Mātauranga:, Te kura tuarua me nga kura
Whenua France: whakaahuatanga. He poto te hitori o Parani. Tuhinga o mua
hītori nui, ahurea, nui pūmanawa pūtaiao, me te ahumahi he whenua Pākehā uru, France. Whakaahuatanga o te pāpāho, tuhinga, toi, tona mua kanapa, hihiri reira manuwhiri i kukume te aro o te hapori te ao.
whakaatu tatauranga e te whenua - te tino tae mai e te tūruhi ke! Ko tētahi e kumea te ahurea tuku iho tino mīharo o te Fifth Republic, te atu - he faafaaearaa huihui. Ki te koe - he aroha o te haere, kua pea kite koutou: i roto i te horo'a nei o pokapū haere mau tonu te wahi motuhake i roto i France. Whakaahua o te Eiffel Tower - tetahi o nga whakapakoko tino rongonui i runga i nga tukutuku o ngā tour. He mā te tupono noa? I te 2013, i tae mai France e runga i 85 miriona tangata ke. I roto ia ratou - kotahi miriona tūruhi Russian.
Ahumahi, waka
mohio France te puta noa te ao, ano he whenua ahumahi, me te agrarian hihiri. Ko tōna GDP - $ 2.6 trillion. Mai i riro te hanganga o te kāwanatanga o te Pākehā Union, painga te whenua o ko tona tūranga matawhenua i roto i te pokapū o Ūropi me te haere i roto i tona rohe o nga ara hokohoko Pākehā nui. France i roto i te ōhanga ao mau mau te tūranga 6 i roto i tona pūmanawa ahumahi.
I roto i te ahumahi, wahi nui rawa o France o engineering aunoa, konganuku ferrous me nonferrous, matūngahinu me te ahumahi matū, ahumahi marama, kakara. E toru-hauwhā o te ahumahi hiko i roto i te whenua e tango i te tipu, kīnaki reira te pūnaha hurihiko. I ngā wā hinu me te hau kawemai i te whenua e tika ana ki te kore o putunga. France ki tāwāhi o ngā hua ahuwhenua. Ko tōna kaimahi - enei kaimahi, hua ratou he hauwhā o te putanga o katoa te Uniana Pākehā.
He whatunga ikiiki whai o te whenua, mahi nei i te tereina nui-tere auaha. Whakaako TVG, e rere ana i te tere o te 320 km / h he whakakake o France. Ka taea te kite i Photos o te faaiteraa i raro.
Ko te roa o rori te whenua o ko 29 370 km i te rohe o tona tuawhenua 535,3 Whārangi. Km 2. E whakarato ana i ngā whai wāhitanga rahi mo te whanaketanga o te logistics
I roto i nga whenua o te ao Western, France he kaupapa here ke tuku iho rongonui, e pā ana i te kōrero ki a Russia, ahakoa mōhio tatou e kua tonu kua uaua whanaunga i waenganui i nga whenua e rua.
Mua, ko te huarahi tata o nga whenua e rua, tohua te hanganga o te haumi hōia-tōrangapū, tohua te mutunga o te rau tau XIX. timata Monuments o nga whanaunga më koero ki Trinity Bridge, hanga i te kaupapa Eiffel i St. Petersburg, me te piriti e huaina nei i te ingoa o Alexander III, ranei, i roto i Paris.
Kaupapahere France
Kua kua mātātoa te whai wāhi France i roto i te whakatau ao rite te mema o te Kaunihera Haumarutanga i te UN. Ko te Tuarima Republic ko tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o te Pākehā Union ko Bank te Ao me te taketake o te IMF. Mai Mei 2007, kua hoki mai France ki NATO (i roto o te Te Tai Tokerau Atlantic kimi huarahi i tīmataria e te peresideni de Gaulle i tona wa). I roto i te whānui, i te kaupapa here o France, e rua roto, o waho, whai tonu nga parau tumu o te taurite pāpori me te manapori.
ope patu
kainga o patu karihi taea France ki te whai i tētahi kaupapa here ke motuhake. matatini Military-ahumahi o te Fifth Republic he whaiaro-ranea me te hua te whānuitanga ki tonu o mua motu hou. Heoi, e kore e whai wāhi te whenua i roto i te iwi ringa. Ko kore kaha ope French, engari iti e te parau tumu o te e whiwhi matau. Kei te patu ia ki rautaki kaha haamăta'ui karihi, taua wha submarines karihi, me e pā ana ki te rau rererangi - karihi mua.
