Tohu kounga o te paetae me te tātari

E huaina āhuatanga whāinga o ngā hua ona āhuatanga. puta ratou i roto i te hanga, te rokiroki, te kohi, whakatü utu. tohu ine, me te kounga ngā tetahi atu ranei āhuatanga o te hua. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, ka taea e kia whīwhiwhi ohie ranei. ngā te mua te huinga o ngā āhuatanga e puta tahi. Hei tauira, te uara kai tōtika ko te maha o ngā tawhā: digestibility, pūngao, whaipainga koiora me te whaiaroaro mō kiritaki.

tohu ine, me te kounga: he tirohanga whānui

Ia hua he ona ake ngā o kōwhiringa. Tei te reira i runga i te ūnga o ngā hua, te tikanga i roto i nei te ratou production me mahi, me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Ka taea te whakahuatia Tohu i roto i ngā wae rerekē. Hei tauira, kia mau ai ki he mita, manokaramu, mongamonga, hekona, km / h, Watts, tuarua, me te pera i runga i. He hoki wae tikanga, me te āwhina o nei te aromatawai o tohu kounga. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te RUPO, te score, te ōrau o ngā kaipōti, me te ake. I tua atu, ka taea e te wae e rahikore - te tūponotanga o te takanga o te hui, hei tauira. I roto i te puka o ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō tohu kounga o te mahi e ngā i roto i te whakatakotoranga i ngā whakaritenga i roto i te hua whakawhanakehia me tikanga.

tawhā hanganga

kawea te hanganga whakamutunga o te whānuitanga o tohu i roto i te wā hoahoa o production, no te mea ko tenei te wahi e whakaurua ratou ki roto ki te hoahoa (te tauira). Na, kua whakatinanahia te tawhā i te atamira production. I te wā mahi whakaahua tohu kounga te kounga o taonga. Tawhā he āhuatanga takitahi o te hua, te wehewehe i ratou i te tahi atu momo o taonga. Ko te kupu, meinga e ratou te hua whakataetae, me te ātaahua. Ko te tawhā o ngā hua, i roto i tahuri, whakaatu te kounga me te mahi o te hinonga. Tenei, i roto i ngā, ko te pātai o te kaiwhakanao tapatahi tohe ki te whakatau i te tono o te kiritaki, te whakamahi o te hangarau hou, me te pera i runga i.

āhuatanga nui

Me kï reira e tangohia te hiahia ki te ki pūkete rite nui rite tawhā taea hoki te kiripuaki oti te nuinga o te hua hanga uaua te hoahoa ki te whakatutuki i. I roto i tenei hononga ko reira e tika ana ki te tohatoha anake nga āhuatanga tino nui e taea te kitea e etahi āhuatanga o te hua. I tua atu, i reira he tohu kounga whakahauanga mō te whakangao me te whakahaere tikanga motuhake. pā ana te nuinga tenei ki te haumaru o te taonga.

Ko te iti whakaritenga tepenga whakaturia whakaritenga e hāngai ana o nga whekau whakahaere o te kāwanatanga hānga ana. E tika ratou ki te mana te kounga me te haumaru hua. Enei wā, i roto i ngā, ngā te Ratonga Federal, Gosgortechnadzor me etahi atu. I tua atu, ki te e te tikanga nga taonga mo te whakatinanatanga o etahi ngā kāwai o tangata, ranei ratou e hokona i roto i tetahi ara, me tautuku te tohu kounga o te hanga ki te paerewa atu whakatakotoria iho i te ture, te tiaki tika kiritaki.

whakaritenga taketake

tohu Kounga kia:

1. Sioloto āhuatanga o te tukanga whare ranei.
2. Kia ātete ki te pokanoa kōpeka.
3. hononga Monotonic ki te kounga i te tahi atu taurangi tamau.
4. Kia tairongo ki huringa i roto i te āhuatanga.
5. Noa tautuhi, te aroturuki me te whanganga.
6. Ū ki te āhuatanga whakapuakina.

