3M waka rererangi: te hītori o te hanga me te whanaketanga, ngā whakaritenga hangarau

3M manureva - Soviet rererangi rautaki, i i mahi hoki e pā ana ki wha tekau tau. I roto i te aamu o tenei rererangi i te rota o ngā rerekē. Ia te mutunga ka he ingoa whakauru. karanga ētahi tenei tauira ohotata rererangi, ētahi atu i te whakaaro ki tera he paetae nui. Heoi, 3M rererangi, hītori o nei kua kua te kaupapa o to tatou whakahaere, tika whakarongo rite te kaupapa nui o te waka rererangi Soviet.

TAKENGA o TE

I roto i te mutunga o 1940, ka i reira ko tetahi patu karihi, ka mea e tika ana i roto i tona transportation me te tuku pūkoro ki te tauwāhi e hiahiatia ana. hiahiatia matatini Military te rererangi e taea e te āhuatanga nui te hunga e wātea ana i te wa i te tauira, ko te 1.5-2 wā. Heoi ka hanga e te ariā o te bomber rautaki. timata Amerika ki te whakawhanake i ēnei rererangi i mua. I roto i te 1946, e rua noa kamupene rererangi American - "Boeing" me "Convair" - whai wāhi i roto i te whanaketanga o te bomber rautaki. Na, ko te rere tuatahi i roto i 1952 e mahi ana i rererangi B-52 me B-60. rerekē tauira e rua mai, ia ratou i te tuanui tiketike, me te tere faahiahia, me te whānui.

Tīmata o te whanaketanga

I roto i te Soviet Union whakarewahia he whanaketanga rite ki te roa nui. tīmata te reira i katoa ki te meka e te kaihoahoa B. Myasischev, he ahorangi i te Moscow Aviation Institute, fokotu'u e hanga te kāwanatanga he bomber rautaki taea ki te rere ki runga ki te 12,000 kiromita. Ka rite ki te hua, i roto i te kōrero ki te tohunga, faaoti Stalin i runga i ona ake whanaketanga kawenga me tuku Myasishcheva o tona waka rererangi whakaarohia, engari whakaturia kati tino. ko ki te kia oti Mei 24, 1951 Development. Kaunihera o Manatü o te USSR whakahau te hanga o te rererangi anō i muri i te tata o te OKB-23 MAP. ka kaihoahoa Tumuaki Myasischev. Hohoro Air Force rangatira i roto i te tino o te whakaritenga rauhanga, me te hangarau o te mīhini kua whakaaetia. whānui mōrahi i ki kia kaua e iti iho i te 12 mano kiromita ki te kawenga poma o 5 taranata. i te rererangi ki te rere i te tere o te 900 km / h i te teitei o 9 kiromita.

tohaina Time ki te hoahoa me te hanga i te rererangi mō "25 Kaupapa" (rite i huaina ai i roto i te whanaketanga), ui e te pokapū hoahoa o te mahi tahi ki te maha atu rōpū i roto i te ahumahi: atu tari hoahoa, ngā whare rangahau me wheketere.

Ko te whanaketanga tuatahi

I hanga te rererangi tuatahi huahua L. Selyakov - i ia te tūranga o te kaihoahoa, motupaika, me te prochnista wā kotahi. B. Myasischev te wa whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o wehenga, tari me ngā kapa. I hanga te kapa i roto i te whakarara ki te bomber. I roto i te kaupapa tuhi wā poto i rite, ka whakaaetia. I te wa ano whakawhanakehia reira production hangarau, matua hoki kihai i te Soviet Union puta taua i te rererangi nui, me te taimaha. Hoki te mīhini hiahiatia rahi hou ngā āhua me ngā rauemi, me te te nomenclature.

i te rererangi ki te whai mahi aerodynamic pai, ki te whakawhanake atu tere, me te kia rite marama rite taea. utua nga kaihoahoa nui whakarongo ki te āhua o te parirau. Hoki te marama tuatahi e ono o te whanaketanga i roto i te rerenga hau whakamatauria TsAGI he momo o tauira, tae noa i kitea reira tino pai. Ko āhua marama parirau hanga, i te ngāwari wahi mutunga me te decompression whakamana e te hanganga. Ko reira pai ki te te tu atu te kaka mana. noho te pakiaka parirau motors, ia ia i te horomanga rangi. Ki reira i taea e faaore i te mana tahi o te pūkaha, ka mahi i roto i aratau rerekē. Kua nozzles tohatoha i roto i nga rererangi whakapae, me te poutū i 4 nekehanga. Tenei mehua i tika mo te tango o te jet hau wera i te takere me te empennage.

