Ariā paparetanga. āhuatanga tau o te tukanga: tamau te tauhohenga wai, me te tohu o te paparetanga

Na roto i te tauhohenga wai o nga tai auraa te te tauhohenga i waenganui i rāpoi wai me ngā rāpoi ngota o tai rewa. Ka rite ki te hua o te tauhohenga taua e hanga e little- pūhui dissociated. Ka taea e te tukanga puta ki tai e kore anake, engari i roto i te take o te aroaro i roto i te wai o te tahi atu solutes - warowaihā, pūmua, te ngako, ranei hākawa. Numera, te tauhohenga e whakamahia rahinga e rua - te tohu o te paparetanga (β) me tai te tauhohenga wai tonu (K [i]).

Ko te tauhohenga te nuinga o te wā kitea huringa i roto i te kawatanga otinga tuatahi. Engari o te whakarewa organic (te wai) Ka taea te whakamahi i te whakarewa o tetahi atu momo. Heoi, i roto i tenei take e huaina te tauhohenga i waenganui i te whakarewa me te tote solvolysis.

He mea nui ki te mohio e whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohenga wai o anake aua tai e kua ahu mai i te wāhanga o nga turanga ngoikore me waikawa. Tai i takea mai i te waikawa kaha me turanga, e kore te te tauhohenga paparetanga kitea.

I roto i te tikanga ki te tohu i te taatoaraa rere tukanga, whakamahi he whakamāramatanga motuhake - tohu o paparetanga (β). Ko te tohu o te paparetanga whakatau te nui whanaunga o te kukū o ngā rāpoi ngota e hydrolyze (C [waipēhi]) ki te taketake (pūtake) he kukū o te tote rewa (C [tohutoro.]). Pāngarau tenei e taea te whakahuatia e te whārite e whai ake nei: β = C [waipēhi] / C [tohutoro.].

Ko te whānuitanga o te tauhohenga tei runga i ngā āhuatanga e toru:

- te āhua o te katote e hanga ake te tote;

- te kukū tote o ngā katote;

- otinga pāmahana.

Ko te tohu o te paparetanga whangai ana ki te whakapiki ake i ki hekenga o te aumou dissociation o te waikawa ngoikore turanga ranei, me te whakaiti i te tohu o te kukū tote, me te whakanui ake i te pāmahana.

kia puta te tauhohenga i whānuitanga appreciable anake i roto i rongoā memeha. Na reira, ki te te uara o C [H20] he uara āhua tamau, ka riro te reira taea ki te tātai i te uara pārōnaki K [i] (ranei paparetanga tonu). Tei runga i te āhuatanga whanaunga o te waikawa me te turanga i nei tai e hanga e, kia puta tauhohenga wai i tetahi o toru kaupapa, a reira tātai he paparetanga tote tamau te rerekē.

Tauhohenga wai o tai e kua ahu mai ngā wāhanga o te waikawa kaha me te turanga ngoikore (i huaina ano hoki tukanga - i te māraa ļa paparetanga)

paparetanga tamau e whakaritea e te tātai e whai ake nei: K [i] = K [W] / K [te turanga], i reira K [W] - te hua o te hua katote o te wai (C [H] + C [OH (-)]).

Mai i te kīanga taimau paparetanga taea te kite i te reira e ki te hekenga i roto i te turanga faahepo he hua i roto i te uara o te taimau o paparetanga me, i konei, te tohu o te paparetanga. I roto i tahuri, i te tohu o te paparetanga whangai ana ki te whakapiki ake i ki whakaiti kaha turanga, me te tohu o te kukū o tai i roto i te otinga. faarahi hoki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana te tauhohenga taimau paparetanga me ngā uara teitei o te tohu o te paparetanga.

Tauhohenga wai o tai e he pärönaki o te turanga kaha, me te waikawa ngoikore (tukanga mohiotia hoki - tauhohenga wai o te anion)

tātai paparetanga tamau te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei: K [i] = K [W] / K [waikawa] i reira te uara K [waikawa] - Ko te dissociation tamau mo te waikawa ngoikore.

Tauhohenga wai o tai e he pärönaki o te turanga ngoikore, me te waikawa ngoikore (ingoa tetahi - tauhohenga wai o tīhiko me ng ngota)

I roto i tenei take, ka te paparetanga uara tamau kia whakaritea dissociation tamau o te turanga ngoikore, me te waikawa ngoikore. Kei te tatau te reira e te tātai e whai ake nei: K [i] = K [W] / K [waikawa] * K [te turanga].

Te tikanga paparetanga

Kei te whānui te tauhohenga i roto i te tukanga paparetanga whakamahia i roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi hou. Hei tauira, e whakamahia ana he tauhohenga taua te ki te pure wai i admixtures kino, me te Ruiruia marara raupapa colloidal. Hoki tenei whakaaro rerenga motuhake o waihā o rino, me te konumohe, i whiwhi ai i roto i te tauhohenga wai o pūkawa ferric, pūhaumāota ferric me te konumohe pākawa ngāwhā.

Paparetanga - Ko te wāhanga nui o te tukanga o te nakunaku o kaiao ora i runga i te whenua. Te nuinga o te pūngao e tika ana mo te oraraa o te rauropi, kei te rongoa rite triphosphate adenosine (ATP). Wehe o te pūngao puta i roto i te tukanga e pā ana i te tauhohenga wai o ATP.