France: taupori
State oaoa mana ao i roto i te ao, i te wa ano e opuaraa nui mō te whanaketanga atu whenua Pākehā tokomaha. He aha te mea rerekē i ratou whenua - France? Whakaahuatanga o te rerekētanga kia tango ake i te kotahi te whārangi.
te wehe matou kotahi te mea: ko te raruraru o tata whenua EU katoa ko nga iwi toulekeleká. Heoi, e kore e te whakamutunga whakaaro ki te Fifth Republic. E ai ki te raraunga o nāianei whiwhi ki te pae countrymeters. info, te tokomaha o te iwi i roto i tenei whenua o 16:00 07.05.2014 tau ko 64.075.783 iwi. Ko te kupu i te timatanga o te tau i whanau ahau i roto i te whenua o 394.563 tamaiti, a mate hoki ngā take 281 236 iwi.
Ano, te tipu taupori i roto i te whenua ako whai wāhi ki taua āhuatanga rite hekenga kupenga. Tona ahua hoki tenei tau i 16:00 i runga i 07.05.2014 tau - 46 874 iwi.
Ko te kupu, ko te hua i roto i te taupori mai i te timatanga o te 2014 i runga i taua rā moni ki 160 208 iwi.
Territory, āhuarangi
Kei hea ko te kāinga ki te iwi Wīwī? He aha te mea te geography o tenei whenua? French ratou i huaina ratou whetu kāinga. Te aha? E mau ki te titiro i te mahere, me te ka kite koe i te aha i te fokotu'utu'u o te whenua France. Whakaahuatanga o ona rohe, whakakotahi 22 paparahi tāone (kore matou e whakaaro i te reira ko te 5 Overseas Tari), e ai ta e i runga i te mahere France tino āhua te rite te whetu e rima-oka. Country whetu ... Romantic! e te reira i tata 20% o te rohe o te Pākehā Union.
Ko tōna rohe moana i te roa o te 5500 km. E horoia takutai a France i te moana i roto i te tonga, i te hauauru - te Atlantic, ki te raki - te English Channel.
Ki te whānuitanga nui, i te rua-hautoru o tona rohe, France - he flat te whenua. Heoi, ko te whenua i te reira - neodnoobrazny. I roto i te pourewa tonga-rawhiti nui Alps me nga maunga Jura. I roto i te pokapū takoto te Vosges, i roto i te raki - te Ardennes, i roto i te tonga-hauauru - te Pyrenees. Ko ona awa te roa rawa - Loire, te hohonu - Ron riringi Paris peihana Seine e rerengia ana i roto i te kāinga o d'Artagnan Garonne. Ko te pūnaha o te awa e wha e rere ana ki te Atlantic Ocean me nga takere ngā, whenua te taheraa France. Ko o te pānga Whakaahuatanga o te āhuatanga o tona āhuarangi. I roto i te tonga o France, he reira pārū, i roto i te uru - te Atlantic, i te tonga - te Mediterranean, i roto i te wahi pokapū - continental. hipoki Neke atu i te hauwhā o te whenua e ngahere.
hītori ahurea
Ko tētahi o nga take he aha te Fifth Republic pera tohoakii tūruhi ko tona hoahoanga. E huaina ona manuhiri miharo te tangata-i hanga. I runga i te rohe French tiaki tonu whare Romana: hei tauira, hei whare matakitaki i roto i Nimes, hahi Romana, te Basilica whakatapua ki te kaiwhakaatu o Toulouse, te Saturninus tapu. Heoi, ara atu rongonui mau hiero Gothic French hanga i roto i te rau tau XII-XV.
