Hanganga, Mātauranga Tuarua me ngā kura
Crimean Peninsula. Mahere o te kūrae Crimean. Ko te rohe o te kūrae Crimean
Ko te kūrae he tanga taumatarau. I roto i te raki, me te i roto i te pokapū ngoi ana te whenua steppe, e te reira ¾ rohe o Crimea, i roto i te tonga, ko reira iti ki te toru tupuke o pāpaku Mountains Crimean parataiao, totoro 160 roa km o te Unuhia. pai Tai Tonga ki ngā āhuatanga kaukau. Fakatatau ki ai, i roto i ngā o te rohe makariri kūrae Crimean ngā toru ngā wāhi hākinakina:
- te tino tono - pārū (te rohe tonga o Crimea) ;
- steppe Crimea;
- Mountain Crimea.
Miriona o tūruhi i roto i te manuhiri raumati ko ona pa manaaki: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Feodosia. Tenei - ko te pa nui o te kūrae, he whakamārama poto o etahi o ratou, tapaea tatou i raro. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, te toro i tēnei wā te kūrae mo te wa 5-6 miriona. Tourists. He rota ranei he iti? No te whakarite, te Haerea Turkish titiro mai e 31,456 miriona. Tourists i roto i 2011. Ko te mea katoa - i roto i te hanganga me te whakatairanga. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te Crimea whai tahi mea ki te ngangare ...
te taupori o Crimea
Ko te taupori o te Crimea, rite ki Krymstata i 01.01.2014, moni ki neke atu i te 2.342.000. Tangata me whangai ana ki te whakapiki ake i. Ko te take - te painga hekenga o te Crimea. noho tāone te kupu i te wahi o te 62,7% i runga i te Māhia, me tuawhenua, aua - 37.3%. I roto i te whakaaro ki motu, rite ki te taupori Russian Crimean 2001 tatauranga tau ngā nuinga (58.3%), Ukrainian (24,3%), Crimean Tatar (12,1%), Belarusians (1.5%). Ko te taupori iwi toe Peninsula noho te ōwehenga nui iti - iti iho i te 1%.
E te ara, te tatauranga taupori Crimean i roto i te tau 2001 whakakitea he meka ngā: noho i roto i tona rohe Izhora (iwi numera iti Finnish-Ugric) neke atu i roto i to ratou whenua tupu.
pa Crimean
Ko te pa 360,000th o Simferopol Whakahaeretanga, ahurea, me te ahumahi pokapū o Crimea. I roto i te Kariki, oro te ingoa rite "pa pai". Ko te hub waka nui tenei. Na roto i te reira huarahi arahi ki whakataunga katoa o te kūrae.
Nui Simferopol ahumahi: e pā ana ki 70 hinonga nui, tae atu te "pūaho" wheketere, "pneumatics", "Santechprom", "Crimeaprodmash", "Fiolent" me etahi atu. Fakatatau ki ai, kei te taupori i te pa o te nui tohu. Ko te pa te whare wānanga matua o te kūrae, na huaina te mea pokapū pūtaiao i roto i te Crimea. A haamana'o hoki e Simferopol ko te kāinga iti o academician Igorya Vasilevicha Kurchatova, kaiwhakaari Romana Sergeevicha Filippova, kaiwaiata Yuri Iosifovich Bogatikova.
City o Sevastopol i hanga e te tikanga o Empress Catherine II rite te pa. He he faufaa rautaki i roto i te rohe Moana Black hei tauranga tio-free, me te turanga manuao. Mai 2014, rite ki te Ture Russian, kua Sevastopol he faufaa e hānga ana, he te wāhi matua o te Black Moana Fleet.
I roto i runga ki te Ture o Ukraine, i haumi Sevastopol ki te mana motuhake. Ko te pūmanawa ahumahi o te "pa o kaumoana Russian," whakaritea e te tauranga ika rohe, fa'o'anga ika, a ka whakakotahi, whare waina Inkerman, kaipuke-hanga, me te kaipuke-hanga wheketere. City Sevastopol ', ano, ko te pokapū huihui nui o te rohe tonga o te Moana Black, i reira e āhua 200 pokapū hauora, me te 49 kiromita o one.