taputapu

Power tipu rererangi ngā wha Mikulino hanga jet pūkaha kaha. Ratou tokotoko i 8700 kg. kua i roto i te hoahoa o te tono mana tipu kua hanga hoki tika mōrahi. E te ara, kia rite ki te hoahoa taketake, rite rawa te rererangi i ki e toru engines ki te aki o 13,000 kgf. Heoi, i OKB Dobrynin kahore wa i roto i te taua wa poto ki te faaineine i Momo o enei engines.

kia whakahua hoki tatou i te tahuhu kaihoahoa kōwhiringa bomber tīpakohia. Hei ako i te akiaki o te kaupapa o te taua rererangi taimaha i runga i te runway i whakaritea he rōpū motuhake tohunga. I te tīmatanga whakaaro e rave rahi kaupapa huriaro: te paerewa ki waewae e toru, multisupporting me te eke pahikara. I roto i te whakamātautau te pai whakaaturia ano huriaro hangaia i te pahikara kaupapa mua "vzdyblivayuscheysya" trolley me rauawa lateral whakaritea i nga pito o te parirau. I haere tamau te waka rererangi i runga i te runway me atu ka mau ki te roa e hiahiatia ana e te haapa'oraa i te tīmatanga rere.

rua ānini o wira eke i runga i te tōneke mua, hāngai i te whānuitanga koki iti (15 + ^0). A, no te tahuri te rua, te aronga o turanga kaupapa ke, a muri i puta ke ai, me te ahunga o te waka rererangi katoa. I roto i te aratau "vzdyblivaniya", te rua mua o wira hoko he whakatoi,. I te wā whakamutunga o te wakarererangi o te ihu rererangi ara te ka nui haere te koki o te whakaeke. Whai wāhi i roto i te manureva o te pairati i iti. Tenei kaupapa whakamatauria i runga i te taiwhanga e rere "Tu-4", Tricycle taunga taputapu e āta whakakapi te pahikara. Na tera ano hoki he tauira o motuhake turanga electrically whakahaeretia. Nōna ka tauira huriaro ite te matatini tonu o whakamātautau, ka whakapumautia tona arotau mō whakamahi i runga i te bomber.

Rererangi poma kawenga i 24 toni me te poma ërä nui - 9000 kg. Ngā mihi ki te hihiani titiro o te BPM-4 whakaratohia i pū poma. I roto i te rererangi ko te patu tino kaha mō te korero. Kei a ia ko e ono pū aunoa ërä 23 mm. I whakanohoia ratou i runga i toru o ngā waeine Rotary takirua i roto i te takere o runga, o raro, me te tuarongo. Te waka, arā, o waru iwi, noho i roto i te rua fale pressurized. tuha whakararo nohoanga i roto i pao.

whakamātautau

E Hakihea 1952 i hanga te tauira taketake rererangi. January 20 tau i muri mai, te motokā mo te wa tuatahi i whakaarahia i roto i te rangi. pairati Flight whakamātautau whakahaua e F. Opadchiy. Mai taua ra timata i whakamātautau wheketere tauira tere tonu. roa ratou tae noa ki April 15, 1954. i tika ki te bulkiness me te matatini o te whakamātautau te roa.

Ko taua te taimaha whati mōrahi o te rererangi ki te 181,5 taranata. i rite ki te 947 kiromita ia haora Ko tōna tere i te teitei o 6700 m. tuanui Ratonga (whānui mōrahi) me te taimaha o 138 toni ko 12,500 mita. whakahaere kaihoahoa ki te tuu i runga i te poari i te rōrahi nui o nga tāke wahie. whakanohoia ratou 132 390 rita o wahie. Heoi, i iti te tiaki mōrahi ki 123600 rita.