E ngā tūruhi e te facades nui whakapaipai whakatotoka ratou whika kohatu, tiketike, tuhu pourewa, tuhu haurangi, ōpure toi karaihe. I roto i te whare Gothic rongonui o Reims whare karakia, i tangohia e wahi te koroneihana o nga kingi French, Notre Dame de Paris, te wahi i karaunatia te Hiha Napoleon I.
whai wāhi XVI rautau ki te pūtakenga o te hoahoanga o te Renaissance. hītori Cultural o France i te wa, āhuatanga e te hanga o puni, chateaux, rite ranei karanga ratou ratou French. I roto i te tino rongonui - te pa o Amboise, hanga e te whare o Valois, tona rohe kua tanumia poto Leonardo da Vinci, d'Ki te pa, i mahi rite te wahi o whanau o te kōrero o te herehere - Iron Mask, te kōrero o i ana matou Aleksandr Dyuma, Chambord pa - noho whakapaipai o nga kingi.
kawea XVII rautau ki te hoahoanga o te kāhua Baroque parakore, kitea i roto i te matatini whare nehenehe. Tauira o enei taea te mahi rite te Versailles - te whare kingi matua. i tohua France ahurea rautau 19 i tētahi atu kāhua - Classicism, i roto i te hoahoanga kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te toi pai. Ko te hoahoanga o tenei wā i te pae hopea ua ite kaupapa hoahoanga whakamahere o ngā pokapū tāone. I roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 19, kua meinga peita French he rangatira i roto i nga whakawhetai ao ki toi pērā i Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas. Kia aroha mai, haukotia peita French takeoff mahi Nasí.
Ko te hītori o te kāwanatanga: te whare Merovingian
O te tipu etahi moni hanganga pāpori o te kāwanatanga. I tona rohe mai i nga wa onamata reira ko he ao: i roto i te tau o Roma, ko reira he wahi o tenei Empire nui rite te kawanatanga o Gaule.
iwi Germanic Franks, arahina e Kingi Clovis, te kaiwhakarewa o te whare Merovingian, patua ana e ia i roto i te BC V rau. e., ki te mawhiti i te faatîtîraa Roma. poto e taea te aroaro te hītori o muri o France ki runga nga rau tau rite te huringa o te dynasties feudal te faatere.
ngoikore mana Merovingian, me apa o mua, tavana o te whare, koa tipu mana. Ko tētahi o ratou, Pepin te Poto (papa Karla Velikogo), i roto i te rau tau VII, ka mau te torona whiwhi pümautanga kaha kī, taketake i te whare Carolingian.
whare Carolingian
Famous tama a Pepin muri i whakakotahi nui o whenua Europe (tae atu i te rohe o France) ki te kingitanga kotahi.
Heoi, te whaihua i te mana o te kāwanatanga nui, piri Charisma mīharo Karla Velikogo, i te pae hopea ngaro i muri i te matenga o tana tama, Ludwik ahau te Pious. wehea Empire i waenganui i toru uri Karolingov.
I roto i Te Hau-ā-uru-Frankish kingitanga, kei roto i France, ka anga ki te tohutohu i te tama whakaotinga a Ludwik ahau - Charles te Pakira. I roto i te rau tau X France (i pera huaina ia) ko he slaboupravlyaemuyu feudal pakaru whenua. ka mau tenei me te painga o nga Vikings, arahina e konung Rollo, ka riro tona kawanatanga raki, me te karanga ia Normandy (Normans whenua). Ko te whakaaro o te Norwegian Viking rogue i ki riro hoki ia ia he rangatiratanga, e ia, i roto i te meka, i.
whare Capet
Te tau 987 hei utu o te whakamutunga o te Carolingian,, i te wō o nga apa kingi ki te torona, ka noho ki raro i te urikore Louis te V i runga i Kaute Gugo Kapet, te kaiwhakarewa o te whare Capetian, te toru o taahiraa i roto i te aamu i te whenua o. I roto i tenei tau o te kaupapa here ke o France i heke ki Crusades me te roto - ki te pakanga o te karakia i roto i te whenua. I roto i tenei wa kino, ka kingi e hapu, whakarāpopoto te hītori o France te rite te whakakapinga o te dynasties tikanga o ratou manga lateral. Kei te kupu whakakapi te reira i Capet i 1328 ka haere mai te whare o Valois, ki te tohutohu i taua haere mai te rau Tau War, Joan o Arc feat Brittany hinga, reunification o te whenua, te whawhai i waenganui i Palotisaní (Huguenots) me Katorika. I muri i te kōhurutanga o te whakamutunga o te Valois, Henry III o, moke Jacques Clement, tīkina atu e te Katorika League, timata France ki te tohutohu i te tahi atu peka taha Capetian - Bourbon whare.
