Utu taupū - ko te turanga o te pai-te aromatawai. Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga o ngā ariā, ngā momo, me ngā āhuatanga tātai

taupū utu - he taupū tautaha e faaite te uara mākete o te rōpū motuhake o taonga ratonga ranei i roto i te rohe ngā i runga i te wā o te wā. te utu o te take e noho faaite te āhua o te ōhanga ā-motu. Tenei pera-ka karanga whānui taupū utu. Whaiti i roto i ngā tohu hōkai te āwhina pakihi hanga whakatau e pā ana ki te haumi. E tatau e pokapū tauanga motu o te nuinga o āhua hou, tae atu i te Federal State Tatauranga Ratonga enei āhuatanga katoa. Index Consumer Price - te rongonui tino o ratou. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te hītori o tenei ariā, momo o tohu, ngā āhuatanga ratou tātai me te tono.

whakamāramatanga o ngā ariā

Index Utu - he tatauranga uara whanaunga. Kei te whakamahia te reira ki te whakarite i te akiaki o te uara mākete o ngā rōpū o taonga me ngā ratonga i roto i te wa, me te wāhi matawhenua. Methods o te tātai i te tohu tīmata ki kōwhiringa me te kōwhiringa o te tauira māngai o te tātai. E toru matua kuputohu: te deflator o GDP, kiritaki me utu ahumahi.

History o te ariā

I roto i economists kahore he whakaaro rite ki te hunga haere mai ki te taupū utu tuatahi ake. Ko te kore e ofo tenei, no te mea whai wāhi te ngaio i roto i tenei mara, he rota. He tokomaha tirohia ki te ako o Raysa Vogana "Discourse o moni, me te moni." whakaputaina tona mahi i roto i 1675. hiahia ana te kaituhi ki te wehe i te pānga inflationary o te tomonga o konganuku utu nui i Amerika ki Spain i te pānga o te debasement. whakaritea Vaughan nga tikanga mahi o tona wa, me te wā o Edward III, kua oti te whakarite ai te taumata o te utu haora. Wales Economists whakapono e hoki ratou ko reira taea ki te hoko āhua i te huinga taua o taonga. whakakitea ako Vaughan e kua nui haere te taumata o utu i roto i te UK runga te rau tau o mua e 6-8 wā. Heoi, e kore e tatau tika reira tere o te tupu.

Kua utu Tuatahi taupū kua tatau e te Ingarihi ohanga William Fleetwood i 1707. whakatata ahau e Oxford ākonga nei i taea e ngaro i te karahipi e tika ana ki te meka i tona moni ā-tau, ko te neke atu i te rima pauna. hanga tenei kai i roto i te rau tau 15. Poi o ngā ngākau nuitanga Fleetwood ngā huringa utu, na kua ki te tukunga ko reira he nui nui o te mōhiohio tauanga i runga i te take. whakamatauria e ia e i roto i te 260 tau kua hipa, kua puta ke tino te uara o e rima pauna. Ana kitenga, whakaputaina ia ingoamuna, engari tona rangahau nui i āwhina ngā ākonga Oxford.

Laspeyres

Ko te mea tino nui hoki te nuinga o te iwi, ko te ara i roto i utu kiritaki, e faaite pikinga. hāngai ana tēnei tohu i runga i te kete i whakaritea o taonga me ngā ratonga. Ko ia he ahua o Laspeyres taupū, rite whakamahia i roto i te tātai i te utu o te tau turanga. Kia Q ₀ - taumata turanga o tuku. Kia hoki kia te reira i nui e tika ana o taonga i roto i te kete kiritaki. He P ₀ me te P ₁ - taumata utu i roto i te turanga, me te wā o nāianei. Na ka waiho te tātai o te taupū utu kiritaki (CPI) e whai ake nei: Σ (Q x P ₀ ¹⁾ Σ (Q P ₀ x _0). Ko te raruraru matua o te whakamahi i tenei tohu ko e kore e tangohia e te reira ki huringa pūkete i roto i te hanganga utu. whakaata reira anake te pānga moni, te tau'a ore i te taea o te whakauru. Na reira, maha whakarato te taupū utu kiritaki te auau overvalued o pikinga ka uara tupu utu me - rite hinga ratou.

deflator GDP

Ko tētahi atu tohu, e faaite i te āhua o te ōhanga, ko te taupū Paasche. e hāngai ana e ia ia wa i runga i te kete kiritaki tuku ranei te taumata hou. Kia Q ₀ me Q ₁ - putanga i roto i te turanga, me te wā o nāianei, ko P ₀ me te P ₁ - e ōrite ana ki te wa raraunga tito taumata utu. Na deflator GDP tātai ko e whai ake: GDPdeflator = Σ (Q ₁ x P ₁₎ Σ (Q ₀ x P _0). taea hoki te tatau i tēnei tohu i wehewehe i te hua motu matotoru iti o te tino. Ko te raruraru matua ki tenei tohu ko e maha te reira underestimates pikinga i reira te taupū utu kiritaki homai tona āhuatanga rawa he nui, e ko, ki te hua i roto i utu.

Ko te uara toharite

Hei whakatutuki i te mau hapa tūturu i roto i te whika e rua o mua, i tapa e tetahi taupū utu. hanga te reira i te ohanga American Irving Fisher. whakaarohia e ia ki te tātai i te uara toharite āhuahanga, e ko, te pakiaka tapawha o te hua o nga Laspeyres me Paasche.

Rosstat: Index Consumer Price

E ai ki te Federal State Tatauranga Ratonga, kei te timata i te āhuatanga ōhanga ki te papatairite atu. I roto i te Hānuere 2016, utu kiritaki nui haere e 9.8% i roto i te taua marama o 2015 ratou tupu ko 12.9%. Iti iho i te te ahua i anake i roto i te Whiringa 2014. I te toharite, te CPI i roto i Russia moni ki 137,42% mo te wā o te mana motuhake. Ko te raro i roto i te Paenga-whāwhā 2012 - 3.6%. Record utu nui taupū, tuhia Rosstat i Hakihea o 1992 - 2333.3%. A, no te tātai i tēnei tohu whakaaro Rosstat taua kāwai: inu kai, me te kore-waipiro (30%), transportation (14%), kakahu me te hū (11%), reti (11%) me te Recreation (6%) .