Wetereo - e te ... wāhanga Main o wetereo

Wetereo - te pūtaiao o te reo, ako ai, a i roto i te matatini (rite te pūnaha), me etahi o ona āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga: te takenga me te hītori mua, te kounga me ngā āhuatanga mahi, me te te ture whānui o te hanganga me te whanaketanga hihiri o reo katoa i roto i te ao nei.

Wetereo rite te pūtaiao o te reo

Ko te ahanoa matua o te ako o tenei pūtaiao - te reo tūturu o te taata nei, tona āhua me te ngako, me te kaupapa - tauira hanganga, mahi, huri reo me ngā tikanga o ō rātou ako.

Ahakoa te meka e inaianei nga wetereo whakawhirinaki i runga i pūtake ariā me te hōhonu nui, kia mahara ai e wetereo - ko te āhua taitamariki pūtaiao (i roto i te Russian - ki XVIII - nach.XIX rautau). Otiia, kua reira matua ki ngā tirohanga ngā - matenui ki te ako o te reo, he maha philosopho me grammarians, na ratou mahi i ngā kitea me te whakaaroaro ana (hei tauira, te mau philosopho o tahito Kariki, Voltaire ko Diderot).

digression terminological

Ko te kupu "Linguistics" kore i nga wa katoa i motuhake mo te ingoa o te pūtaiao reo motu. maha faaauhia o ngā "wetereo - Linguistics - Linguistics" he ona ake āhuatanga pū, me te hītori.

I te tīmatanga, i mua i te revolution o 1917, i roto i te revolution pūtaiao i wetereo wā noa. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, i te wā wetereo (hei tauira, akoranga kāreti me akoranga ki timata reira kia huaina ki "Introduction ki Linguistics") me ona "kore-kēnana" kōwhiringa kitea semantics hou. Na, wetereo e pā ana ki te whakarerenga iho pūtaiao mua-pāhoro, me tohu wetereo ki ngā whakaaro Western me ngā tūāhua, pērā i structuralism. Ka rite ki te TV Shmelev i roto i te tuhinga "Pūmahara o te wā: Linguistics, Reo, Linguistics" Ko e kore i te totohe pū o wetereo Russian faatiti'aifarohia ake ki inaianei, no te mea i reira he māka tino, te ture o te hototahi me te takenga (wetereo → reo → taha wetereo) me te haafifi i ki te whakawhānui i te tikanga o nga wetereo wā ( ako i te reo ke). Ko te kupu, whakataurite te kairangahau te ingoa o pekanga reo i roto i te paerewa kura teitei o nāianei, ingoa tari, papai, "tu i roto i" wāhanga o wetereo i roto i te marautanga "Introduction ki Linguistics" me "Linguistics General"; Division o RAS 'Institute o Linguistics "buka aamu" Fehu'i o Linguistics ", te pukapuka" tuhinga roa i roto i Linguistics "; Tari o Linguistics ko Intercultural Communication, "Computational Linguistics", te moheni "New i roto i te wetereo ..."

Ko te wāhanga matua o te mātauranga wetereo: he tirohanga whānui

Ko te pūtaiao o te reo "wehenga" i runga i marau maha, te nui te nuinga o nei e te whai ake ngā wāhi matua o wetereo, e rua whānui, me te ngā, ariā, me te mahi, whakamārama, me te kōrero o mua.

Ano, kei te whakarōpūtia marau reo i runga i te pūtake o ratou mahi, ka hāngai ki runga ki te ahanoa o tūhuratanga. Na, ngā wehea ki te wāhi matua e whai ake nei o te wetereo:

• wāhanga i oti rawa ki te ako o te hanganga ā-o te pūnaha reo, ona taumata o whakahaere (hei tauira, Morphology, me te wetereo);
• wāhanga e whakaahua te akiaki o te whanaketanga o mua o te reo i roto i te whānui me te hanganga o nga taumata takitahi (mātauranga whakahua hītori, wetereo hītori);
• Huinga, Ko te kounga mahi o te reo, me tona tūranga i roto i te hapori (mātauranga, dialectology);
• Huinga ako raruraru matatini i runga i te rohe o sciences rerekē me pekanga (psycholinguistics, wetereo tātai);
• pekanga tīpakongia whakaoti nga raruraru mahi fai e te wetereo hapori pūtaiao (Papakupu, palaeography).

tūmataiti General me te wetereo

Ko te wehenga o te pūtaiao o te reo i runga i mara whānui, me te motuhake whakaatu pehea te whāinga ao o ngā ngākau nuitanga pūtaiao o kairangahau.

Ko te pātai tino nui pūtaiao e tirohia wetereo whānui e:

• te uho o te reo, te mea ngaro o tona take, me nga ture o te whanaketanga o mua;
• nga ture taketake o ngā pūrere me mahi o te reo i roto i te ao nei kia rite ki te hapori o te iwi;
• te ōwehenga o te kāwai o "reo" me te "whakaaro", "te reo", "mooni whāinga";
• putanga me te whakapai ake o te pukapuka;
• typology reo, te hanganga o ratou taumata reo, mahi me te whanaketanga o mua o ngā akomanga wetereo me ngā kāwai;
• whakarōpū o reo katoa i roto i te ao, me te tini ke atu.

