Ture Anti-heriheri. Ko te Ratonga Antimonopoly Federal. Ko te Kaupapa Here Antimonopoly State

Ehara i te katoa e mohio e te wahi i reira he tono, i reira he tonu he tuku. Ki te kamupene pai ki te whakatau i nga hiahia o te kiritaki, neke atu i te kotahi, tohu te reira i te aroaro i runga i te mākete, ko te kore mea pērā i whakataetae. Ki te tona awhina pupuri utu, te kounga me te rahinga o nga taonga. Ki te he kamupene whakahaere ranei whakahere i te he momo ngā tūmatanui o te hua, te ratonga ranei, i reira he kotahi anake, na ko pea reira te putanga o te heriheri pera-ka karanga (i te tikanga Kariki "kotahi kaihoko").

āhuatanga takatika me te kino o te aroaro o te kamupene o te i roto i te mākete-tino

I runga i te ringa kotahi, he hua i runga i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau te oraraa o te tītohunga taua, ka taea te whakataki o nga hangarau hou, ringihia i te whakangungu o ngā kaimahi tohu, me ētahi atu I te tahi atu te ringa, he maha o ngā āhuatanga kino te monopolization o te rängai ngā o te ōhanga kua. Ko te kupu, ko te tuatahi, me te tino nui ko te pehanga o te ope peia o te ahunga whakamua mākete - whakataetae.

pai whai te take tuarua i te tetahi o mua. Ko te kore o te whakataetae taea ki a koe whakaturia utu e te hunga e manakohia i te wahi tuatahi, mo te hinonga. Ko pea ki te whakapiki ake i te utu o taonga i whakaiti i tona putanga. E taea e ki te āwenewene pōturi iho te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou, me te ururua i te rauemi māori, me te whakapokea te taiao umanga tokitoki.

whakakorea Tetahi ngana ki pakihi reo iti ranei o te āhua rite ki te mālōlō ka tiki ki te mākete te. Pehea, Na, ki te mahi ki te whakahaere motuhake? Me pehea e taea te tautoko ahau i te whanaketanga o te whakataetae me te ki te ārai i te taea o te takanga o ngā umanga ārahi-i hoatu kotahi i roto i te mākete? Kia kore ai nga nunu'a kovi katoa e pā ana ki te monopolization o te ōhanga i roto i nga whenua maha, tae atu i roto i Russia, i reira he ture antitrust. Kia tango o te titiro i te mea ko te hōkai o tenei ture, te wahi i haere mai ai i a he aha tona whanaketanga.

History o takenga

ture Antitrust Ko te huinga o mehua rerekē e ngā te ārai me te whāititanga o te hanganga me te whanaketanga o motuhake. Ko te matatini o enei whakaeke ahu i roto i te US. Ko te pūtake o to ratou ahua, ko te pera-ka karanga Ture Sherman (mahi a Sherman), ranei "antitrust" ture hainatia i Amerika i roto i te 1890. whakaaturia āhei tēnei tuhinga me te criminalize tetahi ngana ki te waihanga i tētahi heriheri. I tua atu, whakaurua tenei mahi here i runga i te whakatū o ngā uniana (whakawhirinaki), whāinga ki te whakaiti i whakataetae. Tenei ture ko te pereki tuatahi i roto i te turanga o te pūnaha tangi i huaina "ture Anti-heriheri."

Kawenga mō te hanga whakatau e pā ana ki enei atu maumaui o te mahi pēnei ki te kāwanatanga ranei. Ko te mahi motuhake, e whakahaere nga ngā mahi o te tuhinga, kihai i reira i taua wa. Me kï reira e rite reira ko kahore he pūnaha, whakarato hoki te ārai o te hanganga ture-kore o te wāhanga kirimana. Āta, kei te whiwhi i te whanaketanga o te ture anti-heriheri whakauka.

tāpiritanga New me haamaramaramaraa

hapa katoa e puta i roto i te mahi o Sherman, i fakatonutonu i 1914, ka haere mai te ture ki te kaha, me te Clayton Ture FTC Federation States. Ratou mārama atu mahino me kua whakaritea nga whakamāramatanga taketake, mehua mana me te kawenga mo te ofatiraa o te ngā. Enei tuhinga hanga te pūtake o te kaupapa here antitrust o te USA.