I te tau 1954, i hono te whakamātautau tauira tuarua, i poroa ki te 1 m wahi ihu, he wāhi parirau nui me te maha o te tahi atu akatuke'anga iti. Kua tīmata Engineers ki te faaineine no te hanga papatipu o te bomber. E tenei wa i roto i te honore o te kaihoahoa Myasishcheva mīhini i te ingoa "Airplane M". "3M" - waehere e i faataahia ki te tauira i muri. Otiia i te tuatahi, i huaina ai M-4.

kihai i nga whakamātautau te ara pai. I te nuinga o mahi rererangi tino i roto i te rārangi ki te tohutohu, engari te tono matua - te whānui mōrahi ki 5 taranata o poma ki runga ki te poari - e kore i taea te whakatau ia. I muri e rave rahi whakahōunga i whāngai tonu rererangi. Ko te pātai o te awhe rere iti noho tuwhera.

whakamahinetanga

Hei whakaoti i te raruraru i runga, he rererangi i runga i te engines atu kaha, me te economical ano RD-3M, kua whakawhanakehia e P. Kāniwha. Rererangi ki te tipu te mana hou riro taupū "3M". I roto i te meka, kua whakarerekētia te motors putanga o engines AM-3A. Kua umeraa i kaha mōrahi kua nui haere ki te 9500 kgf. Ano, i te tāutanga o RD-3M he aratau ohorere, i roto i te hui o te kore o te piki te mana pūkaha ki te 10 500kGs atu. Ki te taputapu mana taua taea 3M rererangi tae tere o 930 km / h, me te rere kahore hoki e mutu tawhiti ki 8100 km.

I roto i tenei rapu mō kia whai wāhitanga ake i kore te te awhe rere mutu. Ko te putanga whakamātautau tuarua rawa ki te pūnaha tamaa whakawhanakehia e OKB Alekseev. puta te reira "tokotoko" mō te fariiraa i te wahie i runga i te pailati. Well waka kura rawa ki te tank atu, taputapu kutētē, me te wīra huri.

Ahakoa hanga te rererangi i 3M Myasishcheva kawea mahi whakarara i roto i runga i te whanaketanga o tona putanga nui-ara, i riro te taitara mahi o 2M. Ko te whakatakotoria i roto i kaihoahoa ki te whakapumautia i kotahi wha engine turbojet HP-5 - i runga i te pylons i raro i te parirau wehea. Heoi, mutu te hoahoa o "teitei teitei" mai i taea ki te tae ona āhuatanga hoahoa putanga 3M.

3M Air: whanaketanga

Ahakoa te mahi pai, kua tonu te tauira ki te whanake. Maehe 27, 1956 te rere tuatahi i runga i te motokā 3M. riro te rererangi engines VD-7 hou, i i te aki o 11,000 kgf. Heoi, paunatia ratou iti me iti pau wahie. Tuatahi, rite rawa te rererangi i te engines hou e rua, a na 1957 - katoa wha. Na roto i te tāutanga o te whirihoranga hou o nga parirau, me te whakapai ake o nga āhuatanga o te hiku whakapae kounga aerodynamic o te rererangi nui haere kite he. I tua atu, ka nui haere te rōrahi tāke wahie. whakahaere te reira ki te whakatutuki i tenei, tae atu i roto i nga tāke outboard. E rua o ratou i whakairia i roto i te kokoru poma (ki te whakaaetia te kawenga poma te), me etahi atu e rua - i raro i nga parirau, i waenganui i nga Motors.

3M plane, nga āhuatanga o e matapaki tatou i teie mahana, i riro he hoahoa Kōmāmā. Heoi, ka whakatika tana taimaha tonu ki 193 taranata, a ki te tāke te maturuturunga iho, a tae noa atu - ki runga ki te 202 taranata. Neke atu i te wa, kua kitea te wahi mua o te takere i te tahora hou. He ko te taea o te neke i te teihana pūihi i te wahi takere ihu, kua oti nei te atu e 1 mita. Ki te taputapu whakatere hou taea 3M rererangi whakahaere poma whai hua i teitei tiketike i tetahi wa me te i raro i tetahi tikanga.

Ka rite ki te hua o nga whakapainga katoa kua arahina ki te meka e te whānuitanga mōrahi, whakaritea ki putanga o mua, kua nui haere i te 40%. Ki te kotahi te tamaa, tāke te maturuturunga iho me te kawenga poma mōrahi nui tenei ahua 15,000 km. Hei te wikitoria i te tawhiti taua, i te rererangi ki te kia e pā ana ki te 20 haora. Ko te kupu, i reira ko te 'amanaki o te whakamahi i te reira hei bomber fakavaha'akonitinēnití. Ko ïa 3M rererangi te mīhini e tuatahi hiahia ki te hanga Myasischev tango i runga i atu kawenga, a ki te tautoko o Stalin.