mahi ingoa tawhā rite te āhuatanga kounga o te hua. Hei tauira, te hautanga papatipu o te mea maroke. uara Tawhā - ko te hua whiwhi ki te ine kounga, me te ine. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te whakatau hanganga ture ranei hanganga ture kāore. tono te uara e i roto i te rapunga o putanga inenga. Hei tauira: "Mass hautanga o . Totoka - 9%" E wehea tohu Kounga mō ingoa ki ngā rōpū rite ki o ratou āhuatanga whakaaro whakaahuatia ranei.

whakarōpū

Tei runga i te āhuatanga e whakaahuatia, tohu kounga he:

1. Taratahi. whakaata ēnei tawhā nga āhuatanga ohie o te hua. Hei tauira, ngā ratou kawatanga, tapatahi, āhua, tae, me te pera i runga i.
2. Matatini. Enei tohu kounga tautuhi āhuatanga hua matatini. Ko te kupu, ko te āhua o te kongakonga - he tawhā matatini e whakaahua ana i te elasticity, porosity, tae, me te pera i runga i.
3. Integrated. Ko ratou he-kounga teitei tohu mahi o te whakamahi o te taonga. E tāuta ratou rite te ōwehenga o te katoa whaipainga o te mahi ki te utu o te hoahoa, hanga, hoko, kainga me te kohi. Kei te nuinga o ngä tohu mahi kounga whakamahia i roto i te tātai māmā hua whakataetae.

vahe tawhā

I tenei kaupapa, kua wehea ngā uara katoa ki:

1. Basic, tangohia hei pūtake mo te whakarite o te kounga tohu. Hei tauira, kia mau ai ki te paerewa tae e ōrite ana te tae o te paraoa o te kōeke ngā. Ka rite ki taea te whakamahi i te tohu kounga taketake tawhā rite o tauira o ngā hua e whakaatu te rangahau, me te whanaketanga auaha, me te uru i roto i te paerewa ture hangarau ranei.
2. Te tautuhi i. He tino hira i roto i te tukanga o te aromatawai i te kounga o te taonga enei whika. ngā maha tawhā organoleptic ki a ratou. Ko te kupu, hoki ngā hua maha, ko te tohu kounga tautuhi i te ahua. Tenei kāwai hoki ngā kakara me te reka o ngā hua kai, tae, ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū (hautanga papatipu o Ethyl waipiro, ngako, wae maroke, me ētahi atu).

tikanga

nga tohu katoa whakarārangitia i runga ake e rawe ki ki etahi rohe. E wehea ēnei uara ki:

1. Pātahi.
2. Tepe.
3. Whakaritea.
4. Tino pai.
5. Tūturu.

Whakatutuki i te taumata tino pai o tohu kounga tohu ki te utu kakato taha o nga hiahia o te ōwehenga i meinga tetahi te atu kōwhiringa ranei. Ko te kupu, ko te uara tino pai o te taonga pera, rite "ahua o hua me huawhenua" whakaahua ana te kōeke angamaheni tae tūturu, puka, mata maroke me te ma, kahore tetahi kino. Optimality i roto i tenei take e tohu i te mauruuru oti te nuinga o nga hiahia whaiaroaro o te whakaaro mahi o te ahanoa, i roto i ngā o rerehua me te haumaru - e tika ana ki te ngaro o te spoilage microbiological, mycotoxin. Tino maha, whakamahia tenei uara te rite te paerewa täkupu whakapumautia. I roto i tenei take, riro te reira i te mana o te whakaritea.

Ko te uara tino pai o te minaminatia tino, engari i roto i te mahi huri i te reira i roto i kore tonu. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ka kawea i roto i te tātaritanga o kounga tohu, whakaturia te taumata tūturu. Kei te kitea te reira e te inenga kotahi maha ranei. Hei tauira, i roto i tetahi hinu kōeke o te ngako - 80,5%, me i roto i tetahi atu - 82,5%. E whakaaro ēnei hua ki te hei uara whaimana.

whakaturia taumata whakaritea te ture ahumahi e hāngai ana. Hei tauira, te ihirangi ngako mo te pata, mo te tauira, tautuhia e GOST a kia kore iti iho i te 82%. whakaaro ana tēnei uara kei te ki kia whakaritea te wā kotahi, me te whāiti. Ko te whakamāramatanga whakamutunga tohu e i titiro te taumata mea taikaha heke ranei te rite te rerekētanga o te whakatakotoranga.

