Alexander 2: te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom, nga take whakahou

He aha ko te tūranga o Alexander 2 i roto i te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom? He aha faaoti ia ki te hanga i te peasants noa? I enei a te tahi atu mau uiraa e whakahoki tatou i roto i tenei tuhinga. Kaiahuwhenua whakahou whakataka serfdom i Russia timata i 1861. Ko reira tetahi o nga panoni tino nui o te kingi.

Ko te take taketake

Ko te rongonui Alexander 2? Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom - he reira ki tona nama. He aha te mea i reira he hiahia no te whakahou o tenei rerekē? Preconditions hoki tona putanga i hanga i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XVII. whakaaro paparanga katoa o te hapori serfdom hei āhuatanga moepuku, i te mea he whakama Russia. He tokomaha e hiahia ana ki te kite i ko to ratou whenua i runga i te par ki te whenua Pākehā i roto i nei kahore he pononga. Na reira, ka anga te kāwanatanga Russian ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom.

Ko te take taketake mō te whakahou:

• Nā ki te kore-hua mahi o serfs (serfdom mahi rawakore) haere ōhanga kairetiwhare ki heke.
• Serfdom i whakaware te whanaketanga o te ahumahi me te hokohoko, i tatatia te hua i roto i te pane, me te waiho Russia i te kāwai o nga whenua iti.
• Ko te hinga i roto i te Crimean War (1853-1856 gg.) Kitea te backwardness o te tikanga tōrangapū i roto i te whenua.
• Hua i roto i te maha o nga ngangaretanga kaimahi tohua e serfdom ko he "tura paura."

kaupae tuatahi

Na, haere tonu tatou atu ki te kitea i roto i te mea i meatia e ia Alexander 2. I tīmataria tuatahi te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom atu Alexander 1, engari kihai i matau ki te komiti e founga ki te whakatinana i tenei whakahou. Na ka ka iti te emepera i te ture i roto i 1803 i runga i kaimahi free.

I roto i te 1842, Nicholas 1 tangohia te ture "I peasants harakore", rite ki nei i te kaiwhakarëti te tika ki te tuku i te käinga i hoatu ki a ratou tetahi wahi o te whenua. I roto i te tahuri, i ki te kawe māperetanga i manakohia o tona ariki te käinga mo te whakamahi o ngā wāhi. Heoi, kua vai tenei ture mo te roa, no te mea kihai nga rangatira i hiahia ki te tuku i o ratou mua.

Great Emperor Alexander i 2. Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom - he whakahou nui. ka anga tona whakangungu ōkawa i roto i te tau 1857. Ko te kingi whakahau ki te hanga i ngā komiti o kawanatanga, i nga ki te hanga kaupapa ki te whakapai ake i te ora ia o te käinga. Ki enei hōtaka, i tuhituhi te komiti ētita te pire, i ko ki te whakaaro me te whakatū i te Komiti Main.

I te 1861, Hui-tanguru 19, Tsar Alexander 2 hiri e te Faaiteraa o te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom ka whakaaetia te "Ture i runga i nga peasants fakatau'atāina'i i tūnga pononga." ingoa tenei emepera i roto i te hītori i Liberator.

kaupapa matua

He aha te pai meatia mai e Arehanera 2? hoatu te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom te kainga etahi rangatiratanga ā, me te whaiaro pērā i te tika ki te haere ki te kōti, ki te marena, ki te tomo ki roto ki te mahi ā-iwi, ngā i roto i te tauhokohoko, me pera i runga i. Kia aroha mai, enei iwi i iti haere noa o te kaupapa. I tua atu, he kaimahi whenua e taea te i raro ki te whiu tinana me te māperetanga kawea ahurei.

Whenua noho te taonga o nga kaipupuri whenua me käinga tu ana, ka hoatu ki runga ki te quinta mara noho ara o te ora, mo e i hiahiatia e ratou ki te mahi ki ta ratou mau ohipa (mahi moni ranei). ture New i te pa tata indistinguishable. Na roto i te ture, i te tika ki te hoko i te whenua wahi ranei te käinga. Ka rite ki te hua, ka ratou motuhake käinga-rangatira. Tae noa Na, i huaina ratou "te fakataimi". Whakaoranga i rite quitrent, hoatu hoki te tau whakanuia e 17!

Āwhina mana

He aha arahina hanganga o Alexander 2? Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom ko he tukanga tika uaua. Kāwanatanga ki te āwhina i te take koraha motuhake "mahi whakaoranga." I muri i te tāuta i te wahi, utua te kāwanatanga kairetiwhare 80% o tona utu. 20% i pēnei ki te villager i roto i te taurewa taonga, i tangohia e ia i roto i utunga, a me utu i roto i 49 tau.