Ko tētahi atu 3M kounga ngā Ko te meka e taea te whakamahi i te reira rite te tōkiri moana roa-whānui. tomo Torpedoes te ngä kaimahi o patu, engari e whakamahia ratou rawa uaua. kawea te whakamātautau tuatahi i roto i kōwhiringa moutere rererangi tonu i te tauira M-4.

3M rererangi Kaiaka

Papa i muri i nga whakapainga tata i tangohia, ka hoatu ki roto ki te hanga. I roto i te 1959, kaiurungi N. Goryainov ko BI Stepanov, tahi me o ratou maatua e tāuta i runga reira 12 pūkete ao. I roto ia ratou, ko te ara i te 10-ton utanga ki te teitei o neke atu i te 15 kiromita me ara ki te utanga 55-ton ki te teitei o te 2 kiromita. Ripanga World Records rererangi huaina 201M. I roto i te taua tau, whakaturia he pairati whakamātautau A. Hāpiri me tona kapa whitu record tere i runga i te ara kati, me rerekē nekehanga o te utanga o. Ki te taimaha o te 25 taranata kawenga, whakawhanakehia ia tere 1028 km / h. I roto i ngā tuhinga e pā ana ka karanga ano 3M Myasishcheva rererangi i runga i tetahi atu - 103M.

A, no te tomo i te bomber hou mahi, te wahi putanga tukua i mua o te M-4, i rerekē ngoikore anake tipu te mana, kua tahuri ki te waka kura.

Raruraru i roto i te mahi, me te nekeneke hou

Ahakoa te mahi teitei, i te rererangi i te maha o ngā raruraru. Ko te nui tino o ratou ko te meka i ko nui raro ake i taua o engines RD-3M-500A te wa i waenganui i overhauls engines VD-7. Na reira, hoki te whakaaro o te whakahaere i ngā hanga engines ke pinepine. Ahakoa te raruraru ki te HP-7, i runga i manureva whakaturia hunga taua RD-3M, i timata ki te angitu o te tauira. Ki tenei whakato mana i huaina ai 3ms. O te akoranga, whakaritea ki te rererangi o 3M whakakitea te kino hua, engari ko te reira nui, pai atu i tona kōaro - putanga o te M-4. I roto i ngā, i waho te tamaa ZMS rererangi taea rere 9.400 kiromita.

Raruraru ki te pūkaha whakaaetia i ki te whakarerekē i te whanaketanga o VD-7B. Hei roa te ora o te pūkaha, te kaihoahoa i ki te whakaiti i tona aki ki te taumata o te RD-3M. Ko 9500 Ng. E tatou ki te whakaae e, ahakoa te meka e i atu te ora pūkaha, a nui haere e rave rahi mau taime, e kore tae e ia te taumata o te RD-3M. Otiia, i roto i te whānui, ino o ngā āhuatanga ngā, e tika ana ki te tōtika o te tipu te mana, 15% ki runga ake i nga 3ms tuku tawhiti.

Whakarerekē me engines VD-7B huaina 3MN. Waho kehe reira i te putanga 3ms anake pānati. I te tihi o te araa o VD-7B tutaki i pao mo pauroa mai o hau wera i raro i te karo whitiki. I roto i te rere, rerekē hoki te rererangi: pūkaha VD-7B mahue he huarahi pai-tohua o paowa.

whakarerekētanga Tata

I te tau 1960 ka haere mai tetahi atu whakarerekētanga o te rererangi, i huaina 3MD. ngā te reira i taputapu atu matatau me te whakapai ake motupaika. noho te taua Motor.

I roto i te putanga 60 o te rererangi ka anga ki te peka papû, a hohoro mutu kau ano. Kua neke te ārahi o te whenua ngā kaupapa matua atu mātauranga waka. Na reira, riro tetahi o nga whakarerekētanga poma nekeneke ingoa VD-7p 3ME, noho Momo. nui haere engines te wakarererangi aki ki 11300 Ng. kawea whakamātautau i roto i te 1963. Heoi, mahara tonu hapori te 3M plane - e kore e hītori Model mutu konei.