Ko te French Revolution
Ko te hītori o te kingi o France iri mo Louis XVI, kawana kuare, topa i roto i te hakari, ka nekehia atu i take kāwanatanga. i reira kua he heke i roto i te whanaketanga ahumahi o France, no te, tauira matekai, te tautohetohe i waenganui i te hunga i roto i te mana, me te iwi. Whakaaro i runga i te arikitanga wahi ahu whakamua pirau o te Wīwī Society (ngā minita bourgeoisie me rangatira) rawa mārama whakahuatia philosopho Montesquieu. ka karanga ia ki te wahia te mana kingi te ahunga whakamua o te hapori, me te usurpation o nga mana here o te whenei ngā o te taupori. Kua tupu tenei ore i roto i te French Revolution, tohua te whakatūnga o te Republic Tuatahi.
Hoki te wā tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te ao hei utu o tuturi iwi i whiriwhiri haere noa, taurite, ongo fakatokoua. He ngenge o te pūkoro iwi, e hiahia ana ratou ki te riro tangata. tupu tenei i roto i France!
Timata o te revolution mahi rite te Mokoia o te Bastille 17.07.1789, Louis, Kingi o France, i hoatu ki te mate, te whakapanga i roto i te marae me te mea he tangata Louis Capet mo te usurpation o te mana me te he i. i mahi ai i te mutunga o te revolution rite te tukipoto reactionary 09/11/1799, te kaiwhakahaere matua o te kāwanatanga rite i mangere, me te whai hua te okana matua o te mana orurehau. I tua atu, i wahia ai reira, te mema tino whai mana o Emanuera-Hohepa Sieyès, mau arahina ki te mana o Napoleon Bonaparte. aroha ope Wīwī, me te whakaute niwha, me whai pūtake Kua whakamāmātia mo te mea homai noa tātai kāore.
He raupapa atu o huringa i roto i te whakaritenga kāwanatanga French - ko te raupapa o lepupilika me hau emepera.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon poka noa ahau mana, ka kauwhau i ia Emperor o te tau 18/05/1804. ko tana iwi i te tautoko pono, whakaarahia ratou i te raro o hoia i runga i te paearu taranata hōia o ka hanga i roto i te kau ◊õfisa - Bessières, Jourdan, Lannes, Lefebvre, Massena, Murat, Ney, Soult, Suchet. Heoi, i runga i te par ki a ratou me te kau ◊õfisa ko aristocrats: terise, Davoust, Macdonald, Marmont, Serryure. He raupapa o whakaora nui o Napoleon i te Prussia, Pourihi, Austria, pakanga Ihipiana tohua te mutunga o Russia. "Whawhai o Dubina iwi", pera tuhituhi ia e pā ana ki te Pakanga Patriotic o 1812. L. N. Tolstoy, ki te juggernaut ore wawahi te aroaro o te ope French, ki te wikitoria katoa o Europe. whakatau aroraa Kutuzov Napoleon i roto i manakohia o Mihaila Illarionovicha. Ko he rauhanga ngingila o aroraa me ā ngingila. I muri i te parariraa o te kingitanga o Napoleon me te pakanga o Waterloo i 1814, toe fakafoki mai te arikitanga i roto i France.