Ko tētahi o nga raruraru te ao tino nui, e tamata ki te whakaoti i te wetereo whānui - ko te hanga me te whakamahi o tikanga hou o te kōrero i waenganui i te iwi (reo te ao tāwhaiwhai). Ko te whanaketanga o tenei ahunga - he kaupapa matua mō interlinguistics.

Ko te mana o nga Linguistics tūmataiti ko te ako o te hanganga, te mahi me te whanaketanga o mua o te reo ngā (Russian, Czech, Hainamana), he maha o ngā reo motuhake hapu katoa o reo e hāngai ana ranei i te wa ano (hei tauira, te Latin anake - French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, me te tini ke atu) . wetereo Private whakamahi tikanga tukutahinga (aka - fakamatala) ranei diachronic (o mua) ako.

General Linguistics i pā ana ki te tūmataiti ko te pūtake ariā me te huarahi mo te ako o tetahi raruraru pūtaiao e pā ana ki te ako o te kāwanatanga o meka me ngā tukanga i roto i te reo ngā. I roto i te tahuri, wetereo tūmataiti - he ako e whakarato wetereo whānui, raraunga tëtehi, e hāngai ana i runga i te tātari i taea te hanga whakatau ariā.

Waho me te wetereo ā-

Ko te pūrere o te pūtaiao hou o te reo tohu i te hanganga e rua-wahi - ko nga wāhi matua o te mātauranga wetereo, mikrolingvistika (ranei wetereo ā-) me ekstralingvistika (wetereo waho) enei.

arotahi Mikrolingvistika i te roto o te pūnaha o te reo - te haruru, morphological, syntactic me rarangi kupu.

Ekstralingvistika e kumea whakarongo ki te momo nui o ngā reo: ki te hapori, whakaaro tangata, kōrerorero, aronganui, rerehua me te tahi atu āhuatanga o te ora. I tona turanga e whanau tikanga tātari contrastive me rangahau whitinga (hinengaro, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, wetereo ahurea, me ētahi atu).

Synchronic (whakamārama) me diachronic (hītori) wetereo

Ko te poi o te rangahau wetereo whakamārama e pā ana te reo kāwanatanga ranei ona taumata motuhake, nga meka me tītohunga i roto i to ratou ahua i te wā wa i homai, he tetahi wāhanga o te whanaketanga. Nuinga o ngā wā e whakarongo ki te āhua o nāianei, ake uaua - i runga i te āhua o te wā o mua (hei tauira, te reo o nga meatanga Russian o te rau tau XIII).

wetereo Historical mahi ki te ako o ngā meka wetereo me tītohunga i roto i ngā o ratou akiakinga me te kukuwhatanga. Ko te kairangahau i te whāinga ki te whakatika i nga huringa e puta i roto i te reo ako (hei tauira, he whakarite o nga akiakinga o nga tikanga tuhituhi o te reo Russian i roto i XVII, XIX, me rau tau XX).

whakaahuatanga reo o ngā taumata reo

Wetereo Akoranga te ari e pā ana ki te rarangi ngā o te pūnaha reo whānui. Fariihia mai whakarato te taumata reo e whai ake nei: phonemic, Papakupu-pū, morphological, syntactic. I raro i enei taumata ko te whai ake wetereo wāhanga matua.

I runga i te reo te taumata phonemic hono nga pūtaiao e whai ake nei:

• Mātauranga whakahua (whakaahua ana te momo o te reo tangi i roto i te reo, o ratou wahapū me āhuatanga acoustic);
• wetewete (ako i te oro rite te wae iti o kupu, ona āhuatanga oro me te mahi);
• morphophonology (whakaaro te hanganga phonemic o morphemes, kounga, me te huringa ine phonemes ōrite i roto i te morphemes, ratou rerekētanga, ka tuku ia ture i runga i te hototahi o rohe tūtahi).

Ko te taumata wetereo o te reo e whai ake nei ngā wāhanga tirohia:

• Lexicology (te haapiiraa i te kupu e rite ana te wae taketake o te reo, me te kupu katoa rite te momonatanga reo, e tūhura ana te hanganga āhuatanga o te reo, tona roha me te whanaketanga, puna o ētahi o te kupu o te reo);
• semasiology (tirohia te tikanga wetereo o te kupu, te kupu ōrite pū me ngā ariā whakahuatia e ratou ranei ka mea whakahe ratou, tītohunga o mooni whāinga);
• onomasiology (whakaaro take e pā ana ki te kāwai raruraru i roto i te reo, me te hanganga o nga taonga o te ao i roto i te tukanga akoranga).

taumata morphological o ako reo te kaupapa e whai ake nei:

• Morphology (kupu whakaahua ana te wae hanganga, te tapeke hanganga morphemic o kupu me ngā puka kōpapa, wahi o korero, ratou āhuatanga, te wairua me te mau parau tumu o te kōwhiringa);
• hanganga kupu (ako hanga kupu, tona aratau o uri, te auautanga o te hanganga me te hanganga o ngā kupu, me te rawa tona mahi i roto i te reo, me te korero).

