waikura (ahau) N ₂ E);
• +2 (NO o hauota monoxide);
• 3 (hauota waikura (III) N ₂ E _3, HNO ₂ waikawa Sinks, tai nitrite ona);
• 4 (te hauota hāora (IV) KORE _2);
• 5 (pentoxide hauota (V) N ₂ E _5, HNO ₃ waikawa hauota, pūhau).

Ko te uara o ka puta noa

Plants mimiti haukini katote me ng ngota pākawa i te oneone whakamahia mo te kōtuitui o te tauhohe matū o ngā rāpoi ngota waro i roto i te pūtau rere tonu. Ka taea e kōhauhau huakita nodule hauota whakawhenumi - hinonga mōkitokito hanga excrescences i runga i nga pakiaka o rēkiumu. Ka rite ki te hua, tenei rōpū o ngā tipu riro te pākahiko e hiahiatia ana, haafaufaa te reira i te oneone.

I roto i te mau vero pārūrū puta hāora tauhohe o te hauota kōhauhau. Kua rewa te waikura ki te hanga i waikawa, tomo enei pūhui o te hauota te oneone i roto i te wai. Nā ki te huringa o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te natura e whakakiia tonu ona rāhui i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, te rangi. rāpoi organic matatini kei roto hauota i roto i tona hanganga, e iti e te huakita i runga i ngā wāhanga pararopi.

whakamahi mahi

Ko te pūhui tino nui hauota mō te ahuwhenua - he tote tino wairewa. Riro e tipu Urea pākawa (konutai, pāhare pāporo, konupūmā), te haukinia pūhui (wai haukini, pūhaumāota, pūkawa, haukini pākawa).
E mangere āhuatanga hauota tipu ngoikore ki te takanga mai i te reira i te mata waho ki te hiahia ki te hanga pota nui tau pūhau. E taea e ki te rokiroki mana macrocell "mo te heke mai", e tuukino te kounga o te hua Parts o te rauropi tipu. Taikaha pūhau i roto i huawhenua me hua kia meinga poisoning i te tangata, i te tupu o te pukupuku mārere. I tua atu ki te ahuwhenua, e whakamahia pūhui hauota i roto i te tahi atu ahumahi:

• mo te faaineineraa o medicaments;
• hoki ariā matū o pūhui nui-rāpoi;
• i roto i te hanga o explosives i trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• mo te hanga o ngā waikano.

kitea e KORE waikura whakamahi i roto i te pokanga, te taonga he pānga analgesic. Te rironga o te sensation ka kite hau hau e ara nga kairangahau tuatahi hauota āhuatanga matū. Heoi i reira ko te ingoa noa "kata hau".

Ko te raruraru o pūhau i roto i ngā hua ahuwhenua

Nga tai o te waikawa hauota - Nitrate - roto he anion putawa whakatupato KORE ^3-. Tonu whakamahia te ingoa tawhito o te rōpū o ngā matū - haukini pākawa. E whakamahia pūhau ki wairakau mara, i roto i greenhouses, māra. Kawea mai ia ratou i roto i te tīmatanga o te puna i mua i te whakatō, i roto i te raumati - i roto i te puka o kai ai wai. E ratou, e kore e te taonga tū he ati nui ki te iwi, engari i roto i te tinana, kua tahuri ratou ki nitrites, ka ki nitrosamines. Nitrite NO ^2- katote - matūriki paitini, meinga ratou hāora o te rino ferrous i roto i te rāpoi ngota pūtoto i roto i te katote trivalent. I roto i tenei ahua, e kore e taea ki te kawe hāora, me te tango hauhā i te kopa te taonga matua o te tangata, me te kararehe toto.

Ko te contamination pākawa atu kino o te kai mo te hauora tangata:

• puku mārere puta i roto i te faafariuraa o pūhau ki nitrosamines (carcinogenic);
• te whanaketanga o te colitis ulcerative,
• hypotension takawhita ranei;
• rahunga ngakau;
• toto disorders
• pāpaka o te ate, te repe taiaki me te whanaketanga o te mate huka;
• whanaketanga o te täkihi;
• anemia, mahara waimaero, whakarongo, me te maramarama.

Ko te whakamahi tukutahi o ngā hua rerekē ki pota nui o pūhau arata'i ki poisoning whakapeka. Ka taea e te puna e tipu, inu wai, te rīhi kai rite-hanga. Waiwai i roto i te wai ma, me te tunu kai e taea te whakaiti i te ihirangi kai tōtika o ngā hua pākawa. kitea nga kairangahau e pota teitei o pūhui mōrearea kitea i roto i te hanga teeki me kōtuhi whakato.

Phosphorus - huānga Pnictogen

Ngota o ngā āhuatanga matū e te hunga i roto i te tīwae poutū taua o te pūnaha wā, whakaatu āhuatanga noa. Kei Phosphorus te i roto i te toru o nga wā, e pā ana te reira ki te rōpū 15, me te hauota. huānga Hanganga ngota rite, engari i reira he rerekētanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga. Hauota me ūkuikui whakaatu tōraro valency me hāora kāwanatanga III i roto i o ratou pūhui ki konganuku me te hauwai.

puta maha ūkuikui tauhohenga i pāmahana noa, he huānga kaha matū. Kei te ähua ki te hāora ki te hanga i P ₂ E ₅ teitei waikura. He nga āhuatanga o te waikawa (metaphosphoric) te wairewa o tenei rauemi. I te para waikawa orthophosphoric whiwhi te. tautuhi te reira i te plurality o ngā momo o Mariao, he tokomaha o nei ko nga maniua kohuke, hoki superphosphates tauira. Hauota me te ūkuikui pūhui hanga he wahi nui o te huringa o te mea, me te pūngao i runga i to tatou paraneta, whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi, ahuwhenua, me te tahi atu mara.