tuarua Republic
06/04/1814, te Wīwī kaumatua, i te mea i raro i te pēhanga i whenua toa, ka mau te whakatau ki te whakahoki i te whare Bourbon i te tangata o Louis XVIII. I muri i tona matenga i roto i te 1824, haere mana ki Charles X. Ko te riri o te Wīwī fakamamafa'i-ma'u tofi'a mahi minita Polignac me rapataumata ratou rangatiratanga, whakaputaina e te revolution, i te hainatanga o te Kingi 25.07.1830, hua nga tikanga e wha i roto i te Hōngongoi Revolution me te whakawhiti o te kaha i te whare Bourbon ki ona Orleans peka kanohi Louis-Filippom Orleanskim. Ko te revolution ohaoha tuatahi i roto i Europe, ka karanga pene te whenua o te "kingi bourgeois". puta te kingitanga o Louis Philippe te koero roa-tatari mo te bourgeoisie, whakairia ana mo te fakatupulaki tere o tenei paparanga o te hapori, me te revolution ahumahi. Heoi, ko tona Kawanatanga he hotbed o te pirau. i kino Kingi ko ia he raupapa o whakaeke. I roto i te meka, Käre e te kāwanatanga te āhuatanga i roto i te whenua, i meinga tetahi revolution i roto i 1848 - i te Hui-tanguru.
I runga i te whakangungu rakau i whakaarahia ano uara manapori. Kua riro te whenua matau o te peresideni (te peresideni tuatahi o France). whiriwhiria e ratou te irāmutu o Napoleon - Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
Heoi, kua kaupapa here o te peresideni i hipoki. I roto i te kupu, i korero ia ki nga tangata o te haere noa, me tona mahi ki a ratou, i roto i te meka - ki te nuku he pakari ki te toe fakafoki emepaea. 02.12.1851, i runga i te huritau o te pakanga o Austerlitz, e tautokona ia e nga hoia whakamararatia te Runanga Ture, e karanga ia Hiha Napoleon III. Heoi, ko te whanoke pūmanawa "hau kuare", rite ki Otto Bismarck, Riro ia i Sedan i roto i 1870, i roto i te Franco-Prussia War.
tuatoru Republic
puta Wīwī i te whawhai mā te haina i te kawenata te rongo ki a Prussia me te whakawhiti o te whakamutunga o ona kawanatanga rawhiti e rua o te awaawa Rhine: ". kuwaha i waenganui o Tiamana ko France" te ngahere pare o rautaki nui Alsace ko Lorraine
Ko te hītori tata o France, a ko te wā wa i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ki te ra hakari, i te wā wawe o ona e pā ana ki tenei momo o te kāwanatanga, ka rite ki te Tuatoru Republic. roa te reira i tae noa ki 1940, tino whakapakari i te pūnaha Republican French me te pūnaha multiparty.
whanau te Tuatoru Republic i roto i te riri toto. Semi-wehe, te mua me mua 26/03/1871, i muri i te whakatikanga ake i roto i Paris, Mehia te iwi ki te arikitanga Napoleon III, a ka whakapumautia te kāwanatanga motu, a i roto i te meka - te tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te ahua o te tonotono o te ënei whenua, te Paris Commune.
puta rite Kara France i te parepare o te Paris korerorero. Tenei Taetoru ki whiu poutū: he puru, he ma, whero. I mua ia, ko he tohu o te whenua, he haki ma ki te rengarenga kingi. Ofi ki te take - tae puru, ko reira he kakahu taua o St. Martin, te tapu kaiwhakaruruhau o France. tohu White hanahana, whero ko Oriflamma i rawe ki i roto i te honore o St. Rionaihia, wehi i roto i te whenua.
whakatikanga ake Popular i kurua e te kaha o ringa monarchists. Prussia mō tenei hohoro ki te tuku herehere o te whawhai. Te nuinga no te mea ratou McMahon piro tona ope 130,000th whiu.
Heoi, i tenei wa kihai i nga monarchists i te kaha. Ko te Assembly National - mahi whakahaere Republican i raro i te ārahitanga o te kāwanatanga o te peresideni Adolfa Terri tōtika. i taea e ki te whakahoki tona pūmanawa ahumahi i muri Prussia War France. Heoi, ka mau te monarchists te kaupapa, whakakapi Thierry whakakotahi tika kāwanatanga, i tautuhi te peresideniraa o Patrice MACMAHON. Ano eke ia ki runga ki te arikitanga, tangohia te Ture. Otiia e kore e e nga mahere o te monarchists whakaritea ki te haere mai pono. I roto i 1875, te momo kaumatua, te kōwhiri i te puka o te kāwanatanga mo te whenua ki te taha o tetahi pōti, ano i whiriwhiria e ahau te Republic.