whakaahua ana te taumata Syntactic te wetereo (tūhura i te hanganga hinengaro me ngā tukanga recheporozhdeniya: tikanga o te whakakotahi i nga kupu i roto i te hanganga matatini o ngā kīanga me ngā rerenga kōrero, ngā momo o te whanaungatanga hanganga o kupu me ngā rerenga kōrero, ngā tukanga reo i nei puta kupu hanganga).

mātauranga wetereo Contrastive me typological

wetereo whakatairite mahi ki te huarahi pūnahanaha ki te whakatairite i te pūrere hoki i te iti rawa e rua, neke atu rānei ngā reo, ahakoa o ratou hononga ira. He taea te whakaritea me te etahi tohu i roto i te whanaketanga o tetahi, me te reo kotahi - hei tauira, te pūnaha o mutunga take o te reo Russian hou me to tatou reo i nga wa o Tuaiho Onamata Rus.

wetereo Typological whakaaro hanganga me te mahi reo raznostrukturnyh i roto i te ahu "mure ore" (āhuatanga panhronichesky). hanga tenei reira taea ki te tautuhi noa (ao) ngā āhuatanga o te reo tangata i roto i te whānui.

universals reo

General Linguistics i roto i to ratou rangahau hopu reo ao - te tauira reo noa ki ngā reo katoa i roto i te ao (universals tūturu) he wahi nui o reo (universals tauanga) ranei.

Ka rite ki tāutuhia universals pūmau nga āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• Hoki ngā reo katoa o te ao e te āhuatanga e pūare me te aukati i orokati oro.
• Kei te wehea te awa reo ki ōna wāhanga, e te hunga tika i te mau melo i ngā pūnaha tangi "oro + orokati."
• tūingoa tika me tūpou he wātea ana i roto i tetahi reo.
• Hoki te pūnaha wetereo o te āhuatanga reo o tūingoa me ngā kupu mahi.
• Ia reo e te huinga o nga kupu ki te kawe i mana'o tangata, kare whakahau ranei.
• Ki te he te kāwai o te take ahua ranei te reo, na ko reira tika tau hakari, me te kāwai.
• Ki te noun i roto i te reo whakahe e te natura, e taea te taua kia kitea i roto i te rere o o'na.
• iwi katoa i roto i te ao hanga i ona whakaaro mo te whakaaro o te kōrero i roto i te tono.
• here Coordinative me ngā uniana e kitea i roto i reo katoa o te ao.
• Tetahi reo i roto i te ao e te waihanga whakatairite, kīanga phraseological, whakarite.
• tātau Universal me tohu o te ra me te marama.

Hoki universals tatauranga ngā te mātakinga e whai ake nei:

• I roto i te nuinga o te ao reo i reira he oro i te iti rawa e rua rerekē oro (te okotahi - te reo Arunta Ahitereiria).
• I roto i te rerekē te nuinga o ngā reo tūpou a te ao i roto i te maha e kore he e iti iho i te rua (he okotahi - nga tangata o te motu o te reo Java).
• Tata reo katoa i orokati nasal (okotahi - te tahi mau reo o Africa Te Hau-ā-uru).

wetereo ka whakamahia

Tenei mo wāhanga ki te pūtaiao o te whanaketanga reo tika te whakatutuki i nga wero e pā ana ki ngā mahi reo:

• whakapai ake o taputapu huarahi i roto i te haapiiraa i te reo, ano he arero whaea me rite he reo ke;
• te hanganga o te whaiaro-te tauturu, tohutoro, mātauranga me te papakupu motuhake, tono i ngā taumata rerekē me ngā wāhanga o te whakaako;
• tikanga whakangungu ki te korero me te tuhituhi nehenehe, tika, mārama me convincingly (kōrero);
• te kaha ki te whakatere ki te ture reo, te hinganga o te tuhi (o kupu, orthoepy, kupu, me te tohutuhi);
• whakapai ake i roto i te takikupu, tātai reta, te tuhi mo te whanaketanga o ngā reo tohia (hei tauira, mō ngā reo takitahi Iwi o te USSR i 1930-1940-doma.), te hanganga o reta me ngā pukapuka mo te matapo;
• whakangungu i roto i te takinga me tangi tauiwi;
• paerewa hanga kupu (GOST);
• whanaketanga o ngā pūkenga translation, te hanganga o papakupu bi- me maha o ngā momo;
• Whanaketanga o te mahi translation mīhini aunoa;
• te hanganga o te rorohiko pūnaha āhukahuka reo tahuri kōrero kupu ki kuputuhi pato (engineering ranei wetereo tātai);
• te hanganga o te kuputuhi anga, Kuputuhiitua, pātengi hiko me papakupu, me te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga o te tātari me te tukatuka (British National Corpus, BNC, Russian National Corpus);
• whanaketanga tikanga, copywriting, pānuitanga me whanaunga tūmatanui, me ētahi atu