Wā Quaternary o te Cenozoic Era: whakaahuatanga, hītori me tangata

tawhiti Last Quaternary arowhenua, me te inaianei e haere mai i roto i 1829 i te pūtaiao Jules Desnoyers. I roto i Russia, Kei te hoki i huaina reira horonga. Ko te kaituhi o tenei ingoa i roto i 1922, ka he kaitātai Alexey Pavlov. Tona kaupapa hiahia ia ki te fakamamafa'i e pā ana tenei wā kua ki te ahua o te tangata.

Ko te ahurei o te wā

Whakaritea ki ētahi atu wā arowhenua o te wā Quaternary rerekē roanga tino poto (katoa 1.65 miriona. Tau). Tonu i tenei ra, tonu reira oti. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga - te aroaro i roto i te waipara Quaternary o ngā toenga ahurea tangata. āhuatanga tēnei wā e rerekētanga o te huarere maha, me te kino, tino awe te taiao māori.

hua tautauā recurrent glaciation ahopae raki, me te mākū, ahopae raro. meinga rite Warming te pānga ritenga. ngā parataiao o te tauatini mua hanganga matatini rerekē o te fuonounou whanaunga tarai o te puka me apa ngira. Kei te wehea Quaternary ki e rua wā (ranei tari): Pleistocene ko Holocene. Ko te rohe i waenganui i a ratou e takoto i a tawhio noa 12 mano tau ki muri.

Hekenga o otaota me ngaa kararehe

Mai te timatanga rawa o te wā Quaternary i āhuatanga e tata ana ki te tipu hou, me te ora kararehe. Huringa i roto i te pūtea, ko te ti'aturi i runga i te riiwhitanga o te tautauā me warming. Ki te tīmatanga o ngā momo glaciation maeke heke tonga, ka i konatunatua ki te waho. I roto i te wā o nui haere te pāmahana toharite ko te tukanga whakamuri. I tenei wa, nui fakalahi te rohe o te whakataunga, ko te tika mahana, tipu pārū me te pārūrū, me kararehe. Hoki etahi wa, ngaro reira feohi Tundra katoa o te ao waro.

a Flora e rave rahi taime ki te urutau ki te huri radically tikanga. He maha fakatamaki i roto i tenei wā i tohua e te wā Quaternary. Kua arahina hīrere āhuarangi ki te impoverishment o ngā puka whanui-tatu, me te matomato, rite pai rite te roha o te nohonga momo herbaceous.

Ko te kunenga mai o kararehe

Ko te huringa tino nui i roto i nga kararehe pānga ao kararehe (i roto i ngā te tohu o ungulates me Proboscidea i roto i te Tuakoi Raki). I roto i te Pleistocene tika ki mate ohorere puranga makariri i roto i maha momo thermophilic. I te wa ano hoki i te take taua i reira he kararehe hou e e pai taunga ki noho i roto i ngā āhuatanga taiao kino. Ko te ao kararehe ngaro tihi tae i waenganui i te glaciation Dnieper (300 - 250 mano tau ki muri). Heoi, whakaritea tautauā o te taupoki turanga hanganga i roto i te Quaternary.

I te mutunga o te Pliocene Tonga Eastern Europe i te kāinga ki mastodons, hipparions arewhana tonga, Tigers saber-whai niho, etahi kararehe me te t Etruscan. D. I roto i te hauauru o te Ao Tahito ki ora otereti, me hippos. Heoi, i roto i nga kararehe wawe Pleistocene timata ki te huri radically. Ki te tīmatanga o te glaciation Dnieper, oho maha momo thermophilic tonga. I roto i te ahunga taua neke tipu rohe tohatoha. Era Cainozoic (Quaternary rawa) ite kaha ngā katoa o te ora.

bestiary quaternary

I runga i te rohe ki te tonga o te awa kōpaka i reira e taua momo o te tuatahi, rite te tino nui, unikanga woolly, renitia, musk-kau, Lemming, grouse ma. noho katoa o ratou anake i roto i ngā wāhi makariri. Ana raiona, pea, wuruhi, etahi kararehe me nui-aroha tuatahi noho i roto i enei rohe kua ngaro atu.

Ko te āhuarangi makariri whakapumautia i roto i te Caucasus, nga māeroero, te Carpathians me nga Pyrenees, he maha ngā momo akina ki te waiho i te maunga tiketike, me te noho i roto i te awaawa. Woolly etahi kararehe me mammoths nohoia noa te tonga Europe (e kore e ki te whakahua i te katoa o Siberia, te wahi i hinga ratou i roto i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau). , Ora kararehe Tuhinga o Ahitereiria Amerika Tonga, Tonga me Africa Central whakawhetai ki tona motuhake i te toenga o te ao. E pai te taunga mammoths me ētahi atu kararehe ki te āhuarangi pakeke, ka ngaro i roto i te tīmatanga o te Holocene. E tano ia tapao e ahakoa maha glaciation e pā ana ki 2/3 o mata o te whenua kei te kore pāngia e te whārangi tio.

whanaketanga tangata

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, e kore e taea e rerekē whakamāramatanga Quaternary mahi i waho i te "tangata." Ko te whanaketanga tere o te tangata - te hui tino nui o tenei wā hītori katoa. Place te whakaaro inaianei o tupu te iwi tino tawhito Africa Te Tai Rāwhiti.

ahua tipuna o te tangata hou - nga australopithecines, i no ki te hapu o hominids. E ai ki ngā whakatau tata, te wa tuatahi kua puta ratou i roto i Africa, 5 miriona tau ki muri. Australopithecus āta timata ki haere tika, me te omnivorous. Mō 2 miriona tau ki muri, ua haapii ratou ki te hanga taputapu tahito ra. Heoi i reira ko tetahi tangata pepa. He miriona tau ki muri i hanga Pithecanthropus, nga toenga o e kitea i roto i Germany, Hungary me China.

Neanderthals me te tangata hou

350 mano tau ki muri i reira nga Paleoanthropes (ranei Neandertals), 35,000 tau moa mua. E kitea tohu o to ratou mahi i roto i te ahopae tonga, me te waenganui o Europe. Paleanthropic whakakapi e te tangata hou (neanthropines sapines homo ranei). Ratou tuatahi tomo te Amerika me Ahitereiria, me te maha moutere muia e rave rahi moana.

Kua nga neanthropines tuatahi tata kore rerekē i te iwi i tenei ra. He pai a hohoro ratou te urutau ki te huringa āhuarangi me te ako ki te whakairo hapai i te kohatu. Ēnei hominids ka mau tao'ao wheua, tahito mea whakatangi, ngā o toi pai, whakapaipai.

Quaternary i roto i te tonga Russia mahue maha pae'akiolosiá e pā ana ki neanthropines. Heoi, haere ratou ki te rohe te nuinga o te raki. Meangiti iwi i ako ki te ora ki te awhina o kakahu huruhuru me ahi. Na reira, hei tauira, ka kite ano Quaternary Western Siberia te roha o te iwi e ngana ana ki te tomo rohe hou. 5000 tau ki muri te parahi Age, 3000 tau ki muri - rino. I te wa ano i roto i Mehopotamia, ahu Ihipa, me te Mediterranean pokapū o te ao tahito.

kohuke

E wehea Scientists ki te maha ngā rōpū o ngā kohuke i mahue e kua tatou i te wā Quaternary. Ko putunga o te mano tau whakamutunga i te momo o putunga, konganuku-kore me ngā rauemi combustible, tokahuke o te take mai parataiao. Kia mohiotia putunga Littoral me momona rawa. Ko te kohuke tino nui o te wā Quaternary: koura, taimana, konukawata, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile me te zircon.

I roto i te tua, he uara nui o rerekē tokahuke rino o te moana, me te roto-repo takenga. Tenei rōpū hoki ngā konupora me te mednovanadievye putunga. He noa i roto i te moana taua tautau.

Ko te momonatanga o te subsoil

tonu Ahakoa tenei ra tu'ino i te toka weheruatanga ao, me te pārūrū o te wā Quaternary. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei tukanga i hanga te laterite. pani te hanganga taua te ki te konumohe, me te rino, me te ko te kohuke African nui. kirinuku Metalliferous taua ahopae putunga taonga o nika, konukurahina, parahi, konupora, me te uku whakangutungutu.

I roto i te wā Quaternary reira i nui me ngā kohuke kore-konganuku. Tenei graviyniki (ratou whakamahi whānui i roto i te hanga), me te hanga kirikiri karaihe, kohatu, me te pāhare pāporo tai, whanariki, borates, Peat, me lignite. I roto i te parataiao Quaternary mutu manawa whenua e te puna matua o te wai inu. Kaua e wareware e pā ana ki te permafrost me tio. I roto i te whānui, e noho te wā arowhenua whakamutunga te karauna, i timata atu i te 4.5 piriona tau ki muri, te whanaketanga arowhenua o te whenua.