Muri ki mehua Amerika ake i whakataetae, riro, a ētahi atu āhua. I roto i te 1948, i whakaatu te UK i te ture i runga i motuhake. Na, i roto i te 1963, i hainatia te Ture Antitrust i France. He tau i muri mai - i roto i Italy. Eastern Europe ki uru atu te whawhai ki motuhake i roto i te 80-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga. I roto i nga whenua i tautoko i te tukanga o osi atu trestovskih uniana kua reira ko Russia.

Ko reira taa'eraa e kua ia whenua ona ake kaupapa matua mo te whanaketanga o te ōhanga e tautoko ana tenei ture: i nga ture antitrust o te United States o Amerika me Europe, ahakoa tae mai te reira i te tuhinga kotahi, engari tiakina nga ngākau nuitanga o te ngā poi.

hāngai ana te tauira American te i rongoā te putanga o tikanga tiaki hei kōwae motuhake. tōrangapū Pākehā āhuatanga e te tikanga ture e taea ki te whawhai a koutou ari kino i roto i puta motuhake.

Horihori whakahaere tino me ngana ki te mahi ki a ratou

Ko reira taa'eraa i timata te heriheri Russian ki puta ki te manaaki, me te i runga i nga whakahau o te whiriwhiri pule. State ki te whakatū uniana me whakawhirinaki, engari anake i roto i te hunga rāngai o te ōhanga, te whanaketanga o i kua he matua mo oranga te whenua o rite te katoa kua. Ko ētahi o ēnei te whai ake: waka, te hinu me te waro ahumahi, metallurgy, me ētahi atu Āta, Heoi, i āwenewene timata rōpū kaitiaki ki tukinotia te tahi atu kamupene me te kāwanatanga ki te arataki ratou ake ngā. Ko te aha kua whakaritea e mana tūmatanui ki te whakauru i roto i te ōhanga o te ture antitrust. tupu tenei i roto i te 1908. tangohia te pūtake i kua mohiotia ki te Ture Sherman. Heoi, ko te nganatanga tuatahi ki te hanga i tētahi kaupapa here anti-heriheri rahua kua. Tenei whai wāhi te rota i rōpū pakihi. Maoro i pukumahi ki atu take nui nga whekau kāwanatanga: te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, me te Oketopa Revolution, kua whakahawea te oraraa o te whenua katoa.

I muri i te tahi mau wa, i hanga te kāwanatanga Soviet te heriheri kotahi ake i huaina "ōhanga whakahau". kahore he whakataetae. Na ko wai e maia ki te whakataetae ki te roroa rite Gosplan, Gossnab me te Komiti State?

"Nui-papa ruau" o FAS

i mua i Taimi nounou te parariraa o te USSR, i 1990, i te taumata kāwanatanga reira kua whakapumautia te Komiti State o te Russian Soviet Federative-pāpori Republic i kaupapa here antimonopoly me te tautoko i te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga ōhanga hou. Tenei hanganga Ko te tupuna o te kōwae taua, te Federal Antimonopoly Ratonga (FAS). He tikanga matua mō te putanga o te komiti, ko te whakaaetanga o te ture o te RSFSR "I te manatü Republican me komiti kāwanatanga o te whenua." mai ake timata te whanaketanga o ngā pokapū antitrust i roto i te whenua ki te riro whakauka.

Kua i roto i te muri, i roto i 1991, haere te kāwanatanga he ture i whakaritea whakataetae, me te rāhui i te mahi o rōpū kaitiaki me ngā uniana ngā i roto i te hokohoko taonga. I whakatikaina te taumira me oti wha tau i muri mai. Ko te hua mutunga ko e opani te ture i tetahi mahi o te whakahaere, i noho te tūranga haamaitaihia i roto i te mākete, ki te āhuatanga o ratou:

1. te hara o te inonotitanga ngā pānga o ētahi atu kaihokohoko ranei.
2. TE WHAKAWHĀITITANGA o whakataetae mārama te matū ranei.

I tua atu, opani tenei mahi tetahi kirimana e pā ana ki te kaupapa here utu, i raro i te mākete motuhake, ranei te ärai o taonga, e whai wāhi mai ratou takarepa.
E rua tau i muri mai, i roto i 1997, i whakaingoatia te Komiti State o te Russian Soviet Federative-pāpori Republic i kaupapa here antimonopoly me te tautoko i te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga ōhanga hou te Komiti Antimonopoly State. I roto i te tika i te tau torutoru, kua oti tenei wehenga maha huringa. I roto i te 2004 kua heke iho ki te ra nei, kua te Federal Antimonopoly Ratonga kua whakapumautia i runga i te pūtake o taua.

Ko te mahi me ngā mahi o te whakahaere

pūrongo tika tenei tari ki te Tiamana o te Kawanatanga. A, no te whakaaro tahi, mahi te Federal Antimonopoly Ratonga te i roto i te whakataunga o nga take tetahi ara ranei tetahi hono ki te putanga me te whanaketanga o motuhake. I roto i ngā, i tenei wae:

1. veteki take e pā ana ki te whakataetae taurite.
2. whakaīngoatia rave, me te te rāhuitanga me te heriheri takanga whakatūpato mahi entailing.
3. kaupane tautuku ki ngā whakaritenga ngā katoa me ngā ture e pā ana ki te ture anti-tokitoki.

rōpū katoa mahi i roto i te mākete Russian, me hoko o neke atu i te 35% o te katoa i roto i te whenua, ka tomo ki roto ki te rēhita kāwanatanga motuhake. Tenei rārangi taea te FAS ki faaohipa mana tika i runga i nga mahi o motuhake, me te mau ha'isia ratou mo te ofatiraa o te ture antimonopoly.

whakawhanake Ratonga hopohopo ki tono hou ki te whakapai ake i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga whakataetae. Reira rere kē hoki te whakamahi o enei mehua, i runga i te rängai mākete rānei.

rerekē tikanga

I tēnei wā i roto i Russia e hanga kaupae ki te whakatū i tētahi taiao whakataetae tonu-parirau o te ōhanga ā-motu. whakarato ratou mo te kaupapa o taonga i runga i te mākete ao, te whakaiti i te mōrea o whakawhirinaki feohi ranei i roto i te kokoru ngā mākete. I tenei wā o te whanaketanga o te ture anti-heriheri Russian ko tawhiti e kore e tino tika. ngaahi tō'anga maha o ngā tikanga me te kaiwhakaatu o ratou ngā ngā arahi ki hopearaa ino, te hopoi'a no te e takoto ki te kāwanatanga me te kaipakihi. Ahakoa te ofatiraa tino iti o ture antitrust taea arahi ki kino.

ture Federal e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio: te wahi tuatahi

I mua forearmed te. Ko Ko te aha kia whakahaere nui mōhio o nga tikanga me nga ture, e ngā te ture antitrust hānga.

E rua ngā wāhi matua e riro nei ki raro ki te tikanga o nga mahi o ngā rōpū. E pā ana antitrust te peka tuatahi, te tikanga o nei e whakahaua ki te-kamupene tino, me te āwenewene hanga ona utu. whakaritea ana tēnei aronga e te ture e whai ake nei:

1. Ture Federal "I whakataetae, me te here o te mahi apunga i runga i ngā mākete koloa". haere mai tenei mahi ki te kaha i runga i te rua tekau-rua i roto i te Maehe 1991. Ko ia te tuhinga matua, i nei te mana o monopolists.

2. Ture Federal "I te Protection o Competition i te mākete ratonga pūtea." I whāngai reira e te rua tekau-toru i roto i te Hune 1999.

ture Federal e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio: te wahi tuarua

Ko tētahi atu peka, e pā te ture antimonopoly i Russia, ko ki te whakahaere i te tukanga mahi o motuhake māori. ngā te whakamutunga te rerewē me te supply wai, whare, me te tahi atu rōpū rautaki. Ko te mahi o tenei momo o ahanoa e hāngai ana i runga i te maha o ngā mea:

1. Ture Federal "I motuhake māori". I whāngai te reira i roto i waenganui-Hōngongoi 1995 te State Duma. A ka haere mai te reira ki te kaha, he iti i muri mai - August 17. Ia ka toutou i raro ki te ako me te tāpiritanga.

2. Tangohia April 28, 1997 tikanga o te peresideni o te Russian Federation "I te whakahou o te whare, me ngā ratonga hapori."

i hainatia 3. rua tekau Hakihea 1997 tikanga i te Kawanatanga o te Russian Federation "I te hōtaka o te de-monopolization me te whanaketanga o te whakataetae i roto i te whare, me ngā ratonga hapori mākete mō te 1998-1999."

hoki whakaritea e ta peresideniraa "I te whanaketanga o te whakataetae i roto i te whakarato o ngā ratonga mō te tiaki me te hanga o te kāwanatanga, me te terenga moni whare", i puta mai ki te kaha i te mutunga o Maehe 1996 4. ture antitrust Federal.

Me kï reira e rua e tino whakaūtia te ahunga tuatahi, me te tuarua, me te i te taumata-rohe. ture antimonopoly Russian i roto i te parae e kore rerekētanga taketake i te tikanga whānui i roto i te mana puta noa i te whenua. Ko te whakatamarikitanga o ture atu i te taumata-rohe whakaatu anake te hiahia o te tinana whakahaere ki te hoatu tikanga e hānga ana te whaitake i roto i te tahi mau wāhanga tīpakohia o te kāwanatanga.

kia utua tatou whakarongo ngā ki te meka e te maha o ngā whāititanga e te rāhui i te haere noa o-whakatau kaupapa e hinonga pakihi rerekē ture antitrust kua. A, tino taa, te mea he ahurei whakaritea ki ētahi atu pūnaha ture Russian he hanganga rawa waitara. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, ngā o te raupapa o ngā ariā waitara.

Whakaahuatanga o te mahi tuatahi

Rua tekau-rua i roto i te Maehe 1995 i te Kawanatanga o te RSFSR ohi he ture "I whakataetae, me te here o te mahi apunga i runga i ngā mākete koloa". Hoki i ngā tau, roa- ka hou tenei mahi. I roto i te tuhinga i mua nei, a ka anga ki te tuhinga tautuhi te parau tumu taketake o te huarahi i huaina "Antitrust".

I te tīmatanga, ngā te whakatau o e whitu ngā wāhanga. Āta etahi o ratou kua whakakapi e ture motuhake, ētahi i he noa kore i roto i te mana. Heoi, ko reira ko te tuhinga matua i roto i te hanganga o te kaupapa here anti-heriheri Russian tenei.
He titiro poto i te mea ia wāhanga o te mahi:

1. Ko te wahi tuatahi o te ture e mohiotia rite "Ritenga General". Kei a ia ko ngā tuhinga e wha e korero o / i runga i:
he) Hei whaia tenei ture, me te tikanga pērā i antitrust, me te tona hanganga;
b) te hōkai o te tono o te ture;
c) nga mana whakataetae o te taumata e hānga ana, me te rohe;
g) te ariā taketake e kua kitea i roto i te kuputuhi o te tuhinga.

2. Ko te tuatahi, me te tino nui ki ngā rōpū te wāhanga tuarua. whakaahua ana te reira i te natura, me te whakarato tohu taea o te aroaro o te mākete ārahi ngā mahi apunga te kamupene o. Tefito 5-9 whakahaere i te mahi o ngā kamupene noho i te tūranga tino i roto i te wāhi ngā o te ōhanga.

3. Whārangi o te tuhinga kotahi toru nga wāhanga o te mau a'oraa ture e pā ana ki ngā ariā pērā i whakataetae taurite me te ture antitrust rite te tikanga ki te aro i te reira.

4. Ko te wahi wha o te ture ngā o ono ngā wāhanga. Ia o ratou i roto i whakautu tahuri ki te pātai e whai ake nei:

he) He aha e nga mahi, me mahi o te tinana antimonopoly;
b) e ngā ana mana;
c) he aha e te mana tika ki te whiwhi mōhiohio o ngā momo;
g) ki te tika ki te whakarato i te wā raraunga teitei;
e) e ngā nga kawenga o te mana antimonopoly i runga i te take o te tiaki o te matatapu arumoni;
e) He aha te āwhina pokapū i roto i te whanaketanga o te rakahinonga me te whakataetae.

5. heheu rima o te wāhanga ki te kaipānui te momo ngā o te mana kāwanatanga ki runga i hinonga-monopolists. Kei reira wha nga wahi.

6. muri, te hopoi'a no te takahi o ture antitrust. Tito o ono wahi, whakarato tēnei wāhanga he ariā oti, me te whānui o te / i runga i:

he) mahi mātua o ngā ture me whakahau puta e te tinana antimonopoly;
b) te momo o te taunahatanga mo ofatiraa o te ture antimonopoly;
c) nga herenga o nga hinonga arumoni me te pai-kore i roto i te hui o te kore ngā-e te mahi;
g) taunahatanga mō ofatiraa o te ture, me nga kau taki o te tahi atu rōpū;
d) whakaora o te parekura;
e) te kawenga o te tinana antimonopoly hānga o tangata i roto i te take o te ofatiraa o kai o te ture.

7. E whakatakoto ana te wāhanga whakamutunga i roto i te tikanga mo te whakatamarikitanga, mahi piira ranei nga whakahau e i whakaputaina e te mana antimonopoly.

He pera ano te hanganga o te ture taketake whakahaere nga mahi o te kamupene tino. Āta, he tokomaha o nga oko o tenei tuhinga ka motuhake mahi tonu.

Methods o te arowhai maumaui o te ture antimonopoly

Ko reira taa'eraa e opani te nuinga o te ture, ko te kore te mahi ano rite taua, me te pānga e kia puta i muri i te reira. Tenei meka e faatupu mau fifi nui ki hinonga pakihi kore anake, engari ano mo te tahi atu mau taata, me ngā rōpū.

whakatika te fifi matua i roto i te whakatau i te rārangi o ngā mahi e taea arahi ki ngā momo o hopearaa ino, e pa ana nga ture antitrust me ture o nga tukanga o te pakihi. Ki te matau koutou e e arahi etahi ngā ki te pakaru o te mahi ture, ka taea e te whakamahere humarie reira te whanaketanga o te whakahaere, me te ki te aromatawai i te tūponotanga ōhanga. I roto i te tahi atu take, ko noa te taea hoki te mahi noa o te tukanga e kore.

Ka rite ki te tikanga whānui, i roto i te tikanga ki te kitea i roto i te pānga kino o etahi mahi tangohia Organization, he mea e tika ana ki te kawe i te tātaritanga ohaoha tino. He tikanga ōrite ki te whakamātau i reira. E takina hāngai take o takahi o ture antitrust i runga i te tau ture 220, e kiia nei ko: ". Ko te tukanga mō te āhua o te whakataetae tātari i roto i te mākete koloa" I whakaaetia tenei whakatau April 28, 2010 te Federal Antimonopoly Ratonga o te Russian Federation i te tikanga.