Ko te peresideni tuatahi o te hītori hou o France (i 1913 ki te 1920) ko te Raymon Puankare. I roto i tona kingitanga nga tūranga o Russia me France rite hoa, nui taea te taua i runga i te scene ao. Heoi, ko te kāwanatanga bourgeois French, asymmetrically whakawhanake te ōhanga i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarangatira ratou, i taea ki te tino faaineine i te whenua kua te pea, rawaka Nasí Germany mo te whawhai ki a whakaeke. I roto i te tau 1940, e tika ana ki te tuku o France i roto i te Ao Pakanga II Tuatoru Republic hinga.
tuawha Republic
I roto i te tau 1946, i te wāhanga Runanga o France tangohia te kaupapa ture o te maha Republic, i whakaritea te whanaketanga atu o te whenua. Ko te tinana teitei-ture, te National Runanga, titoa o te whare o raro - te National Assembly, me te tihi - te Kaunihera o te Republic. Ko te käwanatanga peresideniraa-pāremata ki te mana matua kaha. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te whanaketanga o te hangaia anō pou-pakanga o te pūmanawa whenua. Hoki tona whakatinanatanga whai hua i te Kōawa hanga reira he rängai kāwanatanga kaha, i ngā te rererangi, automotive, hau me te ahumahi waro. Kua riro tūmatanui hoki e rima ārahi pareparenga French. whakamaheretia te whanaketanga Economic General Uepu motuhake, ahu e Zhan Mone. Ka rite ki te hua, ka anga whakapaipai ki piki haumi i roto i te ōhanga French, kua heke tona kaweake i te whenua. kua riro te reira i te kaupapa here pāpori o France hoki te wa tuatahi ko reira i roto i te Tuawha Republic i roto i te whanaketanga matua o te hapori. No te kaimahi, ka anga kaimahi en e Tuini ki te hanga whare utu, kua riro te reira tino whānui wātea tiaki mātauranga, me te hauora.
Ko te hanganga o te manapori te Tuarima Republic o
Ko te wā o te Fifth Republic, i timata ki te 1958 Ture o de Gaulle, me te haere tonu ki te wa nei, ka karanga te Fifth Republic. Ko tenei - te wa o te paari o te pūnaha tōrangapū o te whenua ki i haere mai France ki ake tona ara hītori ahurei. Kua iti te Paremete kua i roto i o ratou mana.
Ko te tikanga o te manapori o te Tuarima Republic
kiripuaki Accurate hoatu ki a ia e mua Pirimia Villepin: Peresideni tataki kāwanatanga - te mana, a ka mahi i te Pāremata i roto i ture. Ko tōna parau tumu taketake ko te peresideniraa kaha, tokanga'i take kaupapa here ke, me te matatini hōia-ahumahi.
I raro i te mana o te kāwanatanga, he kaupapa here öhanga, me te pāpori. Hoki tona rite ki te Ture whai te Kaunihera Ture.
I te wa ano tautuhia te rōrahi o te wā peresideniraa e te aroaro o te nuinga pro-kāwanatanga i roto i te Pāremata. tohu ia nga ture, me te tika ki te whakatutuki ki te iwi kauwhau i te tāpaetanga.
Ko te Kawanatanga o France ki te kōkiri i ture, he matua i roto i te waihanga o ture. Paremata (titoa o te ruma i runga - te kaumatua me te raro - te National Assembly) ture hukihuki whakaaro whakaarohia e te kāwanatanga. Ko te Ture opani te National Assembly ki te whakatikatika, ārahi ki te hua i roto i fakamolé pūtea.
Heoi, ko te Pāremata e te tika ki te whakapuaki i to ratou ti'aturiraa i roto i te kāwanatanga i te pōti nuinga, a ki te tango ia ia.
mutunga
France XXI rautau rite te kaha-ao te piha haapiiraa He pakari whakaatu te whai huatanga o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga, me te pāpori. I te wa ano e āhuatanga reira e āwangawanga mo te tiaki o ngā uara motu.
France Ko te pou o te manapori me te pokapū o te ahurea ao. Ko tōna tangata o te whenua i mua nei ki te kite i te Europe hou me ona opuaraa - i roto i te whakatūnga me te mahi o nga hanganga trans-Pākehā.
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