Ko tētahi o nga pa matamua i roto i te ao, ko te Kerch i runga i tona wahi i roto i te BC VII rau. e. whakaturia Kariki te pa Panticapaeum. kanohi ahumahi Kerch e te maina, He hinonga whakarewa, pahi, hanga, te hī ika. pa huihui Crimean ki te taupori rawa 100,000, ko Evpatoria ko Yalta, neke atu i te 83 mano noho i roto i te Feodosiya. Cities Map o te kūrae Crimean whakaatu e he te nuinga o ratou i runga i te rohe. Okotahi he Simferopol, Belogorsk ko Dzhankoy.
Me kï reira e whakarite tika te Crimean hanganga tāone ngā mua. tāone atu o te kūrae ārai tona iti rauemi wai.
Ko te mua tata nei. Katoa-Union huihui hauora
Crimea, moana Black ... i maheni ki nga tangata Soviet enei kupu. Hia te iwi okioki i runga i te kūrae? He uaua ki te kitea tatauranga tika. Mana kī ahua o te 10 miriona. Heoi, kua meinga ai e hāngai ana i runga i nga raraunga o whakaurunga kaukau.
I te wa ano he tino nui rerenga o tūruhi haere ki te Crimea takitahi me te whakarite i hoki ratou hararei ratou. Heoi, e kore ratou e hinga i roto i te tatauranga e pā ana. Ko te pera-ka karanga "mohoao." tenei tukua tetahi o nga kaituhi o te "Literary Gazette" i roto i te 60raa ratou kata wāhitau. ka mea ia e riro kia rongonui e ki te pāpāho tīmata te kupu "nanakia" te whakamahi i waho te korukī tenei ara o watea i te USSR.
I roto i to ratou pāhi takoto he mahere o te kūrae Crimean, me te ara, me te wahi takoto o ratou ake fili ... Me pēhea te ki te kitea e ratou? Hei whakaaro mo te nui o te tūruhi i runga i to ratou ake tangata, whakamahia ōpaki "taro" hangarau. Ko ohie te tātai: tata tangata katoa pau taro ra. Per tangata ia ra, i runga i toharite, pūkete hoki 200-250 karamu. Tupu o te kohi o te taro i roto i te wa hararei, ka tukua ki a tatou whakatau i te maha o "mohoao." Ko te hua ko tatauranga faahiahia :. Ki te reira i roto i te 1988 i pā ana ki 300 mano i roto i te 1958, ka - 6.2 miriona te iwi ..
Ko te kupu, ko te Soviet Crimea i te wa hararei (Mei ki Mahuru) whakaekea ona rauemi ngahau mō te 16 miriona. Iwi Soviet. A ka whakaaro koutou e te wa hararei i roto i Turkey - rua rite te roa, ka haere mai ki te mutunga: te Crimea i te 80 o te rau tau whakamutunga ngā te rere era o iwi, e hāngai ana ki te Turkish hou, he pono reira, ki te tango tatou ki pūkete te "mohoao".
ngā rauemi māori
e hua ana Krym ki tino putunga o hau māori, te hinu, kohuke, me ore rino. tātaitanga hukihuki arotakea rite te katoa hanga hau - neke atu i te 165 piriona m 3 hinu -. Āhua 47 miriona toni o ore rino - .. Neke 1.8 piriona toni ..
Ahakoa te tōtika o ngā mahi keri, te kūrae Crimean, kia rite ki te tohunga, kua he pūmanawa nui nui no o te rauemi taiao ahurei, te fafau ki te hanga ki runga ki taua mea i te turanga tau-a tawhio mō te whakanohonoho hauora o te taumata o te ao.
Naipolneyshee ratou whakamahi - he mahi rautaki mo te katoa o te ōhanga Crimean.
Tenei kūrae taketake, me te taea ki te ohorere. 5.8% o tona rohe e ngā me te whenua e pā ana ki te pūtea rāhui.
rauemi wai māori Crimea - te kaupapa o maha kōrero. Ahakoa whakaatu te kāri kūrae Crimean me te aroaro o te 257-mi awa rohe, i roto i nei ko krupnovodneyshimi Alama, Belbek, Kacha, Salgir, engari he iti te katoa o ratou i te mana iti o te raumati wera, me te maroke. 120 awa Crimean - e kore roa atu 10 km, ko te awa maunga te nuinga atu i te awa. Roa katoa - Salgir (204 km).
I runga i te Peninsula reira he maha ngā roto, neke atu i te 80. Heoi, enei mau farii o take moana, ko ratou oa tika ki te salinity tiketike o te wai. e kore e hāngai ki te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua, hëoi oneone enei roto.
I runga i te ringa kotahi - nui mata pea ahuwhenua makariri, me i te tahi atu - iti waiwai tāutuhia te hiahia o te wawaotanga i roto i te tāne i i te tangata. Tino hira ki te wai he hongere Crimean Te Tai Tokerau tuku i te kūrae Dnieper wai. Ko tōna rōrahi i roto i 2003 ko 83,5% o te katoa wai supply o te Crimea.
Ko te kupu, i Paraire te hanga tāwhaiwhai o te rārangi awa e toru scarcity wai, e kore i taea e tautika utu tetahi ake awa Crimea ranei tona moana. Ratau, te rahi o te wai awa i roto i te rohe pūkete mō% 9.5 anake.
hua koraha wahi Crimean wai inu i harotoroto wai tena i. Ko iti ano tona mahara motuhake - 6.6% o te tapeke. Ahakoa whakaputaina i puna ma, wai-kounga tiketike.
whakaatu tatauranga e he 4.7 wa raro atu mo noho o te ropu waenganui tetahi wahine e noho o te Crimea te toharite rōrahi ia o te wai. I tua atu, ko ano hoki te utu o te wai i roto i te Crimea ngā teitei.
Crimea Flora
Ki te i roto i te pokapū me te raki o te kūrae he whenua pū, i roto i te maunga i reira ko te ngangau o otaota apī. I reira, ki te ahuareka o ngaio tupu 240 momo o ahurei, ngā tipu māori. Ko nga titahatanga raki o te maunga Crimean hipoki ki te ngahere te hōtoke matotoru, tupu i raro Aherimi oki, ki runga ake - oki me te hornbeam. hipoki nga titahatanga tonga o nga maunga e ki ngahere paina. Conifers - te kōtore paina Crimean.
Nature o te kūrae Crimean he tino pai mo te hanganga o arboretums mahinga rohe tonga, ki te rau, me nga mano o ngā tohunga tipu maitai whakapumautia. Ki te ngā otaota mohoao o ngā mauwha (shiblyak), te papa takutai ngakia he peara tangata-i hanga o tenei whenua onamata. He wahi motuhake i roto ia ratou no ki te kari huaota Nikitsky matamua, tūruhi otaota Present i katoa i runga i te ao. Heoi, te faahiahia ngā kohinga dendrological o rau o ngā tipu i hoki Massandra, Livadia, Foros, Vorontsov pāka. A ko reira - e kore te rārangi oti o nga whakatokanga dendrological Crimean.
History. tawhito
History o Crimea ātaahua, me te i korerotia. Kua roa tona rohe ngā te wikitoria. Ētahi tangata taketake, te Cimmerians, e noho i roto i te rau tau XII, whakakapi nga kau Site. Ētahi atu tangata taketake, te Tauri, e noho i roto i nga raorao me maunga, whakaritea ki te wikitoria. ka Crimea wahi o te kāwanatanga Haitiana.
Te rau tau V BC. e. whakamahia Kariki te kūrae Crimean ki te niu i runga i tona rohe tonga (Tauris, rite karanga ratou i te reira) o ratou pa-koroni: Chersonese, Kafa, Panticapaeum. I tenei wā, ehara i te mea e pā ana ki te kāwanatanga Peninsula, engari e pā ana ki te rohe Pākehā Kariki. I te steppes Site taua wa nona.
A haamana'o na e te hoki i huaina te Crimea te pouraka o Russian Ofotokisií. Ko konei, i roto i te whenua o Khersones, i roto i te BC rau e ahau. e. u ia Aposetolo Andrey Pervozvanny kauwhau ki te waitohu me nga kau Site.
'63 BC. e. tohua e te mharahara o te Crimea i te Patireia o Roma, i tangohia e te mana o te pa i hanga e nga Kariki. I muri i te hinganga o te mana rahi pehia Peninsula rave rahi patua. I roto i te BC III rau. e. Crimea Maori patua o Scandinavie - nga Goths, a i roto i te BC IV rau. e. i whakakapi ratou e whakaeke i muri mai - i te mua, te iwi mohoao i Ahia.
Mai i te rau tau VI i roto i te steppes Crimean nuinga e iwi Turkic-korero, i hanga te Khazar Khanate. Tenei meka kotahi ano haamana'o tatou i roto i tenei tuhinga.
haere mai Crimean pa-koroni i runga i te rohe i raro i te mana o te mono o Roma - Byzantium. whakakaha Byzantines Hersonissos, tupu pa hou: Alushta, Gurzuf, Eski-Kermen, Inkerman, me ētahi atu. Ki te vaivai o te Byzantine Empire i te rohe o te rohe Genoese riro te rangatiratanga Theodoro.
Middle ake
whakawhanakehia Karaitiana i runga i te kūrae me i roto i nga ake Middle. I roto i nga Chersonese i iriiria e ia e te Piriniha Tapu Vladimir, muri horahanga te whakapono Karaitiana mo te toenga o Russia.
Ki te VIII rau BC. e. i roto i te wahi steppe o te kūrae ka mau wahi Pākehā Slavic, i i te āhua wa-iti, mai i homai te aro o Kievan Rus matua ki te rohe ki te hauauru, me iwi mohoao i ngā marau kaha, me te riri.
I roto i te rau tau XII riro Polovtsian te kūrae Crimean. Tenei wā whakaatu etahi ingoa Polovtsian mahue ki to tatou wa: Ayu-Dag ( "Bear Mountain"), ARTEK (te ingoa o te tama a te Polovtsian Khan).
I muri i te raupatu o te kūrae katoa, tae atu i te kawanatanga o Theodoro, te Tatar-Mongols i te rau tau XIII, ka reira te pokapū o te Solkhat pa (kei i runga i te rohe o hou pa iti o Stary Krym.). Ko te kūrae Ko wāhanga o te nui Mongol-Tatar Zolotaya Orda State.
hītori hou
I te wa ka hopea ka te iwi sedentary ka anga ki te hanga i te iwi, i reira ko tetahi iwi kūrae tuwhena - te Tatars Crimean. I te 1475 ka patua te kūrae i te Ottoman Empire, me te whakapaipai o te Crimea ka Kafa. ka tauranga kāwanatanga Turkish te hoa o te Tatars Crimean, nei i ana i tona he tama hoki. hanga te Ottoman Empire i runga i te kūrae ona beachheads hōia. I Perekop whakaturia whakaeke i te pa rautaki ranei Kalou.
Ko te hītori o te Crimean Peninsula, hono he wa hou (mai te reira ki te pōhi i o te Renaissance) i te whawhai a Russia ki te Crimean Khanate. I roto i ngā, i te 1736 te ope Hristofora Antonovicha Miniha, a i roto i 1737 - i te Army Petra Petrovicha Lassii, i tino ngoikore ai. Han Qırım Giray, tōrangapū e ngana ana ki te patu i te haumi ki te whenua o te Te Hau-ā-uru, ka mate ohorere i te tau 1769.
He ope tuarua i raro i te whakahau-i roto i-Tumuaki, General Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov i roto i te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 06.14.1770 ko 29.07.1770 i riro, e rua te wikitoria rautaki i runga i te Tatars Crimean: Perekopskaya i raina me te Cafe. i ngaro i te tufaa o nga tangata taketake o te rohe. Mahere o te kūrae Crimean mai 1783 hei utu o te Crimean Khanate whakaaturia te kawanatanga Tauride, no ki Russia.
rau scam. Crimean California
I roto i te rau tau XX, i roto i nga wa Soviet, kua meinga tenei rohe hei kaupapa i tautohetia o geopolitics. 18.10.1921 tau i konei i hanga i Crimean motuhake Soviet-pāpori Republic - te wāhanga RSFSR.
Na, i te kāwanatanga Soviet he raruraru mo te rohe. Ki te te Moana Black rohe o Crimea i nui Tuitui kapi, e kore te taua e taea te mea hoki tona wahi o te koraha. I roto i te koraha Crimean rauemi tangata mārama e kore e nui. Ko te whakaaro o te hanga whakataunga Hurai ahuwhenua ki te tahuri steppe āhua-koraha i roto i te whenua ngakia. Ko te hītori o te kūrae Crimean, rite kite tatou, ko te whanaketanga o te tirohanga kē.
I roto i te 1922, ka tahuri te kāwanatanga Soviet Hurai whakahaere ao "Tahi" ki te mahi pai. Kua mahia e ia ki te haumi i roto i te maara o 375 heketea o te kūrae Crimean, a mo e o te RSFSR, aua, e taea ki te ite i te moe tawhito o Hurai rapu te whenua i korero ai, -. Hei whakapumautia he Hurai motuhake Republic konei.
Kua tenei tono kua raro i te pakiaka o mua. I roto i VIII-X rautau Khazar Khanate, i vai na i runga i te Māhia, whakaaetia ana e nga Hurai.
I roto i te USSR Central Komiti Executive o te Kaunihera o Iwi o te komiti motuhake mō te whenua mahi o nga Hurai i whakapumautia. Kua whakawhanakehia e te Komiti he mahere-tau 10 ki te hāngai ki runga ki te 300,000 manene Hurai i roto i te wahi steppe o Crimea.
19.02.1929, i waenganui i te CEC o te RSFSR me te "Joint" hainatia te whakaaetanga i runga i te whanaketanga o te whenua Crimean. I roto i te ao o tenei kaupapa te mea mohiotia pai i raro i te ingoa "Crimean California." Hei whakatinana i te reira, tukuna te whakahaere Hurai ao peeke i te nui o te 20 miriona I hokona i te tika tūmataiti US me Pākehā $.. Tapeke -. $ 26 miriona (i tere o nāianei utu -. Mō $ 1.82 piriona) o ngä haumi puritia i roto i te tuwhera i roto i Simferopol peka o te pēke "Agro-Joint".
I roto i te 1938, ka tahuri Stalin te kaupapa, engari whakaarahia te take i e ia i roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao. Mau taea'e tei mau o hea o "Joint" hiahia utu. I te amuiraa Tehran, i hanga e ratou e US te peresideni Roosevelt ki Stalin. Heoi, i roto i te Cold War, whakatau te tautohe i General Hekeretari Khrushchev i runga i te "kono Gordian". 19.02.1954 o te rohe Crimean i whakawhitia ki te Ukrainian SSR o te RSFSR. Tiriti ki te Soviet Union "Joint" ngaro kaha: e kore e kaupapa o te tautohe no ki te RSFSR.
Crimea hei wāhanga o Ukraine
Ko te rohe o Crimea mā te haere ki te Ukrainian SSR, rapua rauemi nui mō tona whanaketanga. I runga i te mahana o tenei rohe whakahekea i pā ana ki 300 mano iwi, o kaimahi he mārama e kore e nui. I roto i te whawhai o te Pakanga II o te Ao ngaro te wahi nui o te taupori tane. kūrae Agricultural kore i taea e anake hinga te raruraru, me te ki te tae ngā taumata mua te whawhai-. huarahi e kore e nui.
I roto i 1958, te Ukrainian Soviet pāpori Republic i te pūtea tohaina moni mo te hanganga o te ara trolleybus roa o te ao, te hono Simferopol ki Alushta me Yalta. I roto i nga tau 1961-1971, ka i hanga rautaki nui awa tāwhaiwhai whenua steppe hāwai o te Crimea i te utu o te wai Kakhovka Reservoir Dnieper. Mai te whakamahere me te riirii timata ki te whakawhanake i viticulture me te ahuone.
Heoi, mai i 1991 kua te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua o te kūrae kua he hehema kino ki te peka. Ko te take - i roto i te rironga utu mō kaimahi hou hangarau ahuwhenua me te tautoko āhua iti o te ahuwhenua o tenei rohe e raruraru. Ka rite ki te hua, neke atu i te hawhe heke rohe hua me, correspondingly, heke te wai Te Tai Tokerau hongere Crimean.
Crimea tenei ra
Ko te raruraru tōrangapū o nāianei i roto i whanaunga i waenganui i Russia me Ukraine te nuinga kitea i roto i te ōhanga o te kūrae. I runga i nga hua o te tāpaetanga o te taupori o Crimea (2014), te mapi te RSFSR reira ki tona tika o ngā kaupapa o te Kotahitanga. Ukraine, mo tona wahi, e kore kua mohio te whaitake o te tāpaetanga, me te whakapono mapi Crimea.
Ko te tāne i o whanaunga ōhanga hangaia e te "whawhai hokohoko" Russian-Ukrainian, depressing te ōhanga o te rohe. I roto i te meka, patua te wa hararei. Agriculture mamae - no te mea o tu'ati ore to tona supply wai. Ka Heoi, kei te tatari te taupori o te kūrae mo enei mau fifi poto kia hinga. Te Russian Federation, mo tona wahi, kei te whakau i tona hanganga tūmatanui i roto i Crimea. I muri i te katoa, ehara i te mea nui ki te kua kīia whakakiia te käwanatanga hou mahere o Russia. Kei te haere i tēnei wā te kūrae Crimean roto i te ara uaua o te kōmitimiti ōhanga, me te ture ki te hapori Russian.
Ukraine me nga whenua o te Group o whitu, kia rite ki kua whakahuatia, kihai i mohio ki te whaitake o te tāpaetanga. No reira - te uaua i roto i te whiwhi mana ao tika o te kūrae. He hoki ngā take e pā ana ki te tūranga o te Crimean Tatars, e te mea taketake.
Heoi, haere tonu te kōrero, me te taupori o te Crimea, o te akoranga, e titau te haumi e hānga ana i roto i te ōhanga o ratou rohe. I roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi tautuhi tona pōtitanga kāwanatanga tūmanako mo te rohe. He aha e waiho te heke mai mo te te kūrae ahurei? He tuwhera tonu te pātai.
mutunga
I arotakengia nga opuaraa o tenei rohe mīharo? Kia mahara tatou i te mau haapiiraa o te hītori. I taua wa, tamata ka tetahi o te rangatira whakamutunga o te USSR Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov ki "whakakaha mahi ako" na roto i te takahi ake te aroturuki o te hōneatanga, me te ārai tahae i roto i te whenua, kei runga i te tahi atu taha o te Moana Black, i reira nga tukanga atu whai hua ... kūrae Crimean i taua wa i te turanga kaha hōhipera atu Turkey.
I roto i te tau 80 i roto i Turkey i whakaritea reira pai ōhanga, ture tautuhi, ka whakarewa te mīhini kāwanatanga katoa, i te tukanga haumi ao i roto i te ahumahi kaukau. Te whenua, ko tona GDP hinga i te 10% i roto i te raruraru ao, ki te hanga i tētahi tūemi hou fafau o moni i roto i te pūtea - te pakihi huihui. whakaaetanga ao i runga i te maimoatanga o haumi whakapaipai kua hanga hoki pūtea tūmataiti, rite i roto i ngā tika ki te noho.
Ko te kupu, e kore e wewete pūtea ke anake (wāhanga tino ranei) i takoha me utu i runga i te whakatinanatanga o te haumi whakapaipai i roto i Motels, engari hoatu te tika tika mutunga reira. kī ratou ano te hoki o ngā pūtea, me te kōiwi o te whakapaipai, ki te te "rahua." te haumi
Ko reira kitea e kia öhanga whakawhanakehia me kūrae Crimean te ara ano. Whakaahua ona Haerea i muri i taua haumi taea whakataetae ki pikitia tangohia i roto i te kaukau, me ngā pāka wai i roto i Antalya, Turkey.
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