Kaiahuwhenua piri i roto i te hapori taiwhenua, me te hunga, i roto i tahuri, kua integrated ki te pāriha. koa te hapori mara whenua. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatinana i te "utu hoo", ka anga nga peasants ki te āwhina ia atu.

e kore e parautia Yard iwi whenua, engari i roto i rua tau i poto titauhia ratou. Next, i whakaaetia e ratou ki te kia pēnei ki te kainga hapori tāone ranei. I waenganui i peasants me kaipupuri whenua ki te tomo ki whakaaetanga e whakatakotoria nei e i roto i te "tūtohinga." I whakatūria te reira i te pou o te kaiwhakawhanaunga ā, e matau peapea. arahina whakahounga Pakihi "aroaro Porowini Rural Affairs."

pānga

He aha e nga tikanga i hanga e te Alexander Reform 2? Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te mahi serfdom puta ki taonga, te awe i te whanaketanga o whanaunga mākete, e ko, i roto i te whenua capitalist. Ka rite ki te putanga o tenei tauiraa ata timata ki te hanga i whenei hou pāpori o te taupori - te bourgeoisie me te ko ënei.

No te mea o huringa i roto i te ora tōrangapū, pāpori, me te ōhanga o te Russian Empire i muri i te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom, i te kāwanatanga ki te whakawhanake i ētahi atu hanganga e whai kiko ana i te awe te huringa o to tatou whenua ki te arikitanga bourgeois.

I runga i te poto whakahou

Ko wai e hiahiatia ana te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom raro Alexander 2? I roto i Russia, timata te raruraru ōhanga me te pāpori whakapeka i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 19, te puna o te mea he pūnaha ōhanga feudal-feudal i tahito ra. Tenei mita i whakaware te whanaketanga o te moni, me te āputa katoa tāutuhia i waenganui Russia me whenua matatau. Tino nui whakaaturia te raruraru kua iho i roto i te hinga Russian i roto i te Crimean War.

tohe faaohiparaa i feudal, meinga pouri i roto i te kaimahi, te oaoa. rere maha käinga i takoha. kitenga i te wāhanga hanahana ohaoha te hiahia mo te huringa.

I roto i te 1855-1857 gg. riro Kingi 63 pukapuka ki te kaupapa mo te whakakorenga o te serfdom. I muri i te tahi mau wa, Alexander 2 mohio e he reira pai ki te tuku i te käinga i runga i to ratou ake otinga ki te "runga", kaua ki te tatari mo te insurgency "i raro".

ka mau ēnei ngā wāhi ki te papamuri o te whakapakari i o tuwhena te rirotanga manapori-hou i roto i te hapori. popularized NA Dobrolyubov ko N. G. Chernyshevsky nga whakaaro i kitea e tautoko nui i te rangatira.

whakaaro o te rangatira

Na, e mohio ana kua koutou ki ta te whakatau tangohia i e Alexander 2. Ko te take mo te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom kua whakaahuatia tatou i runga. Kei te mohiotia te reira e i te wa ko te moheni tino hira "Contemporary", i runga i ngā rau i i te matapaki iwi te heke mai o Russia. I roto i London, whakaputaina "Polar Star" me "Bell" - ka ki tonu ratou i te tumanako mo te ārahi arikitanga i roto i te whakakorenga o te serfdom i Russia.

I muri a'e i, timata Alexander 2 ki te faaineine i te hukihuki o te whakahou kaiahuwhenua. I roto i te 1857-1858 gg. Komiti o nga kawanatanga i hanga e, i ngā te māngai mātauranga, me te ahu whakamua o te rangatira (NA Milyukov, Yi Rostovtsev, me ētahi atu). Heoi, ko te nuinga o te kāhui me te gentry whakahe innovations, ka rapu ki te mau tonu rite nui o ratou mau haamaitairaa. Ka rite ki te hua, uesia reira nga ture tauira whakawhanakehia e te Komihana.

āhuatanga

He pono i a koutou ki te mahara e hanga nga peasants free Alexander 2. Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom poto whakaahuatia i roto i te maha Ngā tuhinga whakapae pūtaiao. Na, i roto i te 1861, 19 o Pepuere, te kingi ki te countersign te Faaiteraa i runga i te Whakakore o Māoritanga e mahia. State Treasury timatanga o te utu ki ngā kaiwhakarēti mō te whenua tuku ki te pāmu e o käinga. i rite ki te 3.3 eka Toharite wahi rahi tangata ahu whenua. kihai i nga peasants kua tohaina whakaaro, na ka anga ratou ki te haea whenua i te kaiwhakarēti, te aufauraa i tona mahi, me te moni. Kua puritia tenei mita kaiahuwhenua whakawhirinaki i runga i ariki, a meinga he hoki ki te kāhua feudal tawhito o te mahi.

Ahakoa te whanaketanga tere o te hanga, me te tahi atu whakatutukitanga, kei te tonu noho te tūranga o te kaiahuwhenua Russian i roto i te āhua he tino nanakia. takoha State, te toe whanaunga feudal, nama ki kaipupuri whenua raruraru te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua.

tahuri hapori kaiahuwhenua o ratou mana ki te whenua ki te kawe o ngā hononga kotahitanga e aukati ana mahi ohaoha nga mema o tino anaanatae.

prehistory

Whakaae, ai te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom raro Alexander 2 Ko te taimaha tino. Ko te takahanga tuatahi ki te whakaoranga o nga peasants i fakafalala te kaimahi e meatia Paora Alexander 1 me 1. Ko ratou i roto i 1797 me 1803 hainatia aua te Faaiteraa o te corvee toru-ra, iti nei te ki kaihomai takoha, me te ta i runga i kaiahuwhenua witi free, i whakaahuatia te āhuatanga o te peasants motuhake.

