Ko te timatanga o te ao hou, i roto i Russia i te rau tau 20, me ona āhuatanga

Kia i Whakakahoretia ana i roto i Russia serfdom, i reira he hiahiatanga katoa mo te ao hōu me te tupu ōhanga tere. I te mutunga o XIX - rau wawe XX i roto i te whenua i reira ko te revolution ahumahi. whakanohoia e ia Russia i runga i te par ki te öhanga tino matatau o te ao (Ingarangi, USA, France me Germany).

Whanaketanga o ngā rerewē

Ko tētahi o nga tohu tino nui o te whanaketanga ōhanga i roto i te āhua i taua wa ko te whanaketanga o rerewē. Ko te whakahoutanga o Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, takoto i roto i te ahua o te whatunga ikiiki e wātea ana.

puta te raina rerewhenua tuatahi i roto i te whenua, ko te tonu i raro i Nicholas ahau (i Moscou ki St Petersburg). I roto i te tīmatanga o te XX rau te rino ara - he rauemi rautaki nui. i te whatunga pai whakawhanakehia-Tuhinga o taonga i te whenua nui, ko te ngawari te me atu pai.

Ko te timatanga o te ao hou, i roto i Russia i te rau tau 20 i mahue i muri e pā ana ki 3 mano maero o reriwe. No whenua i roto i te kupenga o te ao kihai i pera whānui. Ko te nui o te utanga kawea i roto i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti i muri i te wā o nui haere e 4 wa te kingitanga o Alexander II.

He aha rite hoatu te hanga kaha o reriwe? whakatuwheratia te reira i runga mo te ahumahi me te hokohoko mākete hou roto o Russia. I roto i te pinepine o kawanatanga kawanatanga, me te turi i he tokomaha nui rauemi tatari tona ariki. Hanga atu i te hanganga ikiiki pai whakawhanakehia-te wheketere e kore i taea e tona ringa tetahi kaipakihi. Ki te mahi taua āhua e te kamupene ora i runga i moni nui, a reira mahi i te mate.

Ki te taeraa mai o te rerewē i te timatanga o te ao hou, o Russia i te rau tau 20 kua riro te reira i te tere whakatere. rerekē haere Economic i waenganui i nga kawanatanga hei kua atu kaha, me te rakahinonga - whaikörero. catapulted te reira i te wāhanga tino rerekē o te taupori - i te gentry mātauranga ki te kaimahi pakeke-mahi nei i mahue te hapori.

Trans-Siberian Railway

I roto i te 1891 whakarewahia reira te maere i te wa o te kaupapa i roto i Russia. Ko te hanganga o te ara nui Siberian, te ranei Trans-Siberian Railway. Ko te tereina roa i roto i te ao nei i ki te hono i te rawhiti tino o te whenua ki te kawanatanga pokapū. I te hui o whakapanga te wāhanga tuatahi ko te kainga ki te torona Nikolay Aleksandrovich, e piro ia te whenua huripara tuatahi. Kotahi tekau nga tau i muri mai, kua katia te ara, a hohoro haere reira ki te whakangungu. Hoki te wā tuatahi i taea e te iwi e whakatika ranei whakawhiti ki te tiki ki te rohe Atlantic o Europe ki te Kiwa, rü Russia. I te toharite, i roto i te tau 642 ka hanga e te maile o huarahi hou.

Ki te taeraa mai o te ao hou, ōhanga Trans Russian i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, kua riro te reira i te a tawhio hou. Na ko nga tangata o te whenua tikanga katoa mo te whanaketanga o te nui Siberia. Stolypin whakahou agrarian kua whakaaetia kaimahi ki te noho i runga i nga whenua hou, me te farii i pakaru tāke ki te hanga i to koutou ake ōhanga. hoki mama te pereoo te ara i Europa ki te kawanatanga Far Te Tai Rāwhiti.

hononga Economic i waenganui i nga rohe

Āhuatanga o te ao hōu o Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, takoto i roto i te meka i timata ki te whakawhanake i ahumahi ki te putanga o te whanaunga hokohoko kaha, me te pūmau i waenganui i ngā rohe tawhiti ki te kaha hou. Ahakoa anake whakapanga Trans hiahiatia rauemi nui, whai wāhi te hanga o nei i roto i te pakihi tūmataiti. Enei ko: metallurgy, takotoranga rerewhenua hauhake, te rakau tukatuka, ahumahi matū, te hanga wahie mo locomotives korohū (waro keri, te hinu para), i rerekē etc Tīmata o te ao hōu i roto i Russia i te rau tau 20 me te kore o motuhake kāwanatanga i roto i te nuinga o rāngai o te ōhanga e whakatikaia te taranata .. ngā, kaihokohoko tūmataiti.

Construction o piriti hou, me te hanga o te waka, me engines korohū whakatere e rave rahi taime. Ka rite ki te hua, te timatanga o te ao hou, i roto i Russia i te rau tau 20 i hoatu te whenua te whatunga rail tuarua-roa i roto i te ao (i muri i te US anake).

tereina rongonui

ngā pereoo kaipakihi kore anake, engari ano hoki i te rangatira tūmatanui pūmanawa. Hei tauira, te Minita o Railways i 1895-1905 gg. ko Mihail Ivanovich Hilkov, ko wai i i te ahua o Rurik. Ko te keokeonga o tona mahi, kua tutuki ia te whakawhetai ki te itoito rahi. minita Future Ko kaitou tuatahi i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite, he mīhini i roto i te UK, a ka whakapumautia ia i roto i tona whenua kia rite ki te kaiwhakahaere ahei. I tua atu, ki te rerewē i herea te mahi Sergeya Vitte - tetahi o nga whika tino rongonui o te wā.

rāngai o te ōhanga

Ētahi atu āhuatanga o te ao hou, o Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20 ngā te tohatoha anō o te mākete. i wehea te hanga ahumahi katoa o te whenua ki te maha rāngai. ko te hautau matua i roto i te pueru (26%), kai (24%) me te gornozavodskogo (21%) ahumahi.