uara rohe

E nehenehe te reira i te whānuitanga (i me ki) te mōrahi (max) te iti (min) ranei. whakamahia te whakamutunga e ina whakarato te tohu i te whakapai ake te kounga. I roto i te tauira i runga, he mahu'inga ki tona kounga te ihirangi ngako o te pata. I te wa ano, ka waiho i te reira ki runga ake i te taumata, te nui te uara o te hua. Fakatatau ki ai, ino roa ki te kahore te uara i whakaritea. Ko te taumata mōrahi whakapumautia hoki ngā tawhā e whakaiti āhuatanga kiritaki, ki te e nui nga rohe. puta Koreōrite ka taea arahina tenei ki hē tino nui ranei, e kore nei e tukua ki te whakamahi i te hua rite te tikanga ranei te whakaiti i tona haumaru. I roto i ngā take pēnei i, e whakawhiti nga hua ki te kāwai o ere i, me te kino hoki te kohi, me te me kia hangarua ngaro ranei.

I te wa taua i reira e he maha o ngā tohu e ahakoa waimaero te kounga, engari na rawa te rohe o ratou uara kore e hanga i te hua kino mō te kohi tonu. Taua tawhā hoki tauira ngā te papatipu hautanga o te wai i roto i te kai i ngā hua. I tona ihirangi tiketike o te uara iti o nga hua. Water kupu e kore e te pānga tika i runga i te haumaru i, engari ki te taikaha nui o tona hautanga papatipu o te tahi mau momo o ngā hua i taea e pea mōrearea. Ko e tika ana ki te meka tenei e te mōrearea tiketike o te spoilage koiora.

whakaturia Range o uara te ina whakaiti e rua te taikaha me te rohe whakaritea ai ino. Hei tauira, te uara o pakiaka kāroti -. I te iti rawa 2 me te kore neke atu i te 6 cm he tika ki te meka e hua o iti iho i te rua henimita e tukua iti e tika ana mō ngā wāhanga kohi tenei. I tua atu, he kino atu te rongoa ratou. Root, te uara o nei henimita neke atu i te ono, rerekē uara iti kai tōtika.

ngā tukunga

ana ratou ki te uara rohe o tohu kounga. Ngā tukunga whakapumautia nga taumata tonu o ōrite whakaritea tawhā tino pai ranei. E whakamahia ēnei uara mō ngā hua maha. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i roto i te whanaketanga hou o te hangarau, me te hangarau, ko te tino uaua, me te pai o ki te hua taonga anake ki te kounga optimally teitei waho tenei. He maha ngā tukunga i kahore pānga nui i runga i ngā āhuatanga kiritaki. kite ino anake i runga i enei maioro.

uara whanaunga

takoto ana tēnei rohe e te ōwehenga o te taupū tūturu ki te whakahaere i turanga ranei. A feruri i te hi'oraa o te ihirangi i roto i te pata ngako. Ko te uara tūturu - 83%, te turanga - 82,5%. taupū pātahi ko: 1,06% (83 / 82.5). whakaritea te taumata kounga e whakatairite i te uara tūturu ki te turanga mo te tawhā kotahi. A, no te i whakaturia ai rite taea te whakamahi i te turanga āhuatanga paerewa, tauira hua o te pai ngā kaiwhakanao kāinga me te ke.

tohu ōhanga kounga

Ēnei tawhā ngā:

1. kaiwhakanao Profit me kaihoko hua.
2. Ko te utu utu o nga taonga, tae atu e pā ana ki tona issuance, hoko me te tiaki o muri utu o te kamupene.
3. Ko te utu o ngā hua (rarawe me te tauhokohoko).
4. utu Whakahaere kiritaki. Ko ratou i roto i te wā whānui e hanga e i te momo o deductions (takoha, utu mo tukunga, utu inihua, me ētahi atu) me te utu o:

• kohi Energy, kakama, me te rōrahi o te kohi.
• Whakapau (pākahiko, lubricants, me ētahi atu), taputapu me oko.
• Ratonga (utu mo te tohutohu, tiaki utu, me ētahi atu).
• Tukurua me te hanga (ratonga utu kī awheawhe, repairmen, tuuraki, tango ki te tanú tukurua ranei te tipu).

whakatakotoranga hua

E māngai ratou e rave rahi ngā kāwai me te āhuatanga e te kaha o te hua ki te mahi i tika ona mahi. Ēnei ngā whakaritenga:

1. Mahinga. Ko ētahi o ēnei whakawhanakehia tere tawhā mana e tika ana, e mau ana te āheinga me te tahi atu whakaahua te mahi whakamahi.
2. Te kaha. whakaata ēnei tohu te tohu o te whai o ngā hua mo ratou whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana. Hei tauira, kia mau ai ki te pūngao (pai), kinematic (kaupapa tika), te mana, me te tahi atu tawhā.
3. Constructiveness. Ratou te whakaahua, mo tauira, te rahi, taimaha, me era atu painga o te tauira.

ngā ano nga tohu hangarau tika. ngā ratou āhuatanga pēnei i:

1. Tika.
2. Maintainability.
3. Mauroa.
4. Haumaru.

tohu Hangarau, tua atu i ëtahi, ngā:

1. hāneanea. whakaahua ratou te pāpori huru maitatai o te hua hei wāhanga o te pūnaha o ngā waenganui i te iwi me ngā mīhini, te kaha ki te mau tonu te hauora o tangata i roto i te whakamarie nui haere i roto i te mahi e tika ana ki te whakatau mā, psycho-whaiaroaro, anthropometric, me ētahi atu paerewa.

2. ringa rehe e. Te reira i ko i te whai wāhi ki te whakamahi i te taonga mo ngā tūmomo mahi, me te whakahaeretanga o.

3. Haumarutanga. faaite te reira i te okotahi o aituā taea i roto i te akoranga o te mahi noa, me te kuware, ki te te taiao o waho, me te tangata, me i roto i ngā āhuatanga ohorere tino, me rite i roto i te ahumahi o ngā hua i roto i te ahumahi mau, me te mōrearea. Hoki haumarutanga momo ngā:

• Ahi.
• Parukore, me te mā.
• Heat.
• Hiko.
• Electricity.
• Autō.
• Aunoa.
• Radiation.
• Chemical.

4. taiao. Ko tōna tawhā tohu urutau o taonga ki te tīariari i roto i nga tikanga o te pāhekoheko ki te nohonga o rerekē rauropi ora me te taiao, me te whakawhiti ratou ki te mate wera pūngao), te matū (te tanumia o nga hua ngingiha, leakage o hinu, me te pera atu.), Signals (hanganga o haruru, whiowhio, me ētahi atu ).

5. te rerehua. Ko tā te reira i te faaiteraa o te ataahua i roto i ngā hua ahua. Hoki tawhā rerehua ngā, hei tauira, kouma faaiteraa mōhiohio āhua, te pūmautanga o te puka, te tapatahi tino.

6. tohu Recycling. whakaahua ratou pehea te whakakorenga o te hua i te mutunga o tona whakamahi i roto i te tango, me te whakangaromanga o te taonga.

Hoahoa me ngā tawhā hangarau

whakaahua ratou te whai huatanga o te rongoā hangarau e whakamahia ana. Tenei kāwai ngā:

1. taumata Waeine, tonutanga o te whakakotahitanga.
2. tawhā hangarau. whakaahua ratou te taea o te hanga o taonga ki te utu whakanao i raro me i te wa ka taea poto.
3. Tohu transportability. whakaahua ratou te kaha ki te neke taonga i roto i te wāhi i iti utu. I roto i ngā, e korero tatou e pā ana ki te kaupapa o ngā hua i roto i nga toa, i te kaiwhakanao ki te kaihoko, me te ka ki te kiritaki, me pera i runga i.
4. Haumaru. faaite te reira i te kaha o nga taonga e kore e whakawhirinaki i te mana kino o ngā āhuatanga o waho (āta, kōpeka, āhuarangi).

Ārai me te ture tawhā

Enei tawhā tohu te kounga o te taonga i roto i ngā o te ture. I roto i ngā, whakaahua ana te ārai te viivii ore tawhā me tiaki hua. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te tohu o rongoā hangarau, e kore e nei hinga ki raro i te hōkai o Mua, me te taumata o ngā hua haumaru me hangarau i roto i te Russian Federation me te whenua o te kaweake tikanga.