Pūngāwhā (te pūngāwhā lat.) - huānga nonmetal. whakaturia 16 honohono whanariki i ara i mua i ako i te hanganga o te ngota - te S tohu matū, te tau rangatū i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. i whakarite ona uara e hāngai ana i runga i ngā āhuatanga whakakapi, kukume tāpiri he maha o te tahi atu ngota rōpū ranei ranei. I muri mai, ka kitea nga kairangahau i te tūranga o matūriki tōraro whakatupato (irahiko) i roto i te hui o te here matū.
Honohono, o whanariki: e ngota ngā pā tona uara?
Te nuinga huānga matū noa i runga i te whenua kei i te wahi 16. Puta te reira i roto i te puka o te tioata kōwhai kanapa ranei paura i roto i ngā toka e tata ana puia mātātoa, me te tautauā. Ko te pūhui tūturu pai mohiotia - sulphides me sulphates.
Āhuatanga o ngā huānga me matū:
- nonmetal kaha.
- Na roto i te electronegativity (eo) te kaha ki te kukume loto irahiko whanariki anake köwhai, te hāora, hauota, māota me te pūkeha ranei.
- tauhohe te reira ki konganuku me nonmetals, ohie me pūhui matatini.
Ko te rerekētanga i roto i te āhuatanga whakawhirinaki i runga i te hanganga me te āhua o te ngota, te rerekētanga i roto i te uara o te eo. Kia kite tatou he aha pea i roto i te honohono, o pūhui whanariki. whakawhirinaki ratou whanonga matū i runga i te hanganga o pūhera mana, te maha me te whakaritenga o te irahiko waho i roto i te ngota.
He aha te mea rerekē valency?
kanoirite eu He maori whanariki ki tau papatipu o 32 (te nuinga noa), 33, 34 me te 36. Ia o enei nuclides ngota 16 Kei iraoho pai i ako. I roto i te wāhi e tata ana te karihi neke ki te tere rahi o 16 irahiko. He ore iti, tōraro whakatupato ratou. Iti ngā ki te karihi (looser) 6 matūriki waho. He maha ngā whai wāhi katoa o ratou i roto i te hanganga o ngā momo rerekē o te here matū ranei. E ai ki ngā ariā hou whakaritea honohono o te whanariki e te maha o hanga takirua noa (hononga) irahiko. Ko te tikanga whakaahua matūriki waho whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga, māngai e te wāhi huri noa i te tohu matū.
Ka rite ki te honohono, tei runga i te hanganga o te ngota?
Ki te hanganga e taea whakaatu taumata me taumata iti (s, p, d) te whakamahi i te hoahoa pūngao i ai te honohono, o te whanariki he tātai ti'aturi. tapa◊oi te takirua E rua pere oppositely whakahaua, kotahi - irahiko unpaired. Ko e tika ana hoki te pūmautanga o te ture octet te wāhi whanariki orbitals ngota puka waho o matūriki 6 me te 8. whakaata honohono, whirihoranga anga tātai 3s23p4. Irahiko paparanga oti i te rahui nui o pūngao, e ai te āhua iu o te ngota. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatutuki i te pūmautanga o te ngota whanariki titau rua matūriki kino atu. kia whiwhi ratou i roto i te hanganga o here kotuari ki ētahi atu āhuatanga ranei e tika ana ki te absorption o rua irahiko free. I roto i tenei take, whanariki ko te honohono, II (-). Ka taea te whiwhi te taua uara te whakamahi i te tātai: 8 - 2 = 6, te wahi 6 - Ko te tau rōpū i roto i nei te huānga.
Hea i reira he pūhui i ai te honohono, o te whanariki ko II (-)?
rata ana Huānga ranei rawa e irahiko i ngota ki te uara electronegativity raro rite ki tauine Pauling. whakaaturia i roto i sulfides o konganuku me nonmetals - Valency II (). kitea tētahi rōpū whānui o taua pūhui e i roto i te hanganga o ngā toka me ngā kohuke he faufaa nui mahi o. Ko ētahi o ēnei pyrite (FeS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PbS), me ētahi atu matū. tioata rino sulfide i te tae tan pai, me te umeraa. Kei te maha i huaina "Gold o Kuware" kohuke pyrite. No te konganuku i ratou tokahuke kawea calcining whakaiti ranei. He te hanganga hiko taua, pērā i te wai hauwai sulfide H2S. Ko te takenga mai o H2S:
- Kei te tukua i roto i te pirau o pūmua (hei tauira, hua heihei);
- erupts reira ki haurehu puia;
- piki te reira i roto i nga wai māori, te hinu;
- tukua ki te feāvaaki i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua.
He aha ko te tātai valent whanariki waikura SO2?
Tātai hāorarua tohu e tetahi ngota whanariki i roto i te rāpoi ngota herea ia ki e rua ngā ngota hāora, ia o nei kia 2 ki te octet irahiko. Ko te here hua ko e natula he kotuari neke (Eo atu hāora). Ko te honohono, o te whanariki i roto i tenei pūhui he uara o IV (+), no te mea kei te ngā i te irahiko whanariki ngota 4 ki te ngota hāora e rua. Ka taea te tuhituhi i te tātai rite: S2O4, engari rite ki te tikanga kia heke e 2. hāorarua ka rewa i roto i ngā puka wai e ngoikore katote waikawa sulfurous. Ko tōna tai - sulphites - kaha whakaiti āpiha. Ko te takawaenga i roto i te hau SO2 hanga o te waikawa pungatara.
E whanariki matū whakaaturia tona honohono teitei?
Waikura SO3 ranei S2O6 - wai taekore i mahana i raro 17 ° C, whakapakeketia reira. I roto i te pūhui o SO3 ko te honohono, o te hāora II (-), ko VI (+) whanariki. waikura Higher memeha i roto i te wai, me te hanga i te waikawa pungatara dibasic kaha. Hoki te wāhi nui i roto i te tukanga whakaputa i te taonga i huaina "te taro o te ahumahi matū." wāhi nui i roto i te ōhanga, me te rongoā no tai waikawa - sulphates. Whakamahia konupūmā hydrated (gypsum), te konutai (tote o Glauber), konupora (Ingarihi tote kawa ranei).
Ko te hanganga o ngā momo rerekē o te honohono matū kia whai wāhi 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, te irahiko waho. karanga matou i te whanariki honohono, ka taea, i homai e te reira he pūhui onge me iu: ahau (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). He rua o huānga honohono pai riro monoxide SO. Ko te uara tino noa II (-), IV (+), VI (+) E whakaatu ana whanariki i te hanganga o te rōpū o matū he ahumahi, ahuwhenua, me te hauora faufaa. E whakamahia Ko tōna pūhui i te hanga o mumura.
Ko te raruraru nui ko te hopu o ngā haurehu ururua, tae atu kino ki te tangata, me te taiao o te whanariki te waikura IV (+), VI (+ ) , me te hauwai sulfide. Whakapumautia hangarau mō te tukatuka o enei haurehu ururua me te whiwhi ratou i te ngāwhā waikawa pungatara. Ki tenei mutunga, tipu matū whakaturia tata mira rino ranei i roto i te rohe taua. Ka rite ki te hua, te nui o te contamination te heke, i reira he iti "ua waikawa pungatara."