Puta noa i te whenua, i reira nga rohe ōhanga hou ki to ratou ake production ahurei. Ngā puta tupu a Tūrongo, i roto i te tonga o Russia. hua te reira i te hinu, ore rino, waro, me te rino te kamaka. i hono ao hōu Social i Russia ki te ahua inä o ngā tipu. Shirilsya piha proletarian. Mai i 1894 ki te 1905, ka puta mai te whenua anake i roto i te mara metallurgical neke atu i 440 pakihi hou, me hinonga.

Tu tonu ano te pokapū o te pahi St. Petersburg, i reira hanga nga shipyards i kaipuke o ngā akomanga hou. I roto i te tonga, oho te tūranga o te tauranga matua ki Nikolaev. Kei te kaha te hanga ano te reira, ka tukua ki nga kaipuke hou mahi.

tupu ohaoha

Āhuatanga o te ao hou, i roto i Russia ko ki te whakatere i te tere o te tupu, e pai hae tetahi ōhanga i roto i te ao. Hoki tenei tohu, kitea te whenua ano i roto i te rōpū o te feia faatere (me ki te US, Japan, me Sweden). ka nga mohiotanga te ao hou o te hinu, i runga i nei i mea rawa Russia he whakawhetai rangatira ao ki te kitenga me te whanaketanga o putunga nui o Baku.

I roto i te tahi atu wāhanga o te ōhanga nohoia production kāinga wahi stably 4 5 ranei (ore rino, maitai, a maka rino, engineering, hanga o te huka me te rite. D.).

Exhibition Industrial Katoa-Russian

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20 i roto i te Nizhny Novgorod whakatuwheratia Exhibition Industrial katoa-Russian (i te faaauraa ki ngā Pākehā pai-mohiotia). Ko konei e pupuri te ahumahi Russian he whakaaturanga o tona angitu. Kua meinga e te hui he rohe mo te wa roa te faaineineraa no reira. Kati te reira ki te whakahua e rawa mo te whakaaturanga i roto i i whakarewahia Nizhny Novgorod te Wilkes i hiko tuatahi i roto i te nui o te katoa o Russia.

I pūtea te hui e Emperor Nicholas II. I roto i nga ngā o te whakaaturanga, ko nga kaipakihi angitu tino o te wa: .. Savva Morozov, Savva Mamontov, etc. kua reira whakakitea nga angitu, me te whakatakoto whāinga hou o modernizing Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20.

I roto i te Nizhny Novgorod, kua faaite innovations. Hei tauira, ka kite tuatahi manuhiri hyperboloid pourewa-anga Shukhov whare porohita, reo irirangi Popov, me te te motokā tuatahi o te hanga motu (motokā Frese me Yakovlev). i whakatapua ētahi teneti ki rohe motuhake. Hei tauira, faaite te Nobel Brothers Association ahumahi panorama me refineries hinu i roto i Baku. kōrero matou nga fifi o modernizing Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. Hoki kirimana me ngā kirimana i waenganui i ngā me industrialists.

raruraru

Ahakoa nga angitu i runga ake katoa, i reira i hoki raruraru o te ao hōu o Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. lagged te whenua i muri i te feia faatere o te ao i roto i ngā o te hanga mō ia. Tenei ahua te tino pakeke patua e te kiritaki whakamutunga. No te mea o tenei i rerekē haere iti i roto i te hokohoko ke (1 piriona 286 miriona moni). Ko 5 wa raro atu i te auau US, Ingarangi ranei tenei ahua. I roto i te whānui, i ia rite ki te taumata o iti Belgium.

raruraru ao hōu Russian i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, takoto i roto i te meka i ko rawakore i runga i te taumata whānui o te whakapaipai i roto i te ōhanga o te whenua. Hei whakawhanake atu te ahumahi, kāwanatanga, me kaipakihi i nga moni e tika ana. Kua rite ratou na roto i te tono wāhi kē. kua Mō te hawhe o te whakapaipai motu kua whiwhi i runga i nama i roto i aua tau. whakaarahia pūtea ke i te whenua, rohe katoa. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, ko reira te Donbass peihana. Tona whakapumautia ratou i te utu o pūtea Ingarangi, me te Wīwī.

nama kāwanatanga

I te wa ano, kua tamau whakaiti i te wahi o te moni ke i roto i te ōhanga, me te timatanga o te rau tau hou. takoto Āhuatanga o te ao hōu Russian i roto i te meka e te piki kiia te āhua ki te mākete motu, e tika ana ki nei hinga tona nama waho, me te roto, i te rerekē, tupu ake. No te whakarite - i roto i te wa taua i roto i France mo te utu o here taonga noho ki runga ki te toru o te pūtea, i roto i Russia - e pā ana ki 15%.