Ki te whakaiti i roto i te maha o rererangi rautaki, tahuri etahi o ratou (3ms putanga me 3MN) ki taraka ki te whakakī anō. refueled ratou i roto i te rangi rite "Tu-95", me te toe pānga patu 3M rererangi. Hinu 3M, te kupu, puta ke putanga o te M-4-2. Otiia, i roto i te meka, ko reira kotahi mīhini katoa, anake ki motors rerekē me kōrero e pā ana.

raruraru waka

I roto i te 70 te mutunga i reira ko he hiahia i roto i te wae waka o te matatini pere hou ki wheketere i roto i te cosmodrome Baikonur. Nā ki te rahi nui, te taimaha me te tawhiti waka tika, tetahi o nga momo o nekeneke kore e taea te whakaoti tenei raruraru. Hei tauira, ko te roa 40 me te whanui Pūwhakarewa tank pokapū - 8 mita. fakamanatu B. Myasischev o ia, ka whakaekea ki te kawe pikaunga i runga i te takere o tona rererangi. 3M vakapuna i taua wa kua oti mawehe atu i te mākete, ka ko ia te tino Myasischev kaihoahoa houtia i roto i 1967 OKB. I te 1978 ka mau e ia tona tono. A, no te mate a Vladimir (Oketopa 14, 1978), ka haere tonu tana mahi i V. Fedotov.

I roto i te tikanga e kore e ki te whakaroa i te whanaketanga, hanga me te whakamātautau o te kawe rererangi, i tīpakohia waka kura e toru. tonoa tonu ratou mo te whakamatautau ki te tāutu i ngā paruparu. Ka rite ki te hua, riro te rererangi i te anga hou, me te rōpū hou o te takere. Tailpiece anō ka atu i te 7 mita. Te huruhuru ko rua-takere. He maha o ngā pūnaha me hahi kua pai ake whakakapi ranei. I rererangi hoatu engines atu kaha VD-7m ki afterburner paheke, ka aki iho i tae 11,000 Ng. Ko te taua engines, engari ki te afterburner, tāuta i runga i "Tu-22", Heoi, i kua i puta.

Ka rite ki te hua, i whakawhanakehia ai e rima whirihoranga rererangi kawe, ia o nei, e tika ana ki motuhake āhuatanga hihiri me te rere, te tikanga mo nga taonga o te tetahi taimaha. huaina te tauira ko te 3M-T. Ko tētahi o nga rererangi e toru hanga i whakawhitia ki a TsAGI mō whakamātautau pateko. He atu rawa ki tētahi atu te tamaa tokotoko.

I roto i 1980, i te manureva waka 3M-T i tuatahi whakaarahia ki te rangi. He pairati whakamātautau Kucherenko tuatahi kawea nga taonga ki runga ki a ia i runga i Hānuere 6 tau i muri mai. Muri rererangi whakaingoatia "Atlas ZM-T." I runga i nga transporters o te raupapa i te reira kua kawea atu atu i te 150 taonga i Baikonur. oho ratou wahi nui katoa o complexes "Energy" me "Bhutan". 3M Arumoni Aircraft, whakaahua o nei i tetahi wa i mohio e katoa, whakaaturia wā i hakari momo katoa o te rererangi, tae atu i te whakaatu rangi i roto i te 1992.

I te pae hopea ko reira ia tapao e te rererangi "Tu-134A-3M", i te mea i ētahi wā raruraru ki te hero o to tatou aamu no te mea o te "3M" taupū i te ingoa, e kore e kore e pā ana ki reira he. te "Tu-134" katoa - pāhihi. He rererangi "Tu-134A-3M" me e ko te VIP-putanga o te whakarerekētanga o te 134SKH ahuwhenua.

mutunga

I te tau 2003, i te huritau 50 o te M-4 rererangi rere tuatahi, i ko te matamua i roto i te hapu o rererangi Soviet. Koinei, Kei te kitea tonu 3M tauira rererangi i roto i te wae whawhai Air Force. Me anake tatou ki te faahiahia i te taranata o kaihoahoa e kua whakahaere i roto i nga tau uaua pou-pakanga ki te hanga technique, he taua pūmanawa kaha.