Alexander 1 whakaaetia te hōtaka o te A. A. Arakcheeva i runga i te whakangaromanga āta o te serfdom e käinga e kikī foreclosure ki to ratou taonga rota. Otiia kihai i tenei hōtaka whakatinana ngā. Anake i roto i te biennium 1816-1819. I homai te reira i haere noa whaiaro ki peasants Paratiki, engari kahore te whenua.

Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o kaimahi whenua i runga i nei ki te hanga i whakawhiti whakaaro whakahou ki VA Kokoreva ko K. D. Kavelina nei riro i te whakautu faahiahia o te hapori i roto i te 1850. Kei te mohiotia te reira i e Cavelin i te "Letter mo te tuku o te käinga" (1855) te whakaaro e ki te käinga hoko whenua ki te awhina o te taurewa, me te utu i te utu o te 5% i ia tau mō te 37 tau i roto i te Farmers Bank motuhake.

Kokorev tānga "Piriona i roto i te kohu" (1859) whakaekea ki te hoko kaimahi witi i te tikanga o āta fokotu'u e te pēke tūmataiti. Ia kaimahi tūtohutia ki te tuku haere ki te whenua, me nga kaipupuri whenua ki te utu i te moni mo reira te whakamahi i käinga nama utua hoki 37 nga tau.

tātari o ripeneta

Kei te ako tokomaha tohunga te mea i hanga Alexander 2. I ako te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom i Russia e te kōrero me te rata Alexander Skrebitskim, i kawea mai tahi ngā mōhiohio e wātea ana katoa i runga i te whanaketanga o te whakahou i tona pukapuka. whakaputaina tona mahi i roto i te 60raa. rau XIX i Bonn.

Chroniclers i muri nei i ako te pātai o te käinga, te kōrero rerekē i runga i nga tikanga taketake o enei ture. Hei tauira, ka mea a Pokrovsky e kua te whakahou katoa mo te nuinga o kaimahi kua heke ki te meka e kua mutu ratou mana taitara te "mua." "Takoto" Na i huaina ratou. Ōkawa, i whai whakaaro mai ratou rite noa, engari e kore kua puta ke o ratou ora, me te ara te mauähara o. Hei tauira, kua riro ngā kaiwhakarēti noa atu whiua peasants.

tuhituhi te faihisitōlia e whakapono mau "titauhia" peasants e tenei pai ai - he rūpahu. tohe ia e ki kia kauwhautia e te kingi o te tangata noa, a i te wa ano tonu ki te utu i te reti, ka haere ki te serfdom - tenei rerekētanga rutaki, rata ana aro. Ko te taua whakaaro, hei tauira, tetahi o nga tohunga tino whakaaro i runga i te raruraru o te tikanga tawhito o ahuwhenua kōrero Russian NA Rozhkov, me te he maha o te tahi atu kaituhi e tuhituhi e pā ana ki te peasants.

He tokomaha e whakapono e nga ture o Pepuere 1861, ture whakakorea serfdom, e kore tona whakakorenga hei kautaha ōhanga me te pāpori. Otiia whariki ratou te ara mo tenei ki te hoko i roto i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti.

faaino

He aha e na he tokomaha kua whakahē te kingitanga o Alexander 2? Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom kihai i rite ki te to'utangata tuwhena, me te maha hītori (rawa Soviet). whakaaro ratou i tenei whakahou te hawhe a kī e kore i arahi ai ki te tuku o te käinga, engari i tohua anake te huarahi o tenei tukanga, me taurite me te mele.

Tuatapapa tautohe e whakahaerehia tenei whakariterite anō te turanga o te pūnaha tuwhera-mara pera-ka karanga - te whakanohonga rerekē o whenua o tetahi rangatira, whakauruurutia ki whakaaro ke. I roto i te meka, tenei tohatoha āta tipu i runga i te rau tau. Ko te putanga o te tohatoha anō tamau o nga whenua ā, te nuinga i ngā pakeke i roto i nga tama mau utuafare tari.

I roto i te meka, te whakaaro kaiahuwhenua i muri i te faanahonaho i te 1861 i pahuatia e te kaiwhakarēti i roto i te maha o nga kawanatanga e kua tangohia whenua i te kaimahi, ki te hoatu mō ia ko neke atu i whakaritea mo te takiwa. O te akoranga, te ariki taea, ka hoatu te wahi o te whenua, engari maha kihai i reira. Ko reira i roto i te käinga whenua nui pāngia e te mahi o te ripeneta, me riro wahi rite